Kiki Ekiba Kituukirawo?

Ekiragiro kino kigwanira okuwa omuntu eddembe lyonna ery'omu mateeka eriteekeddwa okukkiririzibwa. Gavumenti eno esaanidde okussa ekitiibwa mu ntegeka y'omulembe. Gavumenti esobola okukomya enkola eza gavumenti ez'omu Amerika eziyinza okulemesa omuntu okufuna obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu. Ensonga ekkirizibwa mu nteekateeka ey'amateeka ey'okutaano (ekozesebwa ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo) n'esobozesa okutereezebwa mu ngeri y'emu mu gavumenti ne mu bitundu byayo). Ekiragiro kikakasa nti amateeka gajja kuba malungi, gaakulaakulaakula, era nti gago gajja kukolera mu ngeri y'emu, era nti abantu bajja kuweebwa amagezi agakwata obulungi nga tegalina muntu yenna ali mu kubonero.

Ebyafaayo Ebiba Bigobereddwa

Ebigambo “ng'amateeka bwe gagenda mu maaso” byasooka kulagibwa mu lukalala olw'omwaka 1354 mu Lungereza, naye emirandira gyago gyagenda mu maaso ne mu Magna Carta mu 1215. Claus 39 ku Magna Carta yagamba: “Tewali muntu wa ddembe alikwatibwa oba asibibwe mu kkomera... okuggyako ng'abantu be yeenkanankana oba amateeka g'ensi.” Obukuumi obwo obwasooka ku maanyi g'engule ey'olukoba oluvannyuma bwakyuka ne buyingira mu nteeso y'enkola esaanira. Era, ab'ekibiina kya Masarmentis of the .S. Ekiragiro kyassa Ekiragiro kino kyatandikawo omusingi guno okusobola okumanyibwa nti abantu ab'eddembe tebasobola kuziyiza gavumenti okubakolako.

Leero, obusobozi bw'enkola kye kimu ku nsonga ezisinga okumanyibwa mu kkooti za Amerika. Kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola enkyukakyuka zino enfunda n'enfunda okukakasa nti amaanyi ga gavumenti gakeberebwa olw'enkyukakyuka ezisaanira era n'olw'okuwa ekitiibwa e ddembe ekkulu. Okusobola okumanya ebisingawo ku nsonga ez'ebyafaayo, Cornell Information Institute ennyonnyola mu bujjuvu enjigiriza ekolebwamu[

“ Tewali ggwanga... liyinza kuggyako muntu yenna obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu awatali mateeka.” — Entegeka eya 141, Ekitundu 1

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteeberezebwa

Kkooti enkulu egassemu enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byayo. Abatuuze abaagala okumanya engeri eddembe lyabwe gye likolamu mu nsonga ez'enjawulo, kibeetaagisa okutegeera obulungi ensonga ezizingirwamu.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Okusalawo kusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'omubiri okusobola okuteebwa ne gavumenti ne bwe kiba nti egoberera enkola ezigobereddwa. Gayinza okukoma ku mateeka agayinza okukolebwa mu kusooka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, eddembe ly'okuwasa oba okufumbirwa, eddembe ery'okukuza abaana, n'eddembe ery'okwefuga byonna bikuumibwa mu nkola ey'ekikwanguyira. Singa gavumenti eyisa etteeka erikugira obufumbo bwonna, amateeka gajja kuba nga tegakkirizibwa mu kifo kya goonzi, si lwa ngeri gye gagobererwamu, naye olw'ekyo ekikiziyiza. Abasoozesezza amaaso mu ngeri eno ey'okwefuga, basuubira nti amateeka gakukugira obufumbo bwonna nga [[FLT:].[2]

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Ku ngeri enkola ey'enjawulo ekolebwako, essira lissibwa ku engeri gye kikolebwamu. Gavumenti bw'eba tennaba kuggyawo bulamu bw'omuntu, ddembe oba bintu, omuntu alina okuweebwa amawoode agamala, era n'okusalawo ku butaba na kawyiro. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa okulekayo enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okukituukiriza. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abantu okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebiba bizzeewo mu ngeri entegekebwamu okusinga (1) engeri ekozesebwa mu kuwuliriza amatujjuzi. K'okasa oba okubaamu obubaka obubagirwa mu kifo kya waggulu. K'awuzizo, okusobola okumanyibwa mu ngeri enkambi ezo ezizingirwamu, n'okusasula ssente ezizingirwamu mu n'ebyo ebiba bireeteetasalibwawo. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo ku ngeri y'okuzikozesa mu kkooti mu ku nsonga ezigezesebwawo: (1) okuziganya, (2) okufiirwa ensonga eziba nga mu n'ebyo ebiba bisalibwawo. ebikozesebwa mu n'ebyo ebibabibikkebereddwa mu n'ebyo ebisalibwa

“ Okutuukirizibwa kw'ekisaanyizo si kukwatibwa kwa tekitegeereka ku bintu ebitali bikwatagana n'ekiseera, ekifo, oba embeera zizzeewo.” — Omulamuzi Felix Frankfurter, Assent Anti-Fascist Commmuney. v. McGNT[[FL:1]

Ebitundu Ebikola Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Ntegeka

Ebitundu ebikola ku ddembe ery’okutuukiriza omulimu byawukana okusinziira ku nnyiriri eziriraanyewo, naye ebitundu ebiwerako bisobola okukakasa nti abantu bayisibwa mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya mu buli kiseera.

Weetegereze

Omuntu bw'aba ayagaliddwa, ateekwa okusooka okutegeezebwa omusango ogumuvunaanibwa oba okusalirwa mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, nnannyini nnyumba bw'aba ayolekaganye n'okugobebwa, nnyini nnyumba aba alina okuwa amabaluwa agalaga ensonga n'olunaku lwe yawandiikirwa. Singa omuntu akwatibwa, balina okutegeezebwa omusango gwe bavunaanibwa. Awatali kumanya bulungi, abantu tebasobola kwewolereza oba okubaako kye bakolawo mu nkola.

Akakisa Okuwulirwa

Okulabula tekumala. Omuntu era alina omukisa okwanukula, okuwa obujulizi obw'enkalakkalira, okuyita abajulizi, era n'okudda ku ludda lwabwe. Eddembe lino litera okuyitibwa “eddembe ery'okuwulira” era lye musingi ogw'okunoonyereza. Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abo abaweebwa obuyambi bateekeddwa okuba n'obuyambi nga tebunnabaawoko. Kkooti eyo yalaga nti n'okufiirwa kw'ebivaamu okw'akaseera buseera kuyinza okutaayinza kuzza buzibu obw'emabega, era nti abafunibwamu abo abaagimaliddemu bateekwa okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki okuziina.

Omuyizzi w'okusalawo obutabaako ludda lwo lwo lwokka

Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa omuntu oba kakiiko akakola okusalawo nga kasalawo tekisosola era nga tekuliimu busosoze. Kino kitegeeza nti omulamuzi, akulira abawuliriza, oba abalamuzi ab'ekanga obusawo, tebasobola kuba na muti oba kubaako kye bakolawo mu ngeri ebasobozesa. Kasaluuni eno ey'enkomeredde n'empaka ne pulogulamu ssente. Mu kitongole kya [FLT.T.] Massey Coal.[FLD] [2009]] Kkooti enkulu efuga enneeyisaako nga mu kkooti ewatuze ekireetebwa ekiwandikiro ekibaawe ekiba nga ekibaaze eky'obusosoze.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okuwabulwa

Wadde nga si mu buli lukunkumuli lw'amateeka, olukiiko olukulu olw'okussaawo amateeka, olulina okukiikirirwa omuwayiti. Gideon v. Wainright (1963), kooti enkulu yakkiriza nti gavumenti eteekwa okuwa omuwaabirwa yenna atasobola kusasula omu mu kkooti z'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kifuga buli omu ne kiweebwa omusango gwonna aw'okusibibwa mu buli nsonga. Arginger v. Ham, 1972], okutereeza okusobola okumanyisa abawandiikibwa amateeka, ne bwe kiba nga tewaliwo n'ensonga enkulu esobola okusobozesa abawandiikibwa okuyisa mu bujulizi obw'enkola, era ne bwe kiba nga waliwo ensonga eziba nga tezingirwamu ku nsonga enkulu.

Obukulu bw’Ekyokulabirako Ekiba Kigwanidde Okukolebwa

Enjigiriza ezo ziyamba buli muntu mu bulamu bwe obwa bulijjo.

  • [[NKULA] Etteeka lifuga:[[[KATANDIKWA:1] Kino kikakasa nti amateeka gagoberera enkola eya demokulase.
  • [[NKULULA] Eddembe eri wakati wa buli muntu limu n'eri: nga kukendeeza ku buzibu gavumenti bw'eyoleka, nga mu nkola esaanira, eziyiza eggwanga okusiba, okutwala ebintu, oba okukugira abantu bye beesalirawo awatali kwekwasa butuufu. Obukuumi buno bw'obwono bw'obwonoonese naddala mu biseera eby'obuzibu oba eby'eby'obufuzi.
  • [[NKULA]] Obwesige mu bantu bwonna:[[[NKULA] Omuntu bw'alaba nga emisango gya bwenkanya era nga misalaze, kyangu nnyo okwesiga enteekateeka y'obwenkanya era n'okugoberera enfuga zaayo. Obutali bwenkanya buleetera abantu okubuusabuusa n'okuwakanya amateeka.
  • [[NKULA]] Ekirabo kifuula okutuukirira mu bwenkanya:[ Enkola ey'okutuukiriza ekakasa nti n'abantu abaavu abangi n'abasibibwa, balyibwa, oba abakugibwa, bawaanyisa enkola za gavumenti. Singa tewabaawo bibakugira, obungi bw'aw'obuyinza obwa bulijjo ne bwe but'ayinza okubaamu enneyisa yaabwo, kyebuva bukola.
  • [[NTANDIKO:0] Empandika ezikyamu: Enkola ez'obutuukirivu zikendeeza ku kusalawo okukyamu, gamba ng'okusiiga omuntu omusango oba okukomya mu bukyamu bye kikolako. Ebiguzi by'ensobi emirundi mingi by'omuntu biba bya kabi nnyo, n'olwekyo abantu baagala nnyo okubikolako mu ngeri entuufu.

Okusobola okulaba engeri omulimu gye gukolebwamu mu ngeri ennyanjula eyo, omukutu gwa U.S. guwandikiddwa okuyamba abayizi n'abatuuze [.

Enkyukakyuka Ebaawo mu Misango

Mu mateeka ag’obumenyi bw'amateeka, eddembe ly'emirimu liri ku kya maanyi nnyo.

Okugezesebwa okw’Amangu

Ekitongole kino kikakasa nti “empewo n'okuwozesebwa kwa bantu kwandiyitiddewo okutangira abawawawawaayiriza okusibibwa okumala emyezi oba emyaka. Kkooti enkulu etaddewo ekigezo eky'ebitundu bina mu kupima okusobola okumanya obanga eddembe lino limenyeddwawo, ng'esinziira ku buwanvu bw'ekiragiro, ensonga lwaki, oba ng'omuwayitirwa omusango alaga nti ye yabanga obweru, era oba nti obusosoze bwalesebwa ( Barker v. Wipo, 1972). Mu bigambo bingi, Ebbanga ku nsonga z'okuvunaana omusango obunene, kissaawo ekiseera ekigerekeereddwa.

Okulonda Omusawo Atasosola

Abawozesebwa mu misango gibatongodde eri abalamuzi abalondeddwa mu lubalama lw'omusalo ogwa mu kitundu. Abalamuzi bayinza obutakkirizibwa kuwebwa ku ludda olw'eggwanga, olw'ekikula, olw'obukaba, oba olw'engeri endala ez'obukuumi. Mu kiseera ekyo, abalamuzi abo ababiri bayinza okubuusabuusa eb'ensonga ez'amaanyi okusobola okuteeka obusosoze mu bantu. Singa abalamuzi baawunzi ba gavumenti baawulibwawo oba basososolwako ku nkola eya siteesitemu, kooti eyo eteekwa okuyingiza abalamuzi abapya oba okukyusa ekifo. Edde ku b'abalamuzi ab'ensonga ekakasa nti omusango ogwo gulina okusalibwawo ab'ekibiina so si kye guba nga gukwate ku mu kkooti.

Okukuuma obutazoka

Ekitongole ekiwanyisa Assembly Conference kigamba nti tewali muntu “akakasibwa mu musango gwonna okwewaako obujulizi.” Kino kitegeeza nti abawaayiriza tebasobola kuwa bujulizi, era abawaabi bawaabi tebasobola kusirika ng'obujulizi obulaga nti bavunaanibwa. Mairanda v. Kino kitegeeza nti, Arizona (1966) ekibonerezo ekyali kyetaagisa ba poliisi okumanya nti eddembe lyabwe liba lisobola okusirika era nti balina omuwaabi w'oludda olulimu mu kiseera we baba bavunaanibwa. Singa okulabula kuno tekuweebwa, buli bigambo ebiba bisangibwa mu kkooti. Obukuumi obwo bw'okebeewa bukakafu obw'okwekusiikiriza era n'okukakasa nti gavumenti ewandisizza obujulizibwe mu bujulizibwe.

Ekitangaala eky’Okusaba

Wadde nga si bwe kiri ddala, eddembe ery'okujulira omumenyi w'amateeka lirina okukuumibwa. Buli ggwanga lisobola okunoonyereza ku nsonga emu. Omuwawaabibwa ayinza okuwakanya ensobi z'amateeka, gamba ng'empamya ezitakkirizibwa, okukkirizibwa mu bujulizi obumenya amateeka, oba obuyambi obutasobola kuweebwa magezi. Ku nsonga enkulu, kyetaagisa okujjuuliriza obuwerako (mu buli ggwanga ne gavumenti) okukendeeza ku kabi ak'okutta omuntu atalina musango. Embalirira y'empandika esobola okukebera ensobi ezikolebwa era n'okukakasa nti ensobi ezikolebwa zigobetentebwawo.

“ Obusobozi bw'okusabiriza tebulina kukolebwako mu ngeri egwanira, naye singa embeera esaba okusabidwa, kiteekwa okukolebwa mu ngeri etanyiiza mulimu.” — Griffin v.Illinois [1956]

Entegeka y'Ebangirizo eri Tetera Kukolebwako mu Lukiiko Olukulu

Okukwatibwa kw'omusango tekukwata ku bamenyi b’amateeka bokka, naye era ne ku nsonga eziba zisaliddwawo gavumenti gye egezaako okuggya ku nsonga enkulu.

Obudde obw’Okulaba Engeri z’Abatakkiriza Buli Munno

Omuwawawawa bwe guba guteekeddwa mu kkooti, omuwayitiddwa alina okusalirwako kopi ey'ekyewo ekyemulugunya era n'okuyita. Ekiragiro kino kiteekwa “okubalibwako obwagazi” okutegeeza omuntu eky'ekikolwa kino (]Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 1950]). Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga nnyini fayiro ataddewo akalagiro ku luggi naye nga amanyi nti abadde mu kitanda, ekiragiro kiyinza obutamala kutuukiriza nkola ekyetaagisa ebikolebwa.

Eddembe ly’Okuwulira Ekituufu

Ekiragiro kino kirina obuyinza okuwa obujulizi, okuwa obujulirwa ku bannakyewa, era ne kisala emisango mu maaso g'akakiiko akafuga. Ebiragiro ebya bulijjo bisobola okwawukana. Ebiragiro ebitono bitera okukozesa amateeka agaangu ate okusaasaanyizibwa okw'amaanyi kuzingiramu okuzuula ebintu bingi. Mu nkola nga abawuliriza emiganyulo gy'abalema, layisensi ezitwala obuwandikiro, oba omulimu gwa gavumenti okuziggyamu enzikkiriza okukola nga ssawa y'amateeka naye nga na kati gulina okuwerezebwako. Omusango gwa Goldberg v. Kelly[[FLT:] (70]) guddamu okuyingiza mu nsonga eno: gulina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuwuliriza obubadde buvuddemu obutuufu olw'okufiirwa obuvunaanyizibwa.

Eddembe ly’Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Oluvannyuma lw'okusalawo kkooti nga kkooti ejuliziddwa, abalamuzi balina obuyinza okujulira mu kkooti enkulu. Enkeberezesebuvu zikakasa nti akakiiko ka kkooti tekasalawo ku buwaze oba tekasukka buyinza bwako. Mu masaza mangi, ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka ziba ntono era tezikoma ku kunoonyereza ku mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akakiiko akakola ebiwandiiko bwe keegaana olukusa okuzinnyonnyola, ensonga eyinza okuzizza ku nsonga nga tekkiriziddwa mu kkooti. Akakiiko k'eby'obuyinza bwe tezeekenneenya tezeewalimu, ensonga eyo eyinza kugaana bukuumi mu mateeka.

Okuyiga ebikwata ku nkola esaanira mu bifo nga ku mulimu ne ku kuzimba, obulagirizi [[NT:0]ACLU bwe buwa mu nkola za gavumenti[ buwa ebyokulabirako eby'omuganyulo.

Obuzibu Obuyinza Okubaawo ng’Ekyolekedde Okukikola

Wadde nga waliwo amateeka ga gavumenti ga Amerika agakola, abantu bangi boolekagana n'obusobozi obujjuvu obw'okukuuma ebikolebwa mu nsi.

Wadde nga waliwo ebifa ku mateeka ebitakkirizibwa

Ekimu ku bintu ebiyinza okuleetera omulimu ogwo okukolebwako kwe kuba nti abantu abafuna ssente entono tebasobola kugula munnamateeka. Mu misango egibawagizi ba gavumenti, ob'abawagizi basobola basobola okubeerawo, naye ofiisi zino zitera okubaamu obuwagizi bungi era n'okukola ennyo, ekiviirako [[FL:0] okugaana obuyambi obwa wansi. mu mikono gya gavumenti], tewali mateeka gaayinza kuwabula kuwabula magezi ku ddembe. Abapangisa baasaasaanyizibwa awatali munnamateeka, abazadde bafiirwa obwa bulijjo nga tebategeera ntegeka. “Givil .[Gidionko] ad'ak'ayongera obuyambi obw'omu mateeka, naye okukulaakulana kulwawo.

Obusosoze mu Mateeka

Obusosoze mu buli katawaana k'amateeka busobola okweyolekera mu buli kakwate. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abawandiisi abaddusi n'abasiikufu batera okusibibwa mu kkooti, okuweebwa ekibonerezo ekiwanvu, era n'okuvunaanibwa emisango egy'amaanyi okusinga abazungu abawandiikibwa olw'emisango gimu. Obusosoze era busobola okuleetera abantu okulonda olukiiko lw'abalamuzi wadde nga luwereddwa mu mateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, embeera y'eby'obulyikenkenke, obulema, n'okweraga nti omuntu ali mu kifo eky'obuwayitufu, biyinza okuviirako okuyisibwa mu ngeri esukkako.

Ebyo Ebiwandiiko oba Okukulaakulana mu Buwanguzi

Kkooti nnyingi n'enkiiko ez'omu kitundu bisobola okubaamu emisango mingi. Abalamuzi bayinza okuba n'eddakiika ntono okusobola okuwa buli musango. Ebbaluwa ezigwana okusabibwa zifuuka kkubo ettuufu so si obujulizi obw'obwegendereza. Mu kkooti z'ebidduka, ne mu kkooti, ne mu byewawaanyi ebitonotono, okukaka abantu okusala emisango mu bwangu kiyinza okubaleetera obutategeera nsonga.

Okuyingira mu Bukulembeze n’Okweyingiza mu Bukulembeze

Gavumenti eremesezza enkola ez'ekika kya bulijjo ez'okwerinda, nga mirala egikuuma obukwasifu obutereevu ebintu nga tewali manya, oba amateeka agakugira obukkusiro mu kukakanya abatuuze ku b'ekitongole okulondawo okulondawo okugenda mu kifo ekimu, gayinza okuzitoowa. Mu myaka egyakayita, okukaayana ku nkola ezigerekebwa ku kooleesa z'eby'okwetaba, okutwala obuwulizi bw'eggwanga nga bulaga nti ebikolerwawo ku by'obutebenkenkevu, obutereevu, n'obwenkanya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Buno buwa obulagirizi obukwata ku nkola esaanira mu mitendera gy'eby'obulamu obwa bulijjo buwandisizza amagezi ku ngeri gye bisobozesamu okutwalibwa mu ngeri ey'okumanyisaamu.

fundikira

K'obe nga weenyigira mu musango, oba nga weebuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku gavumenti, oba nga gavumenti ekugobedde, okutegeera obusobozi obwo kiyinza okukuyamba okutegeera engeri gye buyisibwamu mu ngeri ey’ekitiibwa oba okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya.

Ng’omutuuze, osobola okulaga nti owagira enteekateeka eziba ziteekeddwawo ng’owagira enteekateeka z’amateeka ez’okudduukirira abo ababa bafunye obuyambi, ng’olonda abalamuzi abawagira obukuumi buno, era ng’otegeezebwa etteeka eriyinza okunafuya amateeka g’abantu.