Okufulumizibwa: Ekiragiro eky’Emitemere Ekkumi n’Emirundi Ebiri

Enkyukakyuka ey'ekkumi n'ena ku kkumi na kimu ku nteekateeka ezikyasinze okukyusibwa mu mateeka ga Amerika. Yamalirizibwa nga Jjulaayi 9, 1868, mu kiseera eky'okuzzaawo era, eno enkyukakyuka yakolebwa okuteekawo eddembe ly'abantu ab'enkan'edda n'okusiimula eddembe ery'enkomeredde [[FLD:0] Delf Scott v. Sandford[FLT] [1] kye kisazeewo, ekyagamba nti abantu b'omu Afirika tebayinza kubeera batuuze. Mu kigendererwa kyabweyasooka, Amereka agay'entebe gafuuse ekisinziirwako ekisinziirwako eky'amaanyi mu kweyongera mu bwenkanya n'okumanyisa, enkola ya bulijjo, era n'ensonga ez'obutunzi ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa mu Amereka.

Ebyafaayo: Okuzza Obuggya n’Obwetaavu bw’Etteeka

Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena mulamba ey'okuyungiriza obukiika n'eva mu kabi ak'entalo mu ggwanga era n'obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi obwali mu kika kya Amereka. Oluvannyuma lw'okuwangula, amasaza gakkirizibwa mu kibiina kya Bukiiko obwa Bannakyewa mu mbeera ezaali zibaetaagisa okuteekawo amateeka amapya agaakakasa nti obuddu bukoma. Kyokka, amakampuni g'ebukiika ddyo gaateekawo kasomero “Etteeka eribulako ekika” agaategekebwa okukugira eddembe lya banna Afirika era ne babawaliriza okuyingira mu mbeera enkyungibwa. Mu ngeri eyo, akakiiko k'eggwanga kalina etteeka k'akakasaze kalina okuyisa akakwakkulizo ak'amateeka gaago, naye nga babuusabuusa ku mateeka gaaleetera abagattidde mu mateeka okugazza amateeka mu mateeka.

Okuwangula Okuziyiza Okufuga kwa Prezidenti

Prezidenti Andrew Johnson, Democrat eyava mu Tennessee, yawakanya nnyo okugobererwa kw'eddembe ly'abantu era n'alagira ekitongole kya Civil Rights Act mu 1866. Congress yaddira omukono gwe naye embeera y'ebyobufuzi yasigala nga n'ekintu. Enkyukakyuka ey'ebyobufuzi eya 144th Amerekad yalondebwa akakiiko akakulu ak'enjawulo akakomyawo akadda olukalala akakola ku k'obutebenkenkenke, akaakaka akaateekangako enzitiro y'enjawulo ku ddembe ly'obuntu okusobozesa okuteeka eddembe lya bantu ku nukulwa kw'entebe y'eby'obufuzi okusukka eyinza okusoosattulukuka. Akampeempanya kano kalina okukkirizibwako gavumenti essa mu mwaka gwa 1868, nga ke kalina okukireetera essa essira mu ku n'ebitundu ebinasatu eby'obukulembeze by'obufuzi.

Enkyukakyuka mu Butuuze

Nga terinnaba ku Amereka ey'ekkumi na kimu, obutuuze bwalina okunnyonnyolwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Ekirango ekisooka ekya antikitity progress .=Citizenshic Claus(*) kye kyafuga red Scott[ nga bugamba nti “abantu bonna abaazaalibwa oba abeetongodde mu Amerika, era abafugibwa amateeka gaayo, be batuuze mu United States ne mu gavumenti gye babeera. Omusingi guno ogwa gwalina obutuuze obwa bulijjo mu Amerika, era gulina obuyinza ku buyinza obwo, batuuze bwa Amerika obugenda okusobola okwetongola ekitundu ekiramba ekippya era n'osembyela obwenkana enkola y'emu.

Ebisinga Obulungi mu Kukyusa Ebiri mu Kkomera Erya 14

Mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena mulimu ebitundu bitaano, naye ekitundu 1 kye kisinga okukozesebwa.ekitundu kino kimenyesemu ennyiriri ssatu enkulu, nga buli kimu kirimu obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo era nga kimanyiddwa bulungi mu byafaayo eby’okunnyonnyola ensonga.

OBUtuuze bwa Claus

Mu ngeri y'emu, nnyinimu yawa buli mwana eyazaalibwa mu Amerika (nga mubonero mutonoko ku baana ba bannalukalala n'abo abazaalibwa mu magye) mu ggwanga lya U.S. era akakase nti abatuuze bonna bakkirizibwa mu mateeka nga bazaalibwa. Buli muntu yazaalibwa mu Kkooti esingako obukulu mu United States v. Vaello-Madero, ekiwagidde nti abatuuze ba bulijjo bakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga U. Abatuuze mu ggwanga eryo nabo bakkirizibwa mu mateeka okusobola okuyamba abantu abali mu ggwanga eryo. Abatuuze b'eggwanga bali mu kkooti enkulu eya Puerto Rico.

Engeri Claus gy’Addukanyaamu Ebifa ku Kintu

The System Claus ennyonnyola nti tewali ggwanga erina “kukuuma omuntu yenna mu bulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu, nga tewali nkola ya kugoberera mateeka.” Ebigambo bino bitegeeza nti birina ennyiriri bbiri ez'enjawulo: enkola eziragiddwa (mu nkola za gavumenti bwe zisalawo okulwana n'omuntu kinnoomu) era ne enkola ey'okuggyamu eddembe erisookerwako (okukuuma eddembe ly'enkomeredde okuva ku nkolagana ya gavumenti, ne bwe kiba nga enkola ey'okugoberera enkola y'amateeka tegobereddwa). Empandika ey'ekiragiro kino kwe kuba esinziirwa okuba n'obusobo, eddembe ery'okufumbiriganwa, eddembe ery'okuziyiza okuzaala oba erya ddyo (nga [[FLT:]]]. Jackson’ekibiina ky'eby'obulamu ekya Jackson. Kikobera ddala enkola ekozesebwa mu ku nsonga ey'okumenya amateeka.

Ekintu Ekiraga nti Claus Akuumibwa

Aumential Protection Claus era yagamba nti tewali ggwanga lina “erina kugoberera omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwalyo okukuuma amateeka nga bwe gandikuwadde.” Kino kye kiyambi ekisingirayo ddala okusobola okugonjoola obusosoze. Kkooti bwe zityo zilina okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Kkooti nazo zikozesa empandika ez'enjawulo okusobola okweyambisa emitindo egikwatagana nga kwesigamye ku nkyukakyuka: okunoonyereza ennyo ku langi, ensibuko y'eggwanga, n'obuwangwa bw'amateeka, n'okwekebeesambasezza ekibaluvu, n'okwekereza ekisinziirwako ku birala ebiri mu bitundu ebirala. proteesitemu eyo y'empaka y'enkyukakyuka eyo y'emu.[FFFOLT][5][5]

Akabonero Akalaga nti Omusango Guli mu Kkooti Erina Obukulu Bunnyonnyola Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Wansi w’omutwe ogugamba nti “Emisango Egisinga Obukulu ” gikyajuliziddwa era nti,“ Amateeka ” ga Yakuwa gafuga amateeka.

Enjuuni z'Abajaajaanyi (1873)

Mu nnyinnyonnyola esooka ey'enkola y'enkola eya 14 Amereka, kkooti enkulu yannyonnyola bulungi obwannannyini obwa Claus oba Immunities Claus (ekitundu ekirala eky'ekitundu 1) era n'egamba nti yakuuma obusobozi bw'eggwanga obwali butonoko, so si eddembe lya gavumenti eryakulaakulanyizibwa. Ekyo kyabanguyira okukendeeza ddala obuyinza bw'omusingi era ne kikyusa obusingako ku bukulu bw'enkola ya Claus ne Acutime Clauss. Obuyinza bwe yalina okutongozaamu oba obwa Immu kisobozese.

Ferguson (1896)

Mu musango omubi ogwandireetedde abalamuzi b'eggwanga lya Amerika okulabika ng'obusosoze okumala emyaka nga 60, kkooti enkulu yawagira ekika ky'eggwanga wansi w'enjigiriza eno “eyawukana ate nga yenkana”. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti amateeka ga gavumenti tegaagoonoona kika kya langi okusobola okutemagana mu bifo bya gavumenti, kasita ebifo ebyo byabanga byenkanankana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Kkooti yakizuula nti okweyawulamu ate nga kyenkanankana n'obutalina kifo mu buyigirize bwa gavumenti. Olukiiko olwo lwazuula nti ekika ky'enjawukana mu masomero ga gavumenti kyalumya abaana b'omu Afirika era ne kimenya ekiragiro kyenkana Assemb'awo Claus.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Kkooti eyo yamenya amateeka agawera obufumbo olw'okuba gaali gamenya amateeka agafuga enkola y'obusosoze mu mawanga. Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yawandiika nti: “Eddembe ly'okuwasa oba obutawasa oba obutafumbirwa omuntu, omuntu ow'eggwanga eddala abeera mu bantu era tayinza kumenyebwa gavumenti.” Amateeka gano gaayongera ku misingi gya [[FL:0] BrowN[[FL:1] ku nkolagana ey'oku lusegere era n'okusalawo okw'obwenkanankanankana.

Wade (1973)

Mu kusalawo okw'amaanyi okwalimu okusoomoozebwa, kkooti yakkiriza nti omukazi alina eddembe okusalawo okuggyamu olubuto ng'ekitundu ky'eddembe erikuumibwa ne Claus. RUMEE yassaawo olukalala olwaleetera embeera y'obulamu bw'ekiwayi n'obuzaana okukkirizibwa omukazi okuzaala. [[FLT]] Roe yafugibwa mu [[FLT:] K'Akawuluunyi w'obulwadde bw'ensi eno.[2] Ate era n'ekitongole ky'abakazi ekirimu ekyokulabirako eky'obutundu obulagira ddala ekya bulijjo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu kusalawo okukulu, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abafumbo ab'ekikula eky'obukaba balina eddembe ekkulu ery'okufumbiriganwa nga bagoberera enkola eya CTEAS and Encimence Clauss. Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yassa essira ku kitiibwa n'okweraga kw'abafumbo ab'obukaba, nga bikwatagana n'ebiruubirirwa by'eggwanga eby'envuma n'enjawukana. bergefell kye kikiikirira ekifo mu kugazi ek'okweyongerayongera kw'amateeka.

Ekikoze ku Ntegeka za Bannaggwanga

Entegeka ey’okutaano ey’okukwataganya ensonga n’okuzikolamu ebadde eky’okulwanyisa ekikulu mu mateeka mu kulwanirira omuwendo gw’abantu abenkanankana mu bitundu byonna ebyenkanankana.

Ekibiina ky'Eddembe ly'Abatuuze ekya 1950 ne 1960

Abakulembeze nga Martin Luther King Jr. ne kampuni nga NaACP Legal Defense baakozesa olukalala olw'ekkumi n'ena okusoomooza Kkommenti ey'okusala oluvanyuma lw'eggwanga, okusala obusosoze mu bifo ebya lukale.Enzikko yassaawo amateeka agakwata ku ddembe lya Kivil Rights mu 1964 ne Voting Rights Act mu 1965. Ekibiina ekyo kyasobola okukakaamu enzivuunula y'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye kiyinza okukyusizaamu enzikkula y'enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka.

Eddembe ly’Abakazi n’Eby’Obuntu Obusajja

Wadde nga mu kifo eky'okutuuka ku bakazi tewakkirizibwa mu kukyusa kwa kkumi na nkumi n'ekitundu, abalwanyinyi baawangula obutawa bukakafu nti okusosola abakazi n'abakazi mu ngeri esinziira ku bakazi ab'ekikula kikontana n'omukitundu kya proteeginto ebeera y'ekika kya Claus. Reed v. Reed (1971], Kkooti enkulu yawagibwa omulundi ogwasooka nti etteeka erikwata ku basajja n'abakazi lirina okuba n'omusingi gwa njawulo. Oluvannyuma, mu Craig v. Boren[FLT][3][197], kkooti yakkiriza ekiteesoboozesebwa eky'obusosoze obungi obw'obufaananyi. Bino byaggulawo bino byaggulawo ebigezo ku kikasa olw'okusosola abantu ku mirimu, n'okukyusa eby'ebyawulo, n'okuyisa mu mateeka.

LGBTQ+ Obusobozi n’Obufumbo

Okuva ku plugr v. Evans (1996) okutuuka ku Lawrence v. Texas [2003] [2003]] ]

Ebizibu n’Obunyigiriza mu Nnyinyonnyola y’Ekiseera Kino

Wadde nga kikkirizibwa okuba eky’obwenkanya, Omulongo ogw’Akataano gulina obutategeeragana ku makulu gaagwo agasooka, obunene bw’ennukuta, era n’ekifo ekituufu ekya kkooti z’ensi kyeyongera okuleetawo okukaayana okw’amaanyi.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukakasa

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti obuwangwa bw'enjawukana mu by'enjigiriza ne mu mirimu gyayo. Eracts eza University of California v. Bakke [1988], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okugatta abantu ab'enkula ez'enjawulo tekusinziira ku ndowooza za njawulo naye nti amawanga gayinza okutwalibwa ng'ekintu kimu mu kkomo. Oluvannyuma ziyinza okutwalibwa nga [[FLT:] v. Bollinger [2003]] (2003) okuwagira obusookolo obw'enjjuluzi olw'enjjuluvu, naye Kko yeeyongedde okubuusabuusa. [FLT:]

Obutuuze n’Okugenda mu Buwangwa

Omuntu omutuuze ayitibwa Claus akiraze nti abaana b'abatuuze abataliiko lukusa mu Amerika tebakkirizibwa kufuga tteeka lya United States. Ebiruubirirwa bya bakungu ba gavumenti ebiwerako bigezeeko okukugira okunnyonnyola ensonga eno naye era n'obukakafu obukkirizibwa mu mateeka obucaase olw'okuba United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1898]).

Omuntu ow’Obwannakyewa n’Omuteegezo ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Mu nsalako ezaawerebwa, Kkooti enkulu ewadde ebibiina obukuumi obwa 14 obw'engeri eyo. Okutandikira ku Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railtrand Co. (1886), kkooti yakkiriza nti kampuni zisobola okuteekako “abantu mu mitendera". era n'obukuumi obw'enkanankanankana. Okunnyonnyola kuno kukozesezza eddembe lya bannakyewa ery'eby'obugagga, era mu Citaisens United.[FEC[FF:3]] (20:0), okukomya ekko.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso

Okubuguukulula . mu [FLT]] t kireeseewo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nkola ey'ekiragiro. Abasinga obungi mu ] K'Akataagiro[[FLT:]] ak'okuteeka essira ku ddembe okuggyamu embuto mu byafaayo oba mu bulombolombo, nga babuusabuusa eddembe eririmu ery'okuziyiza enkola eno, enkolagana ey'okusembera awamu, ey'obukabaga n'obufumbo. Abakugunjufu n'abakulembedde mu bya Leekkulu n'ebitongole eby'omu mateeka bateesa oba ebiragiddwa mu ngeri endala eziragiddwawo mu kkooti gye ziddamu okuzirimu oba eziyinza okufuga. Ek 10.Enzijijijirimu terimu ekifo ekya mu biseera eby'omu maaso eby'omuma. Ab-edingleebamu tekimanyiddwa bulungi.

Okwongera: Omutemu gw’Ensi Gusobola Okuganyula Eggwanga Erikyukakyuka

Enkyukakyuka eya 14th Amereka teri mulembe gwa bayiti; y'amateeka agagobererwa mu kutegeera okutuufu n'eddembe mu Amereka. Okuva lwe yatandikira mu ntalo z'omunda okutuuka ku nkola yaazo mu kiseera kya disitulikiti, okutereezebwa kwali lutalo olw'enkomeredde y'eggwanga esingira enkalu. Ebigambo byayo byeyongera okukkirizibwa mu nsonga ezizingiramu eddembe ly'okulonda, obutujju, obwenkanya bw'eby'eby'eby'enfuna, n'enjigiriza. Ng'abasomesa n'abayizi bajjuuzi b'eb'eb'eb'eb'ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku aw'eggwanga, era n'amateeka bwe bikkirizibwa okuba ekintu ekikulu ennyo okununula abantu n'okukugirwamu. Okutegeera kino tekusaanidde kumanyibwa kwa bannannyini okumanya kyokka, naye nga bannabyabuyigirize n'okufunvugika mu mateeka ag'okulwanirira eddembe lya mateeka.

Okumanya ebisingawo, genda ku [[NKUMBO] National Tterekeror ku lupapula 14 , [[FLT]] Kino kitegeeza nti ekitongole ekikola ku by'enjigiriza mu mateeka kizza amanota era ne [[FLT:]'etterekero lyako olwoozez'okireetera okuvvuunula ekiwandiiko ekitongozedwa ku kkooti esinga obukulu[]