Eddembe ly’Abatuuze Abato

Mu Amerika, Amateeka tegawa bukwasi ddembe ly'abaana abato. Kyokka okuyitira mu mateeka agajjulukuka era n'ennyinnyonnyola z'amateeka, abavubuka bafunye obukuumi bungi era nga bwe bukyusa obulamu bwabwe obwa bulijjo mu masomero, mu maka, era n'abantu ababeera mu biwangwa. Abasomesa, abazadde, n'abavubuka nabo bennyini, okutegeera obukuumi buno kikulu nnyo okusobola okukakasa nti bussibwamu ekitiibwa era bugobererwa. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku mateeka agakuuma abaana abato, okukyusiza mu ku nkyukakyuka ez'eby'enkola, n'obukokkozesawo mu kkooti za Amerika.

Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo: Endowooza Entono Ezaakolebwa ku Mateeka

Ebyafaayo bya Amerika ebisinga obungi, abaana abato batwalibwa ng'ebintu bya bazadde baabwe oba amasaawe g'eggwanga, nga galina eddembe lya kyetwala ttono. Ekiseera kino eky'abaana ’ eddembe ly'abaana aba 'Province'; lyatandika wakati w'ekyasa ekya 20, ssemakekeeti ssemateeka ssemateeka agafuga abaana mu lukalala lw'amateeka. Ebibamba ng'ebyo Brown v. Ebiwandiiko eby'enjigiriza [194] (194) ebiba byatandika okuteekamu amateeka g'enkola mu by'eggwanga mu lukalala olwo nga [[FLT:] [FFLT:]] (167,] (197) ebikakasa enkola ya bavubuka mu kumenya amateeka. Okusalawo kuno kumanyira abaana nti wansi w'obuteempalaguzi, obugo, obukulembedde mu mateeka agamu, obunene, obukusobozesa okukukuuma n'obutebebwa obutuufu mu mateeka.[5]

Omutemu Ogwasooka: Enjogera n’Enjogera Ennyo eri Abatono

Entegeka ey'okusooka ekuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuba ebitabo, ery’okukuŋŋaana n’ery'okusaba. Abaana abato, eddembe lino ligazi naye si kkomo. Kkooti esinga obukulu ebadde era egamba nti abaana tebakkirizibwa mu mateeka okuba n’eddembe ery’okwogera oba ery’okwogera ku mulyango gw'essomero, e ” kyokka amasomero gayinza okukugira ennyimba ezitaataaganya omulimu gw'enjigiriza oba ezitabaamu eddembe ly'abalala.

Akabonero ku Bikwata ku Muyizi Okwogera

  • Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nti abayizi baayambadde engalo z'omukono okusobola okwesamba olutalo olw'akabonero olw'ennamba eya Vietnam. Omusango guno gwatongoza ekika kya Disitulikiti ekya Moines Independent School (11969). #811; Kkooti yasalawo nti abaana abasoma bye baayambadde mu ngalo baleme okuziganya basobole okwesamba Olutalo olw'ekiragiro olw'ekiragiro baaguunyibwa Omutego ogw'okusooka. Empisa eno yaleetawo ekika kya “ ekitongole ekifuga enjyungo kya bayizi ̵ okugezesa: amaso gakko: emboozi eri nti omuyizi alina okuziganya eby'enyomboonzivu mu by'endwawo oba nti esobola okweyingiza eddembe ly'abayizi abalala.
  • [[NT:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandikira essomero ly'e Bethel Na. 403 v. Fraser (1986) ̫ Kkooti yawagira omuyizi eyawa emboozi ez'obugwenyufu mu lukuŋŋaana lw'essomero, ng'akwatiddeko nti amasomero gayinza okugaana obuwerevu, obuswavu, oba ebigambo ebivuma ebifeebya obutonotono ebibawereetera obusonga obusookerwako.
  • Hazelwood School ssaza ly'omu Kuhlmeier (1988) ̫ Kkooti yasalawo nti abasomesa bayinza okufuga ebizingirwa mu kuwandiika ebitabo ebiba bitegekeddwa, gamba nga empapula n'ebiwandiiko eby'omwaka nga bagoberera ebiruubirirwa ebya bulijjo.
  • [[NKULA:0] More v. Frederick (2007) (#821; ebimanyiddwa nga & #8211; Bong Hits 4 Jesus ” conTrands, yakkiriza nti amasomero gayinza okukugira abaana okwogera ebireetebwa enjaga, ne bwe kiba nti omwogezi oyo guba ku ssomero eriba ku siteeze.

Okusalawo kuno kulaga bulungi engeri gye kiyinza okukolebwamu: abaana banyumirwa emitindo egy'eddembe ery'okwogera, naye amasomero gakyalina obuyinza okukuuma emitindo gy'okukangavvula n'egy'eby'enjigiriza. Mu myaka gya kompyuta, kkooti zeeyongera okumeggana okukangavvula okuva ku mikutu gya nno kwetuuti nga zirina bye zikola ku mikutu gya Internet oba nga ziteeka obulamu bw'omulabe ku bantu ab'omu maka.

Enzikiriza ne Claus

Ekitongole ekigobererwa okusobola okuzzaawo emirembe n'emirembe. Ekitongole kino kikakasa abaana nti abaana balina eddembe okukkirizibwa. Naye abayizi bayinza okusaba kyeyagalire, nga bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku nzikiriza z'eddiini, era ne batandikawo ebibinja by'eddiini mu ngeri y'emu n'ebibinja ebirala ebitava ku ssomero. Enkyukakyuka ez'okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka[ [19984] kwetaagisa amasomero g'ensi yonna okufuna ssente era n'okukuuma ebiziwandikiro, ebiba biggulawo ekitongole ekiyitibwa '̴'; ebikiggulawo ebiwandikiro by'enkuŋŋaana. Omukolo ogw'ekikulu n'okkirizibwamu bye bibaamu [[FLT:][F.][FLT][FF][FF][3][3][9])[19], ekikyungibwa ekitongole ekigamba ekigamba ekigamba ekigamba ekigamba [F.Ft'eddinstst]

Omuteende Ogwa Kuna: Okunoonya n’Okusukkuluma mu Masomero

Wadde nga mu Amereka eky'okuna kikuuma abantu obutasenguka busibe, omutindo ogw'okunoonyereza mu masomero ga gavumenti guba gwangu okunoonyamu abantu abakulu okusinga abantu abakulu. [FL:0] New Jersey v.T.O.[FL:1] (1985), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abakungu b'essomero beetaaga & #8220; okunoonyereza ku muyizi, so si kunoonya ekiba kyetaagisa poliisi okunoonyereza ku nsonga.

Okunoonyereza ku Nkola y’Okusalawo

  • [[FL:0] New Jersey v.L.O.[[FL:1] (85) ̫ Omusomesa yasanga omuyizi anywa sigala mu kabuyonjo; omumyuka w'omukulu yanoonya mu kasawo ke ne avumbulamu omuze ogw'okunywa enjaga, n'obujulizi obulaga engeri y'okugulamu. Kkooti yasalawo nti okunoonya tekuyungibwamu mu mbeera ezo.
  • Safford Imension School v. Readd (2009) ̫ kkooti yagamba nti olubu lw'omuwala ow'emyaka 13 okusinziira ku ndowooza nti yalina ekkomo erya tteeka eryamenyebwa aba profense mu kibiina, ate nga kw'otadde n'ekyuma ekiyisiddwa mu ngeri ey'obujjanjabi, tekireetera kukyusakyusakyusakyusakyusaamu mu mateeka gaasooka. Okunoonyereza ku bayizi kiba kyetaagisa okwongerako ku kigero ekya waggulu, nga mw'otwalidde n'okukakasa nti omuyizi alina obukongojjeeyinja obw'amaanyi.
  • [[NT:0] Ekiragiro essomero 47J v. Acton (1995) ̫ Kkooti yawagira okugezesa kwa buli omu omuyizi okukozesa ebiragalalagala. Yasanga nti omuyizi tasuubira nnyo kubaako kye yeegama ate era nga programu yayamba nnyo gavumenti okuwangula abaana.
  • [[NT] Ekiragiro kino kiyamba abaana bonna okwenyigira mu mirimu gy'okuvuganya egitali gimu egy'oku ssomero. Earls[FLS:1] (2002: ̫).

Tekinologiya yazibuwalidde nnyo eky'okuna Emperamyamyamyawo mu masomero. Okunoonyereza ku ssimu, okunoonyereza ku mikutu gya kompyuta, n'okunoonyereza ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, tebiwagirwa nnyo, wadde ng'ebitundu by'ensi n'ebifo bya kompyuta bingi byakozesanga enkola ya kompyuta. Okusobola okumanya ebisingawo, laba ACLU̱ nga ze ziwandisizza ku kunoonyereza n'okunyanjula [.

Emiteende Egya Kutaano n’Egya 14,: Entegeka Entuufu n’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Omuteeso ogw'Okutaano gukakasa enteekateeka eziba zigobeddwa; enteekateeka eya 14 Enzivvuunulaamu ewa obukakafu nti wajja kubaawo ebikolwa bya gavumenti era n'egattako ne Applicate device device. Ebitundu bino bikulu nnyo eri abaana abato, mu kukangavvula abaana, era ne mu kusosola bannaabwe.

Engeri Omusango gye Gukolebwamu Etuuka ku Bulamu

  • [[NKULU:0] Mu Gault (1967) ̵ 15-emyaka egy'obukadde baatwalibwa mu ssomero erikoleramu amakolero okumala emyaka mukaaga. Kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti abaana abali mu misango egy'ekijoogiya balina obuyinza okumanya emisango, okuwabula kwa mateeka, okukuba obujulizi, n'okusalasasa.
  • [[AGUMENT:0] Mu kunoonyereza [1970] (#821); Kkooti yagamba nti omutindo ogusinziirwako mu kugattika abaana amasibe gwe ̴ mu kifo ky'okubuusabuusa kwa bulijjo, ̵ omutindo gwa bukakafu bulaga nti obutuufu bulaga nti abaana beeyisa bubi mu nsonga nga bazzeeko mu nsonga.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] 'Breed v'. Jones[[NT] (1975) ̵ Juveniles tekiyinza kusalibwawo ng'omuntu akuze mu nsonga y'emu oluvannyuma lw'okulagirwa mu kkooti ey'abaana abato, nga kikuuma akabi ak'emirundi ebiri.
  • [[NT:0] .Simmons (2005) ̫ Kkooti yamalawo ekibonerezo eky'okutta abaana abato, n'ejuliza n'obusobozi obw'okukyusaamu obwali bukendedde.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]]Graham v. Florida [2010) ̵ Obulamu obutasobola kuggibwawo kamu ku bubonero obufuga enkola ya bavubuka butali bumu nga obusooka mu nkola eya bulijjo.
  • [[NKULULA] Miller v. Alabama [20:2] ̵ Obulamu obw'okugoba omuntu ng'atemuzza emisango gy'abaana butuukiriza KPlainmenter Esembayo mu lunwe; abalamuzi balina okulowooza ku myaka emitono n'obusobozi obw'okukyusaamu ebikolebwako.

Obukuumi Obwenkanankana mu Buyigirize n’Ebiri Ennyo

Ekitongole ekinoonya eby'ennamba ey'okulondamu ekimanyiddwa nga FOLT n' v. Akakiiko ak'Essomero (1954) kavuunudde ̴ kasita kenkana naye nga kenkana ” mu masomero ga gavumenti, nga gategeera nti okusosola abaana abatono era ne bamenya amateeka agabeesangibwa. Obukuumi obw'enyo bwenkanankana n'abaana abataawerebwa. Plyler v. Doe[1998], Kkooti ey'enyigiriza ey'enkomeredde mu Texas yakwata amateeka agaaw'eddembe agaaw'abaana abangidde mu kifo eky'okwenkanankanankanankana. ; nga yeenkana ne mu kkooti y'obuyigirize obw'omulembezo.

Obukuumi bwenkanankana buzingiramu okusosolwa ku bitundu eby'ekikula. mu United States v. Virginia (1996]), kkooti yasalawo nti Virginia Military Institute ̱ abasajja bokka abakkirizibwa mu nkola ezimenya enkola y'ekika kya Cetaagibwa Claus. [[FL:] Ate era bannassaayansi baagezaako okumenya enkola y'okuvuga ekiwandikiro eky'ekikula, omutwe IX kye kibadde ekiddukanyito n'ekyuma ekisookerwako, naye era nga n'ebbeebbo obuwandikiro obukye busobola okuzingirwamu okubutuukiriza nga batulugunya oba nga bayisibwa bubi mu ku ssomero. Okusobola okweyongera okukyalira [[FL:2]

Eddembe ly’Essomero n’Eby’Obukuumi

Ng’oggyeko enkyukakyuka ezikoleddwa mu mateeka, gavumenti z’ensi ewa abaana obusika obw’eby’enjigiriza.

Abantu Abalina Omusango ogw’Enjigiriza Omulema (IDEA)

IDEA ewa abaana obuyigirize obwa bwereere obubeetaagisa (FAPE). Abayizi bateekwa okufuna Programu egoberera enkola ey'enjigiriza eya kinnoomu (IEP) nga batuukiriza ebyetaago byabwe eby'enjawulo, mu mbeera entono ennyo ezisoboka. Court Ssande E’ kye kisalawo mu [[FLL:0] Exrew F. v. Douglas Counter [[FFL:1]] [2017]) ekitongole kyatongoza omutindo gwa FPE: IEP gulina okuba ne ̴ ekiteeberezebwa okuwa omwana omukisa okukola okukulaakulana mu lukubonero olutuufu mu lukubisi lw'omwana &&817; embeera ze ziriwo.&82222; Parents; Parentscracesss, nga mw'egobereza egobererwa, nga n'egoberezebwa ku ku ku bikwata ku ku ku ku kubaako oluyimba lw'ebiragiro, oba ku ku bikwata ku ku kugigigigigigigigi.

Omutwe IX ku Mitendera gy’Enjigiriza mu 1972

Isihloko IX kigaana okusosola mu by'okwetaba mu nteekateeka yonna eweebwa obuyigirize oba emirimu egigobererwa gavumenti. Esobola okukuuma abayizi obutatulugunyizibwa mu by'okwetaba, okutulugunyizibwa, oba obutakolebwako bubi mu mizannyo, emirimu, n'obuyigirize bwa tekinologiya, ne STEM. Amasomero galina okwewolereza obusosoze mu by'okwetaba. Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enjigiriza ̱ nga 2020 Empandika IX tegibaddeko enkola ezibakugirawo okukolagana mu ngeri ey'obugwenyufu wadde nga bagoberezebwa mu by'obufuzi ne mu mateeka. [[FLT:] Oficity Office forcutry Rights Ix [FLT: 1]

Eddembe ly’Okusomesa mu Maka n’Etteeka Ery’Obwamatunzi (FERPA)

FERPA akuuma obukwasi bw'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Abazadde balina eddembe okukebera n'okwejjukanya lipoota z'essomero, okuzza obulambe, n'okumanyisa ebiba bisomebwa. Omuyizi bw'akyuka 18 oba bw'amaliriza obuyigirize obw'okubiri, eddembe lino litwalibwa eri omuyizi. FERPA era yeetaaga amasomero okutegeeza abazadde ku lukalala lw'essomero ̱ ebiragiro ebikwata ku ku ku ku kuwandiika n'okwanjula obubaka.

Obuzibu Obuva ku Buyinza bw’Abazadde n’Ekyokulabirako Ekitono

Obusika obw'abaana tebutera kubeera mu kifo eky'ekifo; butera okugobererwa olw'obusobozi n'obuvunaanyizibwa bw'abazadde. Kkooti esinga obukulu emanyidde ddala nti abazadde balina eddembe mu kulabirira abaana, okubakuuma, n'okufuga abaana baabwe ( Pierce v. Society of desert, 1925; [FLT], [[FL:2]]] Wisin v. Yoder], 1972; [[FLTY]]TY] v.[NNN[FLT] 2000], 2000, [[2],[gw'aw'omuzadde, era n'aw'abavuzimu ku kiyinza okugobenyigasaawo obuteeyambi. Kyokka, embeera y'obulwadde eyinza okusobozesa omuzadde okugobeesat'okusalawo.

Obuzibu Obuliwo mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Mu myaka gya 2020, amateeka ga gavumenti gayamba abaana abato okugonjoola ensonga nnyingi ez’amaanyi:

  • Ebyamaguzi ebisookerwako [[[NKULU]: Kino kireetera abaana okubuuliriza obusobozi bwa sofuti bw'essomero, okumanya engeri gye batunuuliramu amaaso mu lukumbo, n'okunoonyezaamu ebikwata ku bayizi eby'okuna n'ebyo ebireetebwawo mu lukuubo olw'okusooka.
  • [[Akatundu] Obwogezi ku Internet:[[Akabonero:1] Bwawule bwe buteeyawulamu amasomero bwe gasobola okukangavvula abaana abaabanga banzigyeko ebigambo ebireeta okutulugunyizibwa, okukangavvulwa, oba okujoogebwa.
  • [[AK'AMUT:0] Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abaana abakwatibwa ku ssomero bakwatibwa mu ngeri y'emu era nga buli kiseera bakuumibwa.
  • [[NT:0] LBTQ+ eddembe:[ Etteeka erigaana okwenyigira mu mizannyo n'okukugira obujjanjabi ku bavubuka ab'ekikula ekimu okusobola okulabirirwa Claus, Const Amerekation, ne bazadde ̱ eddembe.
  • [[Act:0] Obulungi bw'abaana n'okuva mu nsi: Abaana abato abawereddwa ku nsalo baba n'obusobozi bw'okuwuliriza; ettuluba erya process ligitation lirabirira ku mbeera z'abasibe.
  • [[AK'AKATANDIKWA] '[NKULU] Kino kiyinza okuleetera ekiragiro okuteebereza ekiva ku ' engeri gy'ekozesebwamu embwa n'empandika ez'ebyuma mu masomero, biyinza okukasa ekkomo lya T.L.O.̱'; ekipimo eky'okwekengera.

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebifa ku bawagira eddembe ly'abavubuka okukola enkyuuka mu ngeri entegeke obulungi mu kiseera kyennyini. American Library Association ̱ s Teen Rights [ kikozesebwa okuwanirira obuwagizi n'obw'abavubuka.

Okuwagira Abatuuze Abato: Obusobozi n’Engeri ez’Okukolamu

Okutegeera obusika buno kye kintu ekisooka; okusobola okussibwamu ekitiibwa kyetaagisa okwogerezaganya. Bino bye ngeri ez'omuganyulo ez'okuwagiramu abaana abato abanoonya obusobozi ’ amateeka agafuga enkola:

  • Abasomesa balina okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku kusosola mu langi ne mu buwangwa.
  • Abazadde bayinza okukubaganya ebirowoozo n'abaana baabwe ku mateeka nga bakozesa emyaka emirundi egitasaanira okuva mu ' Kibiina kya Anncenter [.
  • Abayizi basaanidde okumanya eddembe lyabwe: balina eddembe okusirika, okwogera mu mirembe, okwewala okunoonyereza mu ngeri etasaana, n’okuwuliriza mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya nga tewannabaawo kakolwa ka maanyi ka kukangavvula.
  • Abawi b’amagezi ku masomero n’abakozi ba kampuni balina okutendekebwa okutegeera abaana bwe baba baswala oba nga bayisibwa bubi mu ssomero oba mu mwaka gwa 519; eddembe lyabwe liyinza okugattika ku bibiina ebigaba obuyambi mu mateeka gamba nga ACLU̱ programu y’eddembe ly’abavubuka.
  • Abawagira enteekateeka za gavumenti bayinza okusemba amasomero okugoberera School Discipline Act [ amateeka ag'okuteerawo abantu amateeka agakendeeza ku kukangavvula era gatumbula obwenkanya okuzza obuggya.
  • Abakola eby'obutongole bandisasudde enteekateeka ez'obuyigirize obw'ekika ekirala, ez'obulwadde bw'obwongo, n'ebiteeso ebigobeddwa ku bantu mu kitundu, ebikendeeza ku mpisa ez’abavubuka.

fundikira

Gavumenti terimu mateeka amanywevu wabula etteeka eddungi eryateekebwawo olw'enkola enkyukakyuka mu mpisa z'abantu, enkulaakulana mu bya tekinologiya, era n'okutegeera engeri abaana gye bayinza okuyigirizibwamu. Okuva ku lukugiro lw'amasomero ga bantu bonna okutuuka ku bisenge bya kkooti enkulu, omusingi nti abaana bagwanidde okuweebwa ekitiibwa, eddoboozi, era n'obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, tebyagoogerwa. Kyokka, okukolebwa okukolebwa okusobola okutuuka ku musingi gwa ssekimu. Okubunyisibwa mu ngeri eno, obubunnyinyinyinyinyizi, n'okukugira ebigambo eby'obuwatuuti ebibakugira okwogera byeyongera okusoomooza ekisuubizo eky'obukuumibwa. Abazadde, abasomesa, n'abavubuka, okumanya eddembe lino, tekubako buteengo mu kibiina kya Amerika, era tekikola ku nsonga za bwenkanya, era n'ensonga ezikwata ku mulembe eriddako.