Ekiragiro ekifuga Amereka bwe bukodyo obufuga Amerika obw'eddembe, nga butandikawo entegeka ezikuuma abantu bonna nga bayonjo / nga mw'otwalidde n'abayizi. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa abaana engeri amasomero gye gaddukanyaamu, engeri gye gakangavvulamu, n'engeri gye gakolaganamu n'abaana. Okutegeera eddembe ly'abayizi si y'ebiwandiiko bya mateeka naye y'ensonga ego egobererwa abasomesa, abafuzi, era n'abayizi bennyini. Ekitundu kino kiwa obulagirizi obwa nnamaddala obusobola okukebera amateeka ga 'systicirnst' agakuuma eddembe ly'abayizi, n'ensonga ezibafuga, n'ensonga ezibakwatako.

Enteekateeka y’Etteeka ey’Ekyokulabirako eky’Abayizi

Ebisobozo bisatu ebikola olukalala ku kitongole ekikola ku mateeka mu masomero: Amereka agasooka (enkola ey'ekika, enfuumu). [FLT]Contension [[[FL:3]]] [n'okukebera oba okukweggyamu obuwambe], era n'okukukukugira [[[FLT]] okusookereza [[[FLT]] (obukuumi n'obusaanira). Wadde nga Bill of Rights yasooka yagoberera gavumenti, ekitongole ekiteesiteesi mu n'ekiso nga tewali musomesa mu kuyitira mu kusaba. Clauslausceat', ate nga mu biyingizibwa awasingako. projekiti eno y'esitence(29) terimu mu buyigirize mu kibiina.[5]

Kikulu okujjukira nti abaana tebawa busobozi bwonna obwa tteeka lya ssemateeka ku mulyango gwa masomero. Kkooti ey'oku ntikko n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo bwe byamanyibwa nnyo mu tebyandibadde bya g gginolakiti. Kyokka, abo bakkirizibwa mu kifo ekimu okufulumya ekkomera mu kifo ekimu. Ate era n'okulagira obusosoze mu masomero si bwe butyo; era n'okukakaasibwa mu ku kulondoola eddembe ly'eby'enkola n'eby'obuyigirize. Obukyayimirimu mu mateeka bulaga nti omusomesa omulina amateeka.

Eddembe ly’Okusooka mu Masomero

Buli kimu ku bintu bino eby’obukuumi kikwata ku masomero, naye waliwo n’obusobozi obw’amaanyi kkooti bwe zitaddewo.

Eddembe ly’Okwogera

Omusango ogw'okulaga ebifaananyi . Des Moines v gwakakasa nti abayizi bayinza okwogera endowooza zaabwe nga(yali ziwakanyizidwa).[1] 'ekikolwa kino bwe kiba nga tekitabangula enkola ey'eby'enjigiriza oba ey'okukwata ku ddembe ly'abalala. Mu Tinker, abayizi basatu baawebwa busibe olw'okwambala ebibakoba okukabya Vietnam. Kkooti esinga obukulu yabasalirawo omusango ne gutandikawo “Tinker'okugezesa oba okutaaza abalala.

Obubonero obulala bwaggumiza obukuumi obwo obwali mu maaso. [[FOL:0] mu disitulikiti y'e Bethel Na. 403 v. Fraser (1986), kkooti yasiiga omuyizi okwogera ebigambo eby'obugwenyufu era eby'obugwenyufu ku lukuŋŋaana, nga kikkiriza nti amasomero gasobola okukugira omulimu gw'okuyigiriza omuzizo oba okwogera ebigambo ebikyamu. Marse v. [Fredry] (2007), Kkooti yakkiriza omuyizi okukangavvula omuleeteeso ku lukujjuzo olw'okusoma olugamba “BGTY 4 JEAS, ekifuga ebisobo. [FLT: 2]

Obubonero buno obw'emirundi esatu. kikuuma okulagulwa okw'eby'obufuzi n'okw'abantu okuggyako nga kibaleetera okutaataaganyizibwa. [[FL:2] Fraser Kino kiwandikiro ekikkirizibwa okuleka enzivuunula ez'obugwenyufu oba ez'obugwenyufu. [[FLT:]] Amassomero gakkiriza ebiwera eby'ennyinyonnyonnyonnyo ezifuga empisa ezimenya amateeka. Bwe wataba kimu ku ebyo, enkiiko eza wansi zeeyongera okuteeka amateeka ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga empya, naddala ennyimba ezibeera ku mu kifo ekiteeyambisibwa mu kifo ekibeeramu enzigibwa obukyasingi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [FLT:] Manos Resources .[2]

Eddembe ly’Eddiini

Ekitongole ekiweerera ddala ebiwandiiko by’eddiini ebiyitibwa First Amendment kirimu ebibiri: Okutongoza eddiini (okuwagira gavumenti enzikiriza) ne Free Execrect Claus (okukuuma empisa z’abantu ez’eddiini).

Kkooti ya Claus egaana okusaba okukolebwa mu masomero, okusoma Baibuli, n'enjigiriza egamba nti obutonde bwajjawo. Engel v. Vitale (1962), kkooti enkulu efuga enfuga ey'Amerika yayisa okusaba mu masomero ga bonna, nga okusaba kwagootaanya enkola ya Claus. Ebibonero ebyago byeyongera okutegeera endowooza y'okusaba kw'abasomesa ku mannya g'abayizi era n'okusaba okwo kwakolebwa ku nteekateeka y'abakungu b'essomero bwe kubaako.

Mu kiseera kye kimu, abayizi bakkirizibwa okusaba kinnamuko, okukola ebika by'eddiini, era n'okwoleka enzikiriza z'eddiini nga babyesigamizza ku kikolwa ekya kyeyagalire. Equal Act ku 1984, kiba kyetaagisa amasomero ga siniya okuleka amasomero g'omu siniya okukuŋŋaana ku ttendekero singa baleka ebibinja by'eddiini ebirala ebitali bya kika kya kyeyagalire. Kkooti enkulu ewagira etteeka lino mu [[FLT:][FLT][FLT:][3]][1990]] Abasomesa n'abakulembeze bateekwa okutambula nga basinziira ku musingi: tebasobola kukulembera kusaba naye balina okutendeka okukkiriza kwabwe.

Kuryankana Kwa ddyo

Abayizi balina eddembe okukuŋŋaana awamu mu mirembe era n'okukola emikwano egy'enjawulo. Kino kizingiramu obusobozi bw'okutandikawo obulango, okukuba enkuŋŋaana, n'okwekalakaasa mu mirembe, kasita omulimu ogwo tegutabaganya mirimu gy'essomero. Mu ' Kuhlmeier School [1988], kkooti era yamanyisa nti essomero liriko ebitabo era n'emirimu gyerimu (nga empapula z'amawulire) bisobola okukozesebwa ennyo mu ku bannassaayansi y'ekitongole kya polimu. Naye abo abatali bayizi-masternsburg, nga bakkirizibwa okukiggala, oba okuwakanya ebitulumu mu ttendekero, oba ebiwera ebitongole ebifulumya ebifulumya ebifulumya amagazi mu empapula.

Abayizi okubuukabuuka oba okukajjala ku by'obwannalukalala nga bakuba emmundu oba nga bafunye emisango ku nsonga y'embeera y'obudde.[1] Bannabyamizannyo baawula ku nsonga zino: abayizi bakkirizibwa okuwakanya endowooza zaabwe naye amasomero gayinza okuteekawo ekiseera, ekifo, n'engeri gye gayinza okukugira okutaataaganya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, essomero liyinza okulagira abaana okufuluma mu kiseera eky'emisana oba eky'okuva mu ssomero singa bye basoma biba biba bimalako omulundi gumu.

Okulangirira Entegeka ey’Okuna – Okunoonya n’Okufiirwa

Mu kkooti enkulu, wabaddewo ekiteeberezebwa okunoonyereza ku nsonga z’eddiini mu ngeri nti, Omutemu Ogulinaago gwago gulina “ensonga etasobola kuvumibwa” (etteeka erikwata ku bamenyi b’amateeka erya bulijjo) naye“ lusinziira ku kuba nti okunoonyereza kujja kukakasa nti amateeka g’essomero gamenyeddwa.

Ensonga Eziviirako Okulwawo Obuzibu

Omusango ogwali gukyusizza kiwandiiko ekiraga nti waliwo engeri gye yali atundamu enjaga. Ekitongole kyasalawo nti abasomesa banoonyerezza bayizi nga tebasoose kufuna bukakafu bulaga nti “balina ensonga ze basobola okunoonyereza oba nti bye banoonya bijja kukyusa obukakafu obulaga nti omuyizi amenye amateeka oba etteeka lya ssomero.

Okugezesa Enjaga

Disitulikiti 47J. Acton (1995] Kkooti gye yasinziira nti abaddusi bakendeeza ku bye baba basuubira mu baddusi era nti essomero likendeeza ku ngeri gye liziyizaamu abaddusi okukozesa ebiragalalagala (abalina ebikosa eby'amaanyi). Oluvannyuma Kkooti eyo yayongera okunnyonnyola abayizi bonna ababadde beenyigidde mu mizannyo gy'okuvuganya mu by'empalo eby'essomero . Earls [2002] [[2]]] Kyokka, okuteebereza okugezesa okw'ebisalesa oba okuteesattululwa okutali kwa buli mu musomesa. Era, abayizi bangi baatwala amateeka gaabwe okwegatta ettuuti ne ku by'okwerinda mu by'enyinyimbimbi.

Emirimu gya kompyuta egikola ku firidi ne kompyuta

Amakoodi n'ebifo bya masomero bye bibeeramu, naye abayizi batera okubeera n'ebiruubirirwa eby'okwekweka. Kkooti nnyingi zigoberera enkola ya T.L. ekipimo kino, nga kikkirizibwa okunoonyereza singa wabaawo okubuusabuusa okwa nnamaddala. Amasomero gayinza okukendeeza ku byetaagisibwa abaana nga gagamba n'okugamba nti, n'obuwandisi obukibwa busobola okubaamu ebintu ebyamaguzi, okunoonyereza. Mu lukiiko olwo olusooka, abakungu abamu babadde baagala okufuna obujulizi obwa nnamaddala nga tebannakebera. [FL:]

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Abiri – Okukuumibwa n’Engeri Esaanira

Omutemwa ogw'ekkumi n'ena guwa abayizi ebbowabu ez'amaanyi bbiri: [[NKULULA] Ekirabo kya 'Claus' era ne Claus [.]

Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Aw'okukuuma Claus(1954) okwetaagisa abaana bonna okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu wansi w'amateeka. Omusingi guno gubadde gusinziirwako nnyo okugoba obusosoze (akabonero aka rown v. Komiti ey'Escation'(154) era n'okukuuma abaana abali mu nzige z'ebika eby'enjawulo (Akakwasa n'ebika ebirala).

Amasomero tegasobola kusosola mu langi okusinziira ku ngeri gye gakkirizibwamu mu ggwanga. Galina okuwa abaddusi bonna omukisa gwenkanankana, nga mwe muli n'okuwaayo ssente zenkanankana okuwagira emizannyo n'eby'okubeetabaganya eby'okwetaba. Mu myaka egyakayita, kkooti ziwagidde bukuumi bwe bumu abaana abawandiisibwa nga bayizi, nga zirimu kkooti nyingi ez'ajulirwa mu gavumenti ezikkiriza nti okusosolwa okwesigamiziddwa ku nnukuta y'okwetaba ku mateeka kituukiriza omutwe IX ne Assecial Clauslease. Kkooti Esinga Obukulu enziko. Kkooti eyo mu Bostock v. Clayton County[[F:1] 2020]).[9]

Tekisobose omulimu okugukola

Kkooti enkulu ekakasa nti abayizi bwe baweebwa ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi, baweebwa enkola ezaakwasibwa. Gos v. Lopez[195], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti abaana batunuulidde okusibibwa ennaku kkumi oba ntono nnyo nga balina okutegeezebwa, okuwandisibwa okw'obujulizi obubavunaanibwa, n'omukisa ogw'okuddamu okuwa obujulizi nga tekutandise.

Enkola esaanira ekola ne ku kusalawo okw'ekika eky'obuyigirize wadde nga kkooti ziwa amasomero amagezi mu kusazaamu ebikolerwamu era ne zigobererwa okusinga mu kukangavvula abaana abalina obulema.

Abayizi Abalina Obulema Basobola Okufuna

Ekiragiro kino kikwetaagisa amasomero okuteekawo essomero erina okusobozesa abayizi okufuna obulema. Mu bino mulimu enteekateeka y'okusomera abayizi kinnoomu Education Programme (IEP) ekwatagana n'ebyetaago bya buli muyizi. Ekiragiro 504 kibala okugaana obusosoze ku bayizi abaliko obulemu mu nteekateeka yonna eweebwa essente. Amasomero galina okuteekawo aw'okusula mu ngeri esaanira okusobola okusobola okufuna ekifo kyenkanankana, era okusobola okuwangula okukuba ensalo nga bwe kimu ku buno, era emirundi egimu ensimbi eziva mu gavumenti zireseesa. Ekitundutundutundu ekiyitibwa stat Processs Clace ne gavumenti bikuuma eddembe ly'obuyigirize obw'omuganyulo era obutuufu.

Omusango Aguviirako Omusango Okutyoboola Enkolagana y’Abayizi

Obusonga buno obuddako bwe busimbyeko eddembe ly’omuyizi ery’omu mateeka.

  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo olukalala lw'ebiragiro ebiri mu disitulikiti ey'ekitongole (1994)[[FULT:1] – ekyatongoza ekigambo kino kikuumibwa okuggyako nga kiyimiriza ddala emirimu gy'amaso. “Okugezesa kwa Kinker” kukyali mutindo gwa kufuga.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Gos v. Lopez (197)[[KA]] – ebikakasa enkola ey'ekikwango ky'amabanga (amannya n'okuziwulira) nga tennaba kuwerebwa ennaku kkumi oba ntono.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] New Jersey v.L.O. (1985)[[FL:1] – 'Aption ofsine] Kino kyaleetera ekiragiro okunoonyereza ku ssomero nga kigoberera emitindo egyali gigobererwa mu ‘ kuteebereza obwa bulijjo.'
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kifuga esssomero ly'e Bethel v. Fraser (1986)[ – erese amasomero okukugira enjogera embi ku ssomero.
  • Hazelwood School sturity v. Kuhlmeier (188) – ebisobozo eby'okussawo mu buwandiike obusinga bifugibwa ebitabo n'emboozi ezigobererwa ku ssomero.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo olukalala lw'ebiragiro ku by'enjigiriza mu '.' (1990) – Neneeyisa Act empandika eya wekirisibwa ekyetaagisa amasomero okukkiriza obutuuti bw'eddiini okubusinziira ku sinsi y'enkola endala ezitali za mu masomero.
  • [[Act:0]Vernonia School studil v. Aton (1995) – Ufinyet Injaga egezesa abazannyi ba emizannyo ku buli mulundi.
  • [[:0] More v. Frederick (2007)[[[AGUMENTI:1]] – erese ekkiriza amasomero okukugira okukozesebwa okw'enjaga mu bukyamu.
  • [[NT] Safford Aunten School v. Readd (2009)[FLT] – teeka ekkomo ku kunoonyereza abayizi mu langi ez'enjawulo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Ekiragiro kino kifuga ekifo ekibeera mu ttendekero ery'essomero mu B.L. (2021)[[FL:1] – Keeyiti y'egamba nti amasomero tegasobola kubonereza bayizi nga bakozesezza amacompanus, oba nga boogera ebiba ku mikutu egikolera ku siteesiteesi.

Okusoomooza n’Ebizibu Ebijja mu Kiseera Kino

Tekinologiya ow’omu kiseera kino n’engeri ebintu gye bikolebwamu mu nsi yonna ereetera enkaayana ez’enjawulo wakati w’abaana abasoma n’ab’obuyinza mu masomero.

Bigambo oba Ssekukkulu

Okukulaakulana kw'enkola n'eby'empuliziganya kuleetedde obusosoze mu mpisa z'abayizi n'abasibe. Ekiragiro kino kye kyasalawo nti amasomero tegalina buyinza ku bwogezi wadde nga tegaagala kwogera ku muyizi oba nga gatawaanya enkola ya bayizi oba abakozi. Wadde nga waliwo ebibuuzo nga bino: Essomero lisobola okukangavvula omuyizi olw'ekika kya langi oba ekikolebwa ku mukolo? Kiba kitya ku mikutu gya Internet egibanguyira okwogera oba nga gyokka ku muyizi?

LGBTQ+ Rights

Omusomesa alina eddembe okukozesa ebisulo ebituukana n'ekyama eky'omu nsiko, okuwa ekitiibwa amannya agalondeddwa, n'okugateeka mu nkola ezigobererwa ab'ekikula eky'ekikula eky'ekikula. Kkooti enkulu tennasala ku nsonga ezikwata ku muyizi agisumulula butereevu, ebitundu ebiwerako binnyonnyodde omutwe oguyitibwa Thit IX ne Ekiration Claus okukuuma abaana abassokebwa obusokezi. Amasomero g'ekitongole kya U. .S. Ekitongole kya Jujirikiti n'enjigiriza mu bukulembeze byombi tebyawulawo, era nga bireetawo empakaanyi ezisookereza ebitongole ebikola essomero. Omutendekero ogusingayo obulungi kwe ku kukolera ku ssomero eryo, era n'okunoonyereza ku kuwa magezi mu mateeka. Amasomero agagoberera enkola g'okuteeka mu n'okukuuma obutebekkuufu.

Okukangavvula n’Okusosola mu Gavaawe

Olupapula lulaga obusosoze mu langi mu masomero. Abawagizi balaga nti enjawukana zino zikontana ne projectes the Commime Protection Claus, naddala singa enkola za kampuni zibaako kye zikolawo nga tezikkiriza buyigirize. Amasomero agamu gakoze enkyukakyuka mu kukangavvula okusobola okuteeka essira ku bwenkanya n'okukugira etteeka erikugira okugonjoolebwa kw'amateeka era n'okuvaako etteeka eriva ku nkola eziva ku bujeemu obutonotono. Ekitongole kya Education’Education’s Office for Civil Rights kinoonyereza ku kweemulugunya olw'okusosola mu langi. Amasosoze agava mu masomero agamu gago gakakasabi okugobererwa mu ngeri y'okukangavvula.

Obulagirizi obw’Omuganyulo eri Abasomesa n’Abayizi

Okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly’obuyigirize nga lirina okukkirizibwa mu mateeka, kyetaagisa ekisingawo ku kugondera obugondezi amateeka n’obuwagizi.

Okutandikawo Emikolo gy’Amasomero

Amasomero galina okugakwatanya ebisomebwa ebikwata ku mateeka mu bigiddwa, si mu matendekero ga gavumenti oba ag'ebyafaayo kyokka naye era ne mu masomero amalala. Abayizi abategeera eddembe lyabwe batera okubeeyisa obulungi. Okutendeka abayigiriza n'abakulu mu mateeka obutayosa nakyo kiba kikulu nnyo.

Obuwanguzi obulemesa abaana bonna okwogera mu ngeri emenya amateeka buleme kukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, abafuzi ba ddembe okukozesa enkola ya Kinker okukebera buli kimu ekiba kizzeewo: Olwogera lwo luyinza okutabangula ebintu oba olwo lwonoona ebintu?

Obukujjukujju n’Ebitonde eby’Obugagga

Abayizi n'abazadde abakkiriza nti eddembe lyabwe lyamenyebwa bayinza okunoonya obuyambi okuva ku ntegeka nga American Civil Liberets Union (ACLU]), efulumya obulagirizi obukwata ku ddembe ly'omuyizi. Obutundu obulala bwe Convernell Legitional Information Institute [[FLL:3] amateeka ga Kibinja kya American, agawandiisaamu ennyinyonnyola y'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ensonga enkulu. [[[FLT:] Kino kiwandikira ekiragiro ku nsonga z'omulembero [[FLT:] ekiwandikiro oba ebijulirwa mu kkooti enkulu] era kiwandikiddwawo okuwa abayizi n'abasomesa obulagirizi obutereevu okuyitira mu kkooti z'amateeka. Essomero era kiyinza okuyita abakunguzizza ku ddembe okuva mu bifo eby'amateeka mu magye oba mu bibiina.

Ku nsonga ezikwata ku kukangavvula, enkola esingayo obulungi kwe kumanya amateeka g'essomero era n'okusaba etteeka erigobererwa singa okugoba omwana oba okumugoba mu kibiina kirabika nga kya butali bwenkanya. okubuulirira kw'omu mateeka kuyinza okugonjoolebwa ensonga enkulu, naye enkaayana nnyingi ziyinza okugonjoolebwa nga omuyizi n'omuzadde bategeera amateeka.

fundikira

Obusobozi bw'omu Mateeka mu by'enjigiriza si kye kintu ekiteeberezebwa obutuufu obwa buli lunaku. Okuva ku muyizi ayambala obukuutifu mu by'obufuzi okutuuka ku oyo asaba okusaba mu kasirise, omuddusi abadde agezesebwa mu kiseera kyonna okuyita omuze ogw'okukozesa ebiragalalagala okutuuka ku muvubuka eyeeyolekaganye n'ekifo eky'okusiikukira empewo ku nkola y'ebiwandikiro, etteeka erikwata ku by'obuyigirize bwa Amerika ligezesebwa buli kiseera. Abayigiriza abassa ekitiibwa mu ntegeka era n'enkola y'eby'ebyobufuzi bayamba abaana okuteeka obwesige mu n'okukolagana wakati w'abantu. Abayizi abamanyi eddembe lyabwe bafune obwenkanya mu mateeka. Nga bategeera ebyo ebisooka, Ekyokusatu, Ekyokusatu, Ekyokusatu ne 14, Amerekawo sso mu kkooti z'amateeka ebya kkooti ebinnyonnyola ebikwata ku ssomero, buli omu ku ssomero, buli omu ku nteekateeka y'obutebe bw'enziko, era n'essomero gye biyamba okusobozesa okuteekawo mu kifo ekigo mu kifo ekikuumibwa bulijjo eky'okutuula mu Mateeka.