Ebiriwo Ebikwata ku Buzibu Obwali mu Mambuka ga Ireland

Olutalo olw'omu Northern Ireland, olumanyiddwa nga Entalo, lwatandika ng'omwaka 1960 okutuuka ku nkomerero ya 1990, ekiseera ekyalagibwa enjawukana ez'amaanyi mu trwuuni, ettemu, n'obutuuti. Ensibuko z'olutalo olwo zajjawo mu Ireland mu 1921, ekyaleetawo olutalo olw'Abaprotestanti mu Ireland mu Northern Ireland olw'ebadde ekitundu ky'Obwakabaka obwasigalawo mu United Kingdom, ng'ebisalo ebirala ne Bungereza byafuuka byekka. Abakatuliki batono mu North baasosokebwa mu mayumba, emirimu, n'obutuutikiro mu by'ebyobufuzi, byaleetera ekibiina ky'obutujjufumu obwavamu obumenyaanyi mu ggwanga erir'ebitongole (okunoonya obutebe mu Ireland) n'obuwagizi (ewanjufu mu Bungereza, nga bwe kyesudde ekitongole ekigo ne Bungereza. Abantu abatono mu matwalimu mu 1990, baawaŋŋanyuusizza obuwamu obungi era ne batta ebiwayi mu bitundu by'eby'eby’eby’eby’enfuna eby'eby’enfuna eby'omu nsi ebirala, nga batuuse mu bitundu bya

Mu masekkati ga 1999, okugezaako okuleetawo emirembe, gamba nga Ekiwandiiko ky'Ekiseera eky'Omulembe (1973) ne Adrix Auntimenti ya Anglo-Irish (85), byatuuka ku buwanguzi butono naye ne bilemererwa okukomya ettemu. Kyokka, mu masekkati ga 199900, enkumbula za byalwanyi nga(1990, obukoowu mu bya ggye lya bannaakyewa, enkomerero y'entalo ez'omumu n'entalo ez'ensi (ebyagookyakendeebwa ,) era n'okubuweza kw'abakulembeze b'amasaza ku njuyinjanja, n'okubuwanjula kwasobozesa okuzzaawo okunyumya. Kyokka, obuwandikiro wakati w'obugattini n'eggwanga bwali bungi. Ate ku ludda olumu olw'obutebe bw'eby'eby'amatabiro byasobola okulekawo emirembe.

Omutabaganya gw’Ensi Yonna ku Lunaku Olulungi

Abatabaganya mu nsi yonna tebaawaliriza bantu kutuula wamu; baakola enteekateeka okusobola okukkiriziganya. Okubawo kwabwe kwabaleetera emiganyulo mingi: baateekawo enkola egobererwa mu maaso okugattika ebibibiina, baayamba okunnyonnyola obubonero emirundi mingi obukolebwanga abalabe, era baakakasa nti endagaano yonna yandiweereddwa obuwagizi mu nsi yonna. Good Wearday Convention (era emanyiddwa nga Belfast Convention) eya Apuli 1998, ye yali enkomerero y'emyaka ebiri egy'amaanyi. Ekiwandiiko kyagobererwa wamu ne gavumenti z'e Bungereza n'e Irishriya, nga zitwaliramu ne gavumenti z'e Irrish (emanyiddwa nga Farfacialctived Revention) era ne Union nga e Bulaaya kizi k'ewandiisinziko n'ebyobufuzi.

Omutabaganya asingayo okuba ow'ekitiibwa yali yamanyibwa nnyo mu U.S. George Mitchell, eyatuula mu mboozi zonna eziragibwa okuva mu 1996 okutuuka mu 1998. Ensengeka ya Mitchell yali ya kyereetagiya ate nga ya misingi: Mitchell yanywerera ku “Matchell Principles,” buli kiwandikiro mwe kyayo eky'emirembe, okuleka eby'okulwanyisa, ne demokulase. Obugumiikiriza bwe n'obuteekubaako n'obuwanjufu byaleetera n'abamu ku abo ababuusabuusa nti bye bifuga byayolekebwa mu ggwanga. Mitchellss yamenyaat'ebiteeso nga yeeyambizza obuteesiteesi okusobola okuwangula. Okukolagana mu midaalimu n'okugobeetootaago egy'enkola y'enkola y'emu ku ggwanga lya Ireland erya waggulu, Sosseynernerton (obuvuzi bw'obungi obwa bulijjo) kyeyongera okunoonyereza.

Abakozi Babwe Abasinga Obukulu mu Nsi Zonna n’Okuwaayo Kwabwe

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi engeri gye bakwatamu abantu, kitwetaagisa okwekenneenya buli muzannyi wa firimu omu ow’ensi yonna.

  • Gavumenti za Bungereza ne Irland nga Co Mediators – wadde nga zaali mu ntalo ezo zombi, gavumenti zombi zaakolera wamu ng'obutabaganya wakati w'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebya Northern Ireland. Gavumenti ekulundabinda Tony Blair ne Taois Super Collet Ahern baagatta wamu emirundi mingi mu kyamaseeno okusobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya obwa Ireland nga tezigenda mu n'obumu. Gavumenti zaabwe zaawandiika empapula n'ebiwandiiko eby'okuwandiika ebigambo ebyakozesebwa nga mitendera. Gavumenti ebbiri nazo zaatwalanga “Strachter" "Strand" ne zikolagana ne ebibiina by'omu Northern Ireland, Strand ne 2 Southernernern, era ne 3strish Brash ne 3st B syst .
  • U.S. Diplany by'okozesa wansi wa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton – n'obukulembeze bwa Clinton obwateeka Urland mu nteekateeka za gavumenti z'abagwira eza Northern Ireland, okuva mu ntegeka z'eddaala ez'edda, ezaaleetera abafuzi b'eggwanga okuggyamu IRA mu London. Pulezidenti Clinton yalonda George Mitchell okuba ow'enjawulo mu Envoy, naye yennyini yeegatta ku n'ebika bya ssente ebya bulijjo nga yawandisizza ekiwandiiko ekya Sinn Féin Gerrys mu 1994, ekyayamba okusendasenda IRA okukomya omuliro. . Munnabyamalanga eby'eby'eby'enfuna eby'enfuna, era n'ensonga enkulu, yasobozesa enteneebbeeyambisibwa mu ggwanga lya Ireland okusobozesa okuvaamu ssente nnyingi.
  • [[NKULULA] - The EU ewagidde ebiwandiiko bya Bulaaya eby'ebiwandiiko bya 'European Reginol Development Fund' ne'programu ewansis'. Okuyitira mu Bulaaya, eb'ebitundu ebikola ku by'emirembe (Nga mu mitendera gy'emirembe I ne II), EUU esobola okuyingiza obuwumbi n'obukadde bwa yunikiti z'obukadde bwa yunikiti mu mikutu gya projekiti. Amakanisa g'EUUPU era gaatuukiriza ebiwandiiko ebikolebwa okutandikawo endagaano, ne k'ekitongole ekya Bulaaya ekireetebwa kko kya 'Europe Commu ku kutongoza omulimu gw'okutongola awranti.
  • [[NKULULA] Akakiiko akaawerekebwa ku Kusiiga – Katuula omunnamateeka wa Canada John de Chastein, oluvannyuma akakiiko kano kaatwala eby'okulwanyisa ebya ggye eryali lirina okukozesebwa. Wadde nga teyali mutabaganya ku mboozi zennyini, okutegeeza kwa Teachlain okuggyayo ensonga y'okusiiga ku luguudo oluvannyuma lw'endagaano okuteeka omukono ku kiwandiiko.

Ebitongole Ebyanyweza Endagaano

Abatabaganya baakozesa enkola y'okutabula enzijanjaba, nga nnyingi ku zo zibadde zikola mu kuleetawo emirembe mu nsi yonna.

Enkuŋŋaana ez’Ekiseera Kyonna (Shuttle Diplomacy)

George Mitchell ne ttiimu ye baamala ebikumi n'ebikumi by'essaawa nga bali wamu mu nkuŋŋaana nga bali bokka nga bali wamu ne bantu kinnoomu nga tebannabaleeta mu bisenge bino. Kino kyasobozesa abatabaganya okugezesa endowooza, okupima ennyiriri emmyufu, era n'okulonda obusuubuzi obutasobola kukaka bantu kumalako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu nnyimba z'emboozi, Mitchell yasooka okusisinkana ekibiina kya Ulster Union Union (UP) ne Social Democratic Republic Party (SDLP) nga batya nti obuyinza bw'obuyinza obw'okufuga ekitongole ekimu buyinza okubunnyigattira ku nsonga enkulu, bwe kityo, Mitchell yateesa enkola y'omusaalabalaanyi (“UPmentation ne“empala enkola ennene” eyava mu ku ku ku kuyingira mu n'ebitundu 1.

Okunoonyereza ku Misingi, Naye Si Kusinziira ku Ki?

Mu kifo ky'okubuuza abawagizi okutegeeza ebifo byabwe eby'okusembayo ku nsonga eyo, abatabaganya baasooka kukkiriziganya ku misingi emikulu. The Mitchell Principles kyali kyetaagisa abo abeetaba mu nnyimba okulekayo ebikolwa eby'ettemu era n'okukola nga bagoberera enkola ya demokulase. Nga baggya ku kisenge kino, abatabaganya baateekawo omusingi ogwetongodde obwewagguzi obwetongodde obwetongovu. musingi guno ogw'okubiri gwayamba n'okuteeka abakakanyavu abat'okussa omukono ku misingi, ne bagyawukanya okuva ku nkola y'emirembe egya bulijjo.

3. Okukuba n’Okukuŋŋaanya Ebiwandiiko

Abatabaganya baasooka kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ssatu, era ne bagonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku “nnyanja ey'obukakali. Strand 1 (ya interern Ireland ow'omu mambuka ga Northern) ze zasooka okukubirizibwa, kubanga ebibiina byonna byalina obwetaavu mu gavumenti ennywevu. Olw'okuba obwesige bwatandika okuzimbibwa, abatabaganya baasengukira mu Strand 2 (Northō Southern Assembly Council), ekyali kisikirizibwawo eri abannyiikivu mu kukolagana ne Stria n'e 3 (Brishjishjish , Consel) ekyali kyetaagisa okukubaganya ebirowoozo n'obufuzi obutavaawo mu buzibu bwonna obwali mu kiseera kye kimu. Kino kyaziyiza emboozi okugwa mu maaso wansi w'ensonga zonna enzibu.

4. Enkozesa “Emboozi ez’Ekiseera Kyonna”

Mu Apuli 1998, ekiseera bwe kyagenda kisembera, Mitchell ne ttiimu ye baatambula nga bava mu bisenge ebisangibwa mu Stontont Castle nga bakutte ebigambo ebiwandiikiddwa mu mpandiika ne bye bawandiise. N'emboozi eziba zigobererwa.[1] Emboozi ezigattiddwa zibeera mu kizimbe kimu kyokka nga teziri mu kisenge kimu, zaaviirako okuyomba okuyomba okusobola okukuba obusanyusi. Enkola eno yago mu ssaawa 48 ezasembayo, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo endagaano bwe zaggibwako, ebigambo.

5. Okuzimba Obukodyo mu Kukozesa Obulungi Enkola za Tekinologiya

Abatabaganya baakakasa nti endagaano eyo yalimu enteekateeka ezitegeerekeka obulungi ezandisinzidde okutandikawo obwannannyini ettaka, obukiiko bw'omu bukiika kkono , n'okuvaako ebyokulwanyisa. prommenti ze dependent International Commission on Decommissing zaakolebwa okukakasa obuwulize. Kino kyawa buli ludda obukakafu nti ebisuubizo tebyandimenyeddwa. Okugatta ku ekyo, endagaano eyo yali yeetaagisa okutegeeza obukiika n'ebitundu byombi mu Northern Ireland ne Republic of Ireland, era ne kyeyasobozesa abantu okuwa obuwagizi obwannannyini obutuufu n'okutuukiriza ebisuubizo.

6. Tukubiriza Abalala Okwenyigiramu

Wadde nga obubinja obukyasingiddeyo okuba obw’amaanyi (nga ekipande kya Democratic Union Party, ekyagaana emboozi) tebyabaawo, abatabaganya baakola n'amaanyi okugatta awamu n'ebiwandiikiddwa byonna ebyali biwandiikiddwako omukono gwa Mitchell Principles. Sinn Féin kyaleetawo okusooka kwa maanyi naye abatabaganya baawakanya nti emirembe egya nnamaddala gyandibadde gizingiramu abo abaawanga obumalirivu mu by'okussaawo eby'obuyonjo. Kino kyaviirako abagoberezi okugattikanya abo bonna okussaawo obufumbo.

Emiganyulo Egiva mu Kusuubiza Okubeera ku Lwokutaano

Ebivudde mu bukulembeze bw’ensi yonna bisobola okumanyibwa mu ngeri nnyingi: enkolagana eyo okusobola okutuukirira, okuguma kwayo mu myaka egyaddirira, n’eky’okuleetawo emirembe mu nsi yonna.

Okutuuka ku Kabonero

Nga tewakyaliwo buyambi bwonna, abakugu mu by'enkola, tekisoboka nti abakwatiddwa endagaano batuuka ku kiseera ekigereke ekya Ppaasika 1998. Ensonga ezisinga okuba ennongoofu ennyo ze zireetebwawo mu Northern Ireland, okumalirizibwa kwa gavumenti ya Ireland, era ewabuliya w'amateeka okuva ku bukiikakkono (2 ne 3), okufulumya ebyokulwanyisa ebya amagye, era okulongoosebwa kw'a poliisi ne ku butaka kwagonjoosebwa kwa bannaawerezebwa bunness. Ekiwandiiko ekisembayo ekya Good Frigiment etandika empapula nga 30, nga kibuutikira olukuŋŋaana lwonna ku Northern Ireland olw'abatabaganya abantu. Abatabaganya baaganya baayamba okusobola okuzzaawo omumwa gw'obutabaganya wakati w'obukulembeze ne Irlandslandswoosomero 30,000 mu k'ekibiina kya Irlands.

Okugumira Ebizibu

Mu kaweefube ow'okutaano, Application etendekeddwa ku nkola y'okuzzaawo obulongoosi mu mwaka gwa 1998: okugwa kw'obuyinza mu mwaka gwa 2002, n'okusekerera kwa IRA lukulu . Ekiragiro, okuzzaawo obulango obwa bulijjo. Emirundi mingi, okubuzzabuganya kwa gavumenti y'Abangereza ne Irlands, ne U.S.S., byayamba okuzzaawo ebitongole. Ng'ekyokulabirako, St Andrews Convention of 2006 kyamenyebwawo n'obwawo n'obwawo n'obwa Scencence Tony Blair ne Taoseashell Ahern, awamu ne U. Pauloy Dobrianskyskyskysky, ne U. empuliziganya wakati w'eggwanga mu mwaka gwa 2003, endagaano eyo yasobozesa okuzzaawo ekibiina kya Democratic Union Union (DUP), ekya Plan, ne Sin, obutongole bw'omu 2005 obwava mu ku ku kugaba w'obuyinza obutongole bw'ebyawuzikeropule mu 2005.

3. Ekyokulabirako Ekiyamba mu Kukuuma Emirembe mu Nsi Yonna

Ekiragiro kino kiwa ekifaananyi nti mu Northern Ireland mulimu ekitabo ekiyamba ennyo mu kugonjoola ebizibu by'ensi yonna. Gavumenti za Irland ezigattiddwamu zisobola okukozesebwa mu mboozi z'abavubuka ne bannabyabufuzi.

4. Enkyukakyuka mu by’Eby’Eby’Eby’Enfuna ne mu Kiwangwa

Amawanga mangi tegaafulumya buteeyambisi kiwandiiko eky'eby'obufuzi naye era ne kizuulibwa. Ekisuubizo kya ssente eza EU ne Amerika zayamba okusendasenda abagatte ku mirembe okuleeta emiganyulo. Okuva mu 1998, mu Northern Ireland mweyongedde okukyala, okugattika kwa bantu okukolerwako, n'okweyongerayongera kwa maanyi mu buteeyambi bw'eby'eby'enfuna n'obwavu. “emirembe egyagabanyizibwa mu njawukana mu bantu obwaleetawo obumu mu Baprotestanti ne mu Bakatuliki, era nga kino kyongera kukulaakulana mpolampola mu bulamu.

Obuzibu n’Obunafu bw’Okusalawo mu Nsi Zonna

Wadde ng’abanoonyereza ku bintu eby’obulimba baawangula olutalo olwo, baagamba nti waliwo ensobi eziwerako ezisobola okuyamba abo abali mu mbeera ennungi mu biseera eby’omu maaso okuleetawo emirembe.

  • [[NT:0] Okwesiga abantu abatono [ – kyeyoleka bulungi nti enkolagana wakati wa George Mitchell, Tony Blair ne Bill Clinton yasibuka ku bantu abatono ddala, era kino kyava ku kuba nti omukungu oyo yalemererwanga okufuna emikutu gya CD n'egw'okussa ekimu.
  • [[AKYONGERA] Endagiriro ey'Ekyokulabirako Ennyo [ – Omutabaganya yalwawo okusiimula mu bugenderevu okufulumya ebyokulwanyisa eby'amaanyi okusobola okukuuma emboozi nga nzima, naye kino kyaleetawo emyaka egy'okuva nga paagreya okuyomba nti emirembe gyataasa. Depu yagamba nti Sin Féin yali tatuukiriza bisuubizo byayo, era n'obutaba na bya kuteekamu byanuma bya maanyi mu kussa ssississimu, kyaviirako okukkiririzibwa kw'obutuuti.
  • Ekiragiro eky'okuyingiza mu nkola enzivuunula y'ekitongole ekya kinnamateeka – enkola ey'okugonjooleraamu yali kumpi eri ebibiina by'eby'obufuzi n'eby'amagye. Ebibiina by'abakazi, ebinyagibwamu, n'abakujjukujju bya byasaanu byawagirako ekiwandiiko ekisembayo. Wadde nga kati, abakyala ab'omu Northern Ireland babadde n'ekibiina kitono. Abavumi abamu bagamba nti okukkiririzanya kwandireeseteese endagaano y'ebyumauma bya bannabyo.
  • Emboozi zaali tezin'etakkirizibwa ku ba ddowansi abassoosa obunywevu – ku ludda olw'obufunze, emboozi zaakubirizibwanga UP, nga tezikiikirira amagye agasinga okukalambira ku kika kya bannalukalala. Oluvannyuma okugagatta ku nkola eno, kyaviirako abalwanyi abeesigwa okulwana era ne beeyongera okukuba empaka ez'amaanyi okumala emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'omwaka gwa 1998.

Kyokka, ebyo ebiba biguddewo tebisobola kulemesa mukolo ogwo kutuuka ku buwanguzi, wabula bitujjukiza nti okusobola okugonjoola ekizibu ng’omuntu ayenze, kyetaagisa okusikirizibwa.

Ebirungi Ebiyinza Okukolebwa mu Kibiina

Abatabaganya mu nsi yonna balina bingi bye bayigira ku basawo leero mu Kukkiriza okw’Okutaano Okulungi.

  1. [[NKUMBO:0] Obuteefuga bukulu naye Buteekwa okubeera Obukulu – Omutabaganya, naye tewateekwa butabaako ky'oyogera. George Mitchell, akozesa ebiseera, era n'okuwandiika ebiba biweereddwa mu lujjudde okuwakana n'obubonero obw'obudde. “Okutaba na kawyiro” tekitegeeza nti obwetwaze tebulina kubaako kye bukolawo.
  2. [[Act:0] Kizingiramu Abanyazi bonna abasaanira[[[NT:1]] – Abanyazi bayinza okulabika nga balungi, naye ebyo ebyakolebwa mu Northern Ireland biraga nti n'abo abafuga ettemu batera okubeera ab'emirembe eminywevu. Sinn Féin yali asobezza nnyo naye nga kya mugaso nnyo.
  3. [[AGUMENTI] Kikola omukutu gwa nviiri ku Batabaganya – Tewali mutabaganya n'omu asobola okubikola byonna. Empandika ya gavumenti za Bungereza n'ez'omu Irland, ne EU byakola ekikongozzi: singa omukutu ogumu gulemererwa, omulala ne guyingira mu nsonga. Ekiragiro kino kiteeka essira ku ntalo ez'amaanyi.
  4. [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kiyamba okukwataganya emirembe n'eby'enfuna ne – Embalirira y'ensimbi y'e EU ne U.S. eteekwa okuba nga ya maanyi nnyo okusobozesa omutabaganya. Abatabaganya basaanidde bulijjo okukebera engeri gye bayinza okukwataganyamu emboozi n'emiganyulo gy'eby'eby'enfuna, naddala mu kuddamu okuzimba ebizimbiddwa oluvannyuma lw'omwaka.
  5. [[Act:0] Muteekewo endagaano [ – Augation Good Frienth Aumblition essociation , departified , deparce gradement esobola okukola ne bwe kiba nti obwesige mu by'obufuzi bukendedde. Okussaawo amension kuleetawo ntegeka za gavumenti, so si si si si si si si sigino.

fundikira

Ekivume eky'okutaano Application ekitegekeddwa obulungi kye kimu ku ebyo ebikyasinze okumanyibwa ennyo mu biseera eby'emirembe ebya kasa nga 20, era obuwanguzi bwayo bukwatagana n'omulimu gw'abatabaganya mu nsi yonna. Omulabirizi George Mitchell mugumiikiriza, agoberera emisingi egigondebwawo; obukulembeze bwa Tony Blair ne Bertie Ahern; okugattika obutegekebwa kwa bannaawerezza enzivvubuka ku kibiina kya Clinton; era obuwagizi bwa European Union ne kampuni obutongole, byonna bireeteeseteese ne k'ekyuma ebitongole ebikola enziina ebikola enkaluufu, naye nga tebinnakolebwa okumala emyaka ebiri ekumi ebiri mu kkumi. Enkaaluubiina empya, n'enkola empya zitujjukiza okutegeeza obuteerezi z'ebyo ebisinze mu nsi yonna.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, laba Akabaali k'emirembe akaawunzibwawo ku John Hume ne David Trimble, Britania ekikkirizibwa ku Kivumede Ekirungi eky'Okutaano[, era n'ekirala ekitwalibwa mu mikutu gy'ebitongole egya Ireland ow'ebukiika obwa kkono . Ekitongole ekiwandikiro kya United States ekitongole eky'emirembe[FLT:] nakyo kiwanjula ebijulirwa mu by'obugabuzi obwa kampukusiro obwava mu Northern Ireland.