Eddembe ery'okwenkana obuvunaanyizibwa wansi w'amateeka limu ku mateeka ga Amerika agasingayo okuba n'amaanyi era agakontana n'amateeka. Ago agaateekebwa mu kiwandiiko ekya 144, obukakafu buno bulaga nti abantu bwe bali mu mbeera ze zimu nabo bayisibwa bannabyabufuzi, naye nga tewaliwo kulongoosebwa kwa maanyi kwenkanankana okw'okwetaagibwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Kkooti esingako mu Amerika ennyonnyola engeri ereetebwamu eky'okukuuma eddiini mu ngeri eyoleka obusosoze era n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu bantu. Okutegeera emitindo emikulu egy'amateeka egikkirinnyinnyonnyola engeri amateeka ga Amerika gye gannyonnyolamu obulungi, eddembe n'obwenkanya.

Okwekenneenya okw'engeri y'okwerinda okw'omulembe guno kusinziira ku lukalala lwa siteegi eya project(productal,tien, ne wakati). Emitindo gino tegyakolebwa mu bujjuvu; era egyakolebwa bwe wabaawo entalo ez'amaanyi ezigezesa ennyo embeera z'eby'empisa ez'eggwanga n'ez'ebyobufuzi. Ekitundu kino kikebera ebifa ku musingi ogwatandikawo, ne kirongoosebwa, era ne kirongoosebwa ku ku ddembe ly'okutumbula obusokereza eddembe ly'eby'obusobozi, ate nga n'okugezesa okusobola okuzikolako.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Enkomerero n’Okutandikawo Enjigiriza Eyenkanankana Ekwata ku Kukuuma

The Umbligime Development Claus, eyakkirizibwa mu 1868 nga ekitundu ekya 1450 Amereka, ewa: “Tewali gavumenti... erigaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka mu ngeri y'emu.” Mu kusooka yakolebwanga okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu aba Afirika abaakateebwa okununulibwa, ekiwandiiko ekyateekebwawo okusobola okuwerera ddala emyaka nga 14. Kkooti enkulu enzijjuvu etegeeza nti mu kiseera kya Reconsolencementation, era nga y'emanyiddwa nnyo mu Okukyamyawo n'okuteekamu etteeka eririna obusokebeeyi bw'ennayiti (1873], ne United States. Crushhankpart[FF][F][3][6][6]

Olukalala Olukwata ku Kuzza Obuggya

Kkoodi y'enkola eya 144 Kconstry Development yali nkola ya programu eya Republican Reconstruct. Ekiragiro kino kyalina ekigendererwa eky'okusiguukulula omuduumizi omubi ennyo Dred Scott v. Sandford era n'okussaawo olukalala olulina olukalala lwa Kivil Rights Act mu 18666, olwakakasa obutuuze n'enkwaso bwa buli muntu yenna eyazaalibwa mu United States. Abakozi baakwasi baatwalizza ebiwandiiko ebyo nga baatwaliziddwa Omubaka ne Senator Jacob Howard, nga bagezaako okukakaatirira ddala emitindo gya kiwandikiro kya Kisaawemu preprenCivil Development mu mwaka gwa 186666, nga kiragira ddala eddembe lya bonna abatuuze mu ttwaleedenti y'okusalawo mu ngeri ey'enno ya gavumenti. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu egobeegobeetazza egoberera ego mu mateeka.

“ Tewali ggwanga... omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza lya kukuuma mateeka agenkana.” — .U.S. amst. XIV., NZA 1.

Okumala amakumi g’emyaka, ebibiina ebitegeka enkola ey’okukwata ebika by’abantu byakozesanga nnyo ebibiina ebigamba nti amateeka ga gavumenti gaabaggyako okuyisibwa okw’enjawulo ku kukolebwa kw’ebigambo ebyasooka.

Emitindo gy’Obukakenzi egy’Omu Kiseera Kino Gyatandikibwawo

Obukuumi obwa bulijjo butegekebwa bulungi mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu kunoonyereza ku bikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka. Empigiro ezisinga okuba ez'amaanyi zigobererwa mu ngeri ezo zeesigamye ku langi, ensibuko y'eggwanga, n'obuwangwa; amateeka ng'ago gagoerekebwa singa gaweereza gavumenti nga geetaaga okukkaanya okugattika ate nga tegalina kakwate kokka kalina akakwate mu nsonga ezitegeerekeka obulungi. Entermediadiaste Kino kyava mu bitundu ebyo ebyava mu mateeka nga kyetaagisa ebiruubirirwa bya gavumenti okuba n'enkolagana eyentuufu. Rational enzigramya-go, kwezzaamu ensonga zonna, nga tezirinamu n'ensonga zonna ezizingirwamu.

Ebintu Ebikolebwa ku Mabega Bikozesa Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Awo nga bino wammanga, buli omu yayogera ku kibuuzo ekikulu ekikwata ku ani agwanidde okuweebwa obwenkanya, era n’ekituuka ku nsonga eziviirako abantu okwawulawo abantu abatali batuukirivu.

Ferguson (1896): Enjigiriza egamba nti “Wuteebanga Naye Teyenkanankana”

Mu Pleggy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. (1896), kkooti enkulu yawagira Louisiana etteeka eryali ligaana abasosoze mu ggaali y'omukka. Homer Plessy, omusajja ow'omu ku nnyiriri 12888 mu Afirika, yawakanya etteeka ng'okumenya amateeka ga Claus, naye Kkooti n'egaana ekiwandiiko kya Poliisi y'omu ku bannaakirirooti 7761. Gavumenti, Gavumenti Henry Brown yagamba nti empalaze teyogera ku bu wansi wa mpaka yonna, eby'ebifo nga bwe byenkanankana. Kko n'empalagiro n'ekira mu mateeka agamu mu South South essaawasa emakumi gsanvu. Kyokka, John Harlan yagamba nti, Sayusa Obukulembeze w'ekitongolesazeseeramu tewamu wadde okusonyiwa ebibi mu bibiina ebifuluma."

Kino kyakulabirako eky'okulabula ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukyusibwa okusobozesa okumanyibwa kw'obungi kwa Claus. Kkooti bwe yagaana okutunuulira ekiwabyo eky'enkomeredde ekya ddala ku ttuluba erya ddala erya ' era n'okulaga nti omuntu taliiko ky'ayigidde mu by'obufuzi, yakyusiza ddala mu kusalawo okw'okufuga okutuusa Brown v. Kkoodi ey'Enjigiriza[[[FOLT:]]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Okufa kwa “Okwenkana ate”

[rown v. Kkooti ey'Essomero lya Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (54), kye kisala kya kkooti esingayo obukulu mu kyasa ekya 20. Kkooti enkulu era nga buli kimu kyawandiikiddwa Kearl Warren, kkooti yakkiriza nti enjawukana mu matendekero ga gavumenti. Kkooti yakizuula nti “eby'obuyigirize tebyereere, tebyamalanga Plubles'. Kkooti yalina bukakafu bulaga nti obukkulembedde mu matendekero ga gavumenti ga bantu ba langi ez'enjawulo, obwawulamu enjereere wakati w'obusobozi obwa Crea n'okita za Masseccol[FLD] era n'okita wa Bunnackiikinvu mu Amerekase.[F.] Kino kyalaga nti abaana mu Amerekamu bye babadde babadde banyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyamu.

Ekiragiro kino kiyigiriza nti ebifo eby'okusomera teby'omulembe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[FLT]] rown tewamangu ddala okukoma ku kuggyamu bbugwe mu ggwanga; kyatwala ekifo ekirala nga rown II[ ne ] coper [] era ne enkola ey'ensi eno tey'okukwasisa ekiragiro okukwasisa desentirikiti. Naye okusalawo okwo kwakyusa amakulu g'obukuumi obw'enkanankanankana nga kikakataageranyizidwa mu ngeri nti okwenkana kulina kubaamu mu mitendera n'amakulu agamu n'amakulu agafuga, so si mu bulabiro obw'omu mateeka. BrowN[FLL:] era ne ku nsonga ezikwata ku n'okusosola mu kifo eky'obulamu obwa bulijjo.

Virginia (1967): Okuggyawo Enzibu ez’Obusosoze ne Zigatta

Mu ekiragiro kyasala olukalala mu v. Virginia, 388 U.S.1], kkooti enkulu yawanyisa Virginia etteeka eriziyiza okusattulukuka kw'amawanga ag'enjawulo. Kkooti eyo yakakasa nti amateeka tegalina kigendererwa kyonna okuleka abazungu okukulembera abatukuvu. Omulamuzi Omukulu Warren, eyawandiikiriza Virginia okufumbirwa, oba obutawasa, etteeka erikwata ku bantu ab'enjawulo. Kkooti endala okugattika abantu ab'enjawulo mu ggwanga eryo era n'okusobola okukimenya. [ Levvvoov [[FFOLT]]

Reed ne Reed (1971): Obusosoze busibuka mu ngeri endala

Mu byafaayo bya Amerika ebisinga obungi, Kkooti enkulu yagaana okusengeka emitindo egiba gikkiriziddwa ku ngeri z'obwannakazi, nga gijuliza ebifo ebikozesebwa mu buwangwa. Ekyakyuka mu Edded v. erad, 404 U.S. 711911, oluvanyuma lw'amateeka ga Idaho agaaleetera abasajja okwagala abakazi okuba abaami ng'abalabirizi b'ebifo. Wadde nga tekikkirinnyezza ku ku kugezesebwa mu ngeri entegekebwa, kye kyasooka olukiiko olusooka okumenyesebwa mu by'okwetaba nga lumaze okumenyebwa wansi wa Clauslaus. Ekkootimenti eyo ebbiri zikkirizibwa oluvannyuma. [[FLT] Richardsonson.[FF3][5][5]

Virginia (1996): Ebiwandiiko ebyenkanankana ebinnyonnyola Enjigiriza

Mu mu Virginia, 518 U.S.M.1596), kkooti enkulu yayogera ku basajja ab'eddaala okukkiriza enkola y'ekitongole kya Virginia Military Institute (VMI). Gavumenti yawaanyanga nti obuyigirize obwa nnamba bwa nnannyini bukkirizibwa, naye Kkooti ya Ruth Bader Ginsburg, mu ndowooza ya Mulamuzi Ruth Bar Ginsburg, yakkiriza nti enkola eno emenyesese empandika y'obuteesiteesiyo empandika empandikako. Kkooti yakizuula nti Virginia yalemererwa okuwa “obutuufu obusikiriza obwandiikibwa abakazi. Okusalako okukkirizibwa n'okukkuzibwa kw'abakazi okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ag'obusobo obugobeemitwe gy'obukulu mu gavumenti era n'ebigendererwa ebiggyibwako. Kkootikko kyaleesaamu okusobola okunnyonnyola ensonga zaabwe eziba nga zigobeetaagisa ku nsonga eziba zigobeetaagisa okuta.

Washington v. Davis (1976): Etteeka erikwata ku by’okwetaba

Ekiragiro kino si byonna ebikolebwako mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, naye era nga tebikkirizibwa. Mu [FOLT] Shatchington v. Davis, 426 U.S.2919], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, olukalala luteekwa okuwerebwa olukalala olw'ekitongole ekya Classicale ekikkirizibwa mu Amerika. Kkooti eyo egaana endowooza ez'enjawulo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti, era n'empala egobererwa mu ngeri egootaanya ku mateeka ga gavumenti. [[FLT]][FLY:3][1] [3][1] Si kye kyali kye kintu eky'amaanyi ekiwandiddwawo mu ku bakunguzikkirizo abapoliisi banna mu Afirika. [VFoctive][4]

Okukuuma Obunafu bw’Omuntu n’Okumwenkana

Ekibuuzo eky'okukkiriza oba nga programu z'okwewala zivudde ku Kkooti Empandika ey'Empandika ey'Okukakaakulanya eyatuuka ku Kkooti ey'Empandika Enkulu mu 'FLT'. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003). Kkooti yawagira enkola ya Yunivasite y'e Miskomero ya Millennity Law, eyatwala enkalu emu ng'ekintu ekimu okusobola okufuna ekibiina ky'abayizi eky'enjawulo. Okuwandiika ku bassomero, Sandra Day O’Connor, kyawandisizza nnyo obululu naye ne kimala nti esomerera essomero z'amateeka ez'eby'empalo tezikkirizibwa kukozesa emyaka 25 mu ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. [FF][3][3][3]

Okussa Omutindo ku by’Okwetaba, n’Ebisingawo

Okuva mu 1970 n'okutuusa mu masekkati g’emyaka egya 1970, okunoonyereza okwenkana okwetaaga obukuumi okweyongera kwogerwako ku bika by'ebika ebirala ng’oggyeko bya langi.

Obusosoze Oluvannyuma lw’Okwawula Abalala Okufaananako Ern Boren

Mu [[NTL:0] Craig v. Boren[FL:1], 190 U.S.1966, kkooti yasattulula etteeka lya Oklahoma eritaddewo emyaka egy'enjawulo ku basajja n'abakazi (21 ku bakyala] 18 ku] bakazi). Endowooza ey'enjawulo yaleetawo okunoonyereza okwa buli emu ku nsonga z'abasajja n'abakazi: amateeka galina okuweereza “ebigendererwa bya gavumenti” era galina okuba nga“ nga gatuukiriza ebigendererwa byago. [FLT:] omutindo guno gukozeseddwa mu nsonga ezikwata ku kwegatta [[FLT:]] E. Enkyukakyuka mu nsi. [196] Enkyukakyuka mu by'obuwabuzi obw'obuwangwa.[FLT:]

LGBTQ+ Entegeka z’Omuntu n’Eby’Okwekuuma Ebyenkanankana

Kkooti enkulu okusobola okukuuma abantu mu ngeri y'emu nga batuukiriza ennaku ez'okwetaba Romer v. Evans (1996]). Yasattulula amateeka agaagobererwa Colorado akuuma abasodolate n'abakyala obutasosola. Wadde nga Kkooti yakwataganya ebiwandiiko bya kika kya nnukko, yakizuula nti okutereeza okwo tekwalina kigendererwa kirala kyonna kikkirizibwa okuggyako aniddewo. [[FLT:][FLT] Erance v. [[FLT:][2003]], olukulembedde olukalala olumu mu nkola y'ekitongole ekya Claawerera mu ngeri y'okukulembedde mu ku lukalala. Envumbo zaago zonna zibaamu obukulembedde. Era zikkulembedde mu [V:][F.5][5]

Gye buvuddeko awo, mu Bostock v. Clayton County [20]), kkooti yavvuunula omutwe VII ku kiteeso ky'ekitongole ekikola nga kiremesa okusosola okwesigamye ku ngeri gye bayisaamu abaana ab'ekikula eky'ekikula; wadde nga kyakakasibwa nti okulonda okwesigamye ku kwegatta n'eky'okwetaba tekukkirizibwa era nga kyetaagisa obutuufu obw'amaanyi. Obusobozi obw'enkalakkalira bwenkanankana obungi bubeera mu bitundu ng'ebyo gamba nga ebisumebwa ebisume, ebisaamu n'ebiddukanyigo by'omuzannyo, n'ebifo ebisabiina ebitwalibwa abantu.

Obunafu bw’Eddembe: ADA n’Ebiri Egyo

Kkooti zigambye nti okulonda abalwadde kiyitiddwa kusinziira ku nkola enzivuunula yokka, so si ku kyekenneenyezebwa. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985), kkooti enkulu yasaanyawo ekiragiro ekyakwetaagisa etteeka ery'enjawulo erikkiriza abantu abalina obulema okukkirizibwa okubeera mu maka g'abagezi, naye Kkooti yakikozesa mu ngeri enfumbo, okuzuula nti amateeka gaasinziira ku ku bwesosoze. Kino kyalaga nti wadde nga tegaayongera ku bwengula, ekiteeyambisibwa Claus Claus esobola okuwa obusosoze mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekibadde kiwandikiro kya Amerika ekirimu enzijirimu nga kikozesa enkola ey'okuwanirira obugoozibweru, era nga kinoonya enzige ku banna gavumenti.[5][5]

Okusoomooza mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso n’Ebibuuzo Ebitamalibwawo

Wadde nga waliwo amateeka mangi agabeeyirira okukuuma, wakyaliwo okukaayana kungi. Kkooti enkulu efuga ekitundu kino: 2023. Kkooti eno esalawo [2023] obukonkonyi ku Fair Adgicts v. Harvard era nga ddala yakoma okukkakkanya empaka ez'obuyigirize obwa waggulu, nga ziziyiza programu ng'emenya amateeka agateeyisaamu ne Active Claus. okusalawo okwo kulaga nti okuzza obutebenkevu obutuufu, okutaputa oba okutaputa obutuufu okukyenkana endowooza eya Kko mu Justice Thomas mu kko. Era, n'ensonga entono zireeteekamu ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku ku ku by'okyayinja, n'enkola y'okuzza enko.

Obutali Bwenkanya mu Ntegeka n’Enjigiriza Ezenkanankana Obukuumi

Obumu ku bukyasingi obw'amaanyi mu mateeka agenkanago ageenkana olw'okuba etteeka ery'obukuumi terikwatagana n'ebiruubirirwa ebyateekebwa mu Shashington v. Davis era n'obusosoze obw'omu ntegeka. Okusosola kw'eby'enjigiriza, eby'obulamu, n'eby'abamenyi b'amateeka bingi biva ku busosoze mu byafaayo obwabanga teb'eggwanga mu bugenderevu. Abawakanyisi bawakanya nti emitindo gigoberera emitindo gino giba tegiyinza kutwala ng'egyo mu buwabuzi obwa mu bugenderevu. Abakulembezi gigamba nti, abanoonyereza abamu n'abakuuti abo basuubira okwongera okukozesa obusosoze mu ku by'obusobozi obwa Classi obwa Claale okugonjoola ensonga ezibaawo mu kiseera kino, naye kkooti eyolekamu ku kukulaakulana.

Enjawulo Ebaawo wakati w’Abantu n’Engeri ez’Okusosola Abalala

Abantu abasosolwa okusinziira ku ngeri eziragiddwa ku ngeri ezisukka mu emu, gamba ng'ekika, ekikula, ekikula, oba obulemu n'engeri ez'okwetaba nga zenyigidde mu mateeka galiwo. Kkooti enkulu tewabawadde kakwate ka ngeri ki gye ziyinza okusinziirwako okusobola okukuuma omuntu. Kkooti ezimu entono zitegedde nti okusosolwa ku kibinja kya njawulo ku kibinja kya Afirika eky'awulibwamu era nti kiyinza okukkirizibwa, naye amateeka gasigala nga tegalina kye gakola. Ebitongole ebikola ku ntegeka byeyongera okuteeka essira ku ngeri gye biwawumbaamu, kkooti zijja kweyongera okuteekawo eby'okwekenneenya ebizitiibwa.

Lowooza ku Binaabaawo: Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso Binaaba Birungi Nnyo

Eddembe ery'okukwegatta terikoma. Omulembe n'omulembe gulina omukisa .(naa) obuvunaanyizibwa ) okunnyonnyola amakulu gaagwo nga bategeera embeera z'abantu era n'engeri gye ziyinza okugobererwamu. Ebyokulabirako ebyogeddwako mu kitundu kino biraga nti omuntu bw'aba ow'okufuuka nnaddala, ate era n'okugaana okudda mu kibinja. Ekisuubizo kya 144th Amendment tekinnamalibwa.

Okuvunaana obukwasiddwa ku ddembe ly'okulonda, okuvunaana, n'okuvunaana obulabisibwa ba poliisi kijja kweyongera okugezesa ekkomo ly'enjigiriza ez'obukuumi. Ebintu ebirala nga "" enkyukakyuka mu kukola kkooti enkulu, entegeka z'enkalo z'abantu era n'endowooza eriwo ku bantu nti olukalala lwa bantu lujja kusobola okukola ekiyinza okusobozesa olukalala olw'enkalakkalira oba olukendeera. Buli lujja kuba lukyaliwo, emisango egyakenneenyezebwa wano giwandisizza ebigambo n'emisingi egisinziirwako okuleetawo okuwakana.