Ebyafaayo: Embeera Enzibu Ey’Obutaago

Mu kiseera kya Nkyukakyuka mu Amerika, gavumenti empya ezaawerera ku mpagibwa wansi wa Species of Confederation, enkola eyalaga nti terina busobozi. Gavumenti eyo yali terina busobozi bwa kusasula misolo, okutegeka ebizimbe by'ensi n'okukwasisa amateeka gaayo. Mu 1786, Shays’s Revugions yayatula obunene bw'eggwanga, ekwetaagisa gavumenti y'eggwanga ey'amaanyi. Convention of Constitution eya 1787 yakola ekiwandiiko ekipya ekifuga, naye nga tekimanyiddwa bulungi n'abamu. Abaziyiza bannaakyewayirantintifierals, baagamba nti, Amateeka gaateeka essira ku mu buyinza bwa gavumenti ey'omutindo era nga tegalina kakwa akakwa aka ddembe okulwanirira abantu kinnoomu eddembe lyabwe.

Mu mbeera eno embi Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay mwe baatandikira okuwandiika ebitabo ebiddiriŋŋana 85 wansi w'obutujju obuyitibwa “Publius.” Byafulumizibwa wakati wa Noovemba 1787 ne Agusito 1788 mu mpapula z'amawulire mu New York, ebiwandiiko bino ebyali bigendererwa okulemesa abantu okuteeka endowooza yaabwe ku buwagizi naddala mu New York. A division Papers yawandiisa obufirosoofo era n'annyonnyola amateeka gaayo, n'annyonnyola engeri gye gaawagiramu, era n'annyonnyola abo abaalaba nti kkosebwamu okuteekusibwa obuteekusimu.

Enteekateeka ya Publiyo era n’Obuwandiisi Bwayo

Ekiragiro ekyo kyakolebwa ku sipiidi eya waggulu ennyo. Hamilton, eyatandika omulimu ogwo, yawandiika empapula nga .Madison yawaayo amakumi abiri munusu, ate Jay n'awandiika ttaano. Oluvannyuma, ennyinyonnyola ennyonnyole bulungi ennyiriri eziba ziwakanyizibwa, naye eddoboozi erya “Publius” lisigala nga likwatagana bulungi. Buli kitabo kyaziganya okuwakanya oba okunnyonnyola ekitundu eky'amateeka ekiba kiteereddwawo okuva ku k'omukungu ow'obuyinza ow'amaanyi okumanyibwa mu kibiina.

Okuziyiza Obumenyi bw’Ebikolwa eby’Ettima Na. 10:

Oboolyawo, ekiwandiiko ekisingirayo ddala okwogerwako ennyo mu mboozi ezo zonna, Federalist No. 10, ekyawandiikibwa James Madison, kyogera ku kabi akali mu kibiina nga kikolaganira ddala ku ddembe ly'abantu abalala oba ku bulungi bwabwe. Abafuzi ba gavumenti z'Amerika baagamba nti, abantu abafuga ensi bandisobodde okubaamu obutujju era nti abantu abatono ennyo basobola okukkirizibwa okufuna eddembe. Madison yakiteeka ku mutwe. Yagamba nti, tewaaliwo gavumenti ennene esobola kufuga abantu ab'enjawulo nga yeetaasaamu obukulembedde.

Madison yawandiika: “[Abakulembeze ab'amawanga amalala] bayinza okubuguma mu Amerika ne batandika okuyokya omuliro, naye ne batasobola kubunyisa omuliro mu bitundu ebirala.” Okutegeera kuno [1] nti obunene n'enjawulo bwa Amerika bwe bulina okuba nga buyamba mu kukuuma endowooza ez'eby'obufuzi. Era kino kyawa obukakafu obw'amaanyi ku ntegeka y'ensi omuli amaanyi agagabanyizaamu amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti z'amawanga n'ez'ensi endala, era ne kisigala nga kkulu gwa n'obuwayinja bwa Amerika.

Omukuŋŋaanya w’Ebitongole Na. 51: Ezeekerera, Empaka n’Ebitundu bya Gavumenti

Mu Federal List No. 51, Madison yayogera ku ngeri gye gusobola okuba n'obuyinza butono. Ekiragiro kino ekyamanyibwa ennyo kikwata ku ngeri amateeka gye gategekebwamu: [[FL:0] obululu bulina okukolebwa okusobola okuvvuunuka ettuttumu. Ekiragiro kinnyonnyola nti okusobola okuziyiza ettabi ly'eggwanga okubaamu obuyinza obungi, Ekiragiro kiwa buli ttabi nga lirina engeri y'okuziyiza ebifunzidwa ebirala. Gavumenti, oba amatabi g'elamuzi gaweebwa amaanyi agaattisegana. K'ekitongole, n'ekitongole kya bannaawula, era n'ekitongole ekikebera ebikolebwa mu ku ku ntegeka ebikolebwa.

Madison era yannyonnyola obwetaavu bw'okwekuuma emirundi ebiri okusobola okufuna eddembe: okwawukana kw'amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi, n'okwawula amatabi g'ensi essatu aga gavumenti ey'ensi eyo. Enkola eno eteekeddwako okukeberwa n'enkuunya ekakasa nti wadde ekitundu ekimu ekya gavumenti kyesimbye obululu, ate ekirala kiyinza okuziyiza ebikolwa byayo. Emisingi egyalabibwa mu U.S. gilina omusingi gwawula amateeka era gissibwa bulijjo mu kkooti enkulu ekwata ku kwawulawo amatwale.

Omukuŋŋaanya w’Ebyafaayo Na. 78: Okwemalirira kw’Ekitongole ky’Eby’Omwoyo

Alexander Hamilton’s Federal List Na. 78 kye kyawandiikibwa ekikulu ekikwata ku kifo ky'abalamuzi mu mateeka. Hamilton yagamba nti ettabi lya balamuzi lyali teririna kabi ka maanyi kubanga lyabanga teririna buyinza ku kasawo oba ku kyalo, era nga lyalina okusobola okusala omusango. Okusobola okusobola okugonjoola ensonga, Hamilton yawagira abalamuzi ab'eggwanga (nga bagoberera empisa ennungi) era n'omusaala omutemwa gwa gavumenti ogwali teguyinza kukendeera mu buweereza bwabwe. Enteekateeka zino, yawakanya nti kkooti zaalina okusobola okuzikuuma ziremesembeesa oba okuziganya ab'obuyinza okulumba gavumenti oba okubuganya abantu.

N'ekisinga obukulu, Hamilton yassaawo enjigiriza ey'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka. N'olwekyo, yawandiika nti “ amakulu g'amateeka ye ssaza erya bulijjo erikkirizibwa mu kkooti.[FLT]][Hamilton yayoogera nti singa etteeka eryateekebwawo akakiiko k'amateeka likontana ne tteeka lya ssemateeka, kkooti ziteekwa okuwanirira amateeka nga ebigali mu kiwandiiko eby'abantu bye baagala. Endowooza eno oluvannyuma yagifuna mu kkooti y'ebiwandiiko eby'enjawulo buttory v. [183]] [18]), omulamuzi omukulu Yokaana Marshall gye yateekako obuyinza obw'okujjulula. Neebut 78. Bwe kityo endowooza eno ekozesebwa mu ku nsonga enkululeetwaze y'ensonga y'ensonga enkulu.

Engeri Amateeka ga Amerika n’Okunnyonnyola Amateeka g’Eby’Edda

Wadde nga ba Federal Papers baawandiikibwa mu kaweefube okusobola okumanyisa ebyayonoonebwa, baafuna mangu obuyinza obw'enjawulo ng'okuwandiika amakulu g'amateeka. Ssaze, naddala kkooti enkulu, yawa emboozi mu misango mingi okutegeera ekigendererwa kya abo abawandiisa ebigambo. Ebbaluwa tezigoberera mateeka, naye ziri mu bifo ebisingayo obukulu mu kunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka. Omulamuzi Joseph Story, yazitenderezanga ku mateeka ge [, ku nsonga ezikwata ku Mateeka., ezibatendereza nga “enyinnyonnyola ensonga ez'omu buyinza obusinga obukulu.

Kkooti Esingira Ddala Obukulu n’Empapula z’Abasawo

Okuva ku mulembe ogwa bulijjo okutuuka ku mulembe guno ogusooka, kkooti enkulu egenda mu kkooti ewa olukalala okutereeza endowooza z'amateeka. Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], Omukulu w'ekitongole Marshall aweereddwa obudde obutono obuwandiikiddwawo. [19] 44 okusobola okuwagira enjigiriza y'obufuzi obwa bufuzi /4 Ekiwandiiko nti Consert tayinza kukozesa mu Mateeka ag'omu mateeka okuggyamu obulabisi mu mateeka. Mu Kkootikko, [[FOLT:] Virginia[FLT].[FFF] [12]], kkooti ejuliziddwamu mu kkooti etongole enzikiririzaamu, teyeesigika. [194]

Ebikozesebwa mu Kutegeera: Okusookera Ddala Obulombolombo n’Etteeka Erikwata ku Bulamu

Magazi ga digiti era gasikirizibwa nnyo naddala abalamuzi n'abayivu abagoberera enjigiriza y'enkola eya struct(). Endowooza eyo egamba nti Amateeka gasaanidde okutwalibwa nga okusinziira ku makulu g'empandiika yago eyasooka. Abasosoosa ababereberye batera okuyita ebyo ebyawandiikibwa ng'obujulizi obulaga engeri amateeka gye gaategekwangamu mu kiseera eky'okugattaamu. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, omukulembezi w'obukulu, yajulizanga ebigambo bya devisionsperssss emirundi mingi mu ndowooza ze. Ku luuyi olulala, abo abaagala ennyo “amateeka agaagobereranga ebigambo nga gaategese, naye nga bassa essira ku misingi egigattiddwawo gavumenti. Wabula, enkola ey'okunnyonnyola ebiwandibwa mu mpalo, terimu n'enkola ya Programunt procence.

Okukuumibwa kw’Eddembe ly’Obuntu n’Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe

Abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku bufuzi baasaba etteeka eribawa obusika nga liraga nti obulyi bw'enguzi tebulina kuteekebwa mu nkola. Federalist Papers ne baliwo nga bagamba nti etteeka ly'eddembe teririna kukoma naye lya kabi. Mu Federalist No. 84, Hamilton yalabula nti okubala olukalala lwa ntomo ziyinza okunnyonnyolwa ng'okuwa obuyinza bwonna obwa gavumenti nga obutaweebwa gavumenti. Yawandiika nti: “ Lwaki [kitaanyiirwa obuyinza obutalina kukola bintu bina kukola?[FOLT:1] Ekiragiro kyawandikiddwawo nti, kiriko ekkomo, amaanyi agava mu buyinza bwonna obutaweebwa gavumenti.

Wadde nga baawakanya ensonga zino, akakiiko akayitibwa First Congress kaasaba Bill of Rights ($1689, era ne kakkirizibwa gavumenti mu 1791.'Ebibuuzo bya Federalist Papers tebyatuuka ku nsonga eno naye byakyusa olulimi olugamba nti okuteekebwawo kw'enkwaso y'enkizo mu Kibiina kya Learn Conternerment, nga kuno kulaga nti eddembe ly'envuma tekuliyinza kutwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abalala abafisseewo.” Kino kyeyongera okujjuzaamu ebirawo ebibakwatako mu ntegeka y'obugasobo obutereevu, era nga bikuumibwa mu nkola y'obukulembeze, era nga tekuusibwa bukuumibwa mu nkola y'enkola eyo.

Okuganja mu Mitendera Egiddako n’Okugaziya Ennimi

Emisingi egyateekebwa mu lukiiko olukulu era gyalina kye gikola ku nkyukakyuka mu ntegeka ya gavumenti. Ekiwandiiko ekikyusaamu mu by'amateeka kyakoowoozaamu kyakyusa enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti ne gavumenti ne gavumenti, era ne gavumenti ne kisobozesa gavumenti okuba n'obukuumi eri buli muntu ku ntegeka ya gavumenti. Mu kyasa eky'amakumi abiri, kkooti enkulu yakozesa enzivuunvuunvu y'amateeka mu mutemwa gwa 14 okumanyisa “Essomero lya GGPUPU,” nga Bill of Rights, ebiziteeka mu nkola byewandikiro byayo. Empandikaaweeyambisibwa mu ku ntegeka y'eggwanga erina emirawuluufu erina emirawulibwa mu kwolesebwa kwa gavumenti eyinza okukuuma eddembe ly'abatuuze singa gavumenti zirebwa.

Okunoonyereza n’Okukuba Ebbali

Obuwandiisi bwa division Papers si bintu eby'ebyafaayo ebisibukako obukugu; bikyaliwo nnyo mu mpaka ez'omu kiseera kino ez'eby'amateeka n'ez'ebyobufuzi. Pulezidenti, abakkondo, n'abalamuzi bakyeyongera okujuliza nga bawagira ebifo byabwe. Ebbaluwa ezo ziwandiikiddwa mu mpaka ezikwata ku buyinza bwa bannakyewa (ekyasa eky'okubiri mu kyasa ekyasooka) 70, omuwendo gw'olukalala lw'enkola y'eby'eby'eby'obusuubuzi (Feduralist No. 42), omulimu gwa Ssente ezikozesebwa abo abawannyinyinyi n'okuwakanya okusattulula ekiwandiiko. Mu myaka nga kkumi n'ebiri egy'esooka, abanoonyereza ku by'obutebenkenkenkero mu by'eggwanga mu ggwanga, ne mu butongole. Ng'ekyokulabirako, No. 51 bawandiikiikiikiiki ekitongole ekigamba eky'okuva mu ku ku ku ku ku kukulaakulana mulembe ekya waggulu kya gavumenti.

Bye Tuyinza Okukola

Wadde nga ba Divilist Papers bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa, bannasayansi abamu bagamba nti ebyo bye bawandiika byali ppokopoko okusobola okuwangula olutalo olw'eby'obufuzi, era tebyanditwaliddwa ng'ebiragiro bya graclation. Abalala bakiraba nti abawandiisi abo baasinziira ku ndowooza ez'omu kiseera kyabwe, nga mw'otwalidde okukkiriza obuddu. Amateeka agaalwanirira abantu abaddu gaabalibwa ng'abasibe basatu nga batwalibwa ng'abantu ab'ebifo ebikiikirira, era bye bawandiika byennyini tebyogerako bitono nnyo ku bikwata ku nteekateeka y'obuddu. Okusirika kuno kuleetedde abamu okubuusabuusa obukwasimu bw'okunnyonnyola amateeka mu bantu ab'enjawulo n'abo abawaawula ensonga. Kyokka, abawakanya n'amaanyi ageempala okunoonyereza ku nsonga, ne ku kyekuteewa.

Ebintu Ebibayamba Okutegeera Baibuli

Okutegeera obulungi omulimu gwa Federalist Papers mu kutereeza amateeka n'entegeka za Amerika, kiba kirungi okussa essira ku bintu ebikulu bingi ebisukka ku mpandiika emanyiddwa ennyo. Federalist No. 9, ekyawandiikibwa Hamilton, kyogera ku ngeri gye kikozesebwamu mu Union okwekuuma ab'omu maka okujeemera gavumenti n'eby'eby'obulabe. Si si si sipiidi ey'amaanyi mu kuteekawo gavumenti esobola okugobererwa. Na. Mantenerason, annyonnyola engeri y'ensi ya gavumenti empya, era n'ensonga nti erina kugikola mu ggwanga lyonna. Ekyawukanira ddala nga kimu. Ekyawumba 47 kinoonyereza ku kwawuka okwawukana okw'obuyinza ku magyengo, ne ku mateeka. Nku. Nku.

  • [[Act:0] Okuwandika fayiro n'obubonero obugya mu kiwandikiro. [[AK'AWULA] - Kyeraga nti Ekibiina kifuga enkola yaakyo enzijjuvu tekikukkiriza kujeemera mateeka oba okujeemera ekiragiro.
  • [[Act:0] Active'[[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] – Akabi n'emiganyulo egiva mu lukalala lwa mu nsi.
  • [[Act:0] Na. 39[[AKITABO] – Kivanyuma,tundutundu oba ekitundutundu eky'enkola eya gavumenti.
  • [[Act:0] Akawayiro kano tekakireetera'okuteekamu ennukuta ebbiri mu kifo kya yo. 51[[AK'AWATANDIKWA] – Kebera oba ekkomo, amaanyi oba eddembe eriri mu nantiri ez'emirundi ebiri.
  • [[Act:0] Na. 70[AK'AWULA] – Obeetaaga omukugu omu ku abo abatwala ng'ekika kya wansi.
  • [[Act:0] Astricity Na. 78[[Act:1] – Obwannannyini obwa tteeka era n'obuyinza bw'okulambula.
  • [[Act:0] Akawayiro kano kaleetera ekiragiro okuwandikawo ebigambo ebitegeeza nti tewakyaliwo. 84[[AKITABO] – 'Ebisaanyizibwa' ku lukalala lw'eby'obusobozi oba olw'obuyinza.

Emiganyulo mu Kuyigiriza n’Okukola mu Bibiina

Magazi ga division Papers tegaweebwa bannamateeka n'abalamuzi bokka; gaweebwa emirimu mingi mu ttendekero lya yunivasite eri gavumenti ya Amerika, enjigiriza z'eby'obufuzi, n'amateeka agafuga amateeka. Gasobozesa abayizi okuyingiza mpamyamyaano ezaakyusa engoberezebwa z'eggwanga. Ebibiina ng'obuyigirize obwa [ Obuwandiisi bw'Eggwanga n'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo n'obw'obuyigirize obwa 'FLT] n'obw'obwa Biwandikiro bya fayiro ezisookerwako ebiwandikiddwawo mu ku mateeka [[FLLT:] era n'eby'eby'eby'eby'obuyigirize ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'okujjukiza nti, mu ngeri y'okuleetawo enkambirira y'emu mu ngeri egoberera enkola ya Cractive mu kifo ky'okuziganya.

Olugero: Ekintu Okwesigamiziddwa ku Mateeka g’omu Amerika

Federalist Papers zikyali za muganyulo nnyo eri omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera ennyunzi z'amateeka n'obufirosoofo mu Amerika. Zaakyusa okukaayana okukwata ku by'amaguzi, era zasobozesa endowooza entuufu ez'amateeka n'obukuumi bw'eddembe okunnyonnyolwa. Ebiwandiiko ebyo bisobola okuyamba omuntu yenna okutegeera engeri y'obufuzi, akabi ak'okukeberebwa, era n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkalakkalira, era n'ekifo kya balamuzi abali ku buwagizi obwabwe kituukirawo mu mwaka gwa 1780. Etteeka bwe liba nga bwe limaze okulongoosebwa ate nga limaze ebyasa ebikumi bibiri, emisingi emikulu egya Publius gisigala nga gikyasimbye ekisenge kya American Consticialism.

Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo, ebiwandike ebya 'Federal List' bisobola okufunibwa okuyitira mu '[FOLT:0]'.gov Ebiwandikiro by'omubugazi ne Project ku mukutu gwa Yale Law School[]. Eby'obugagga bino bisobozesa abasomi okukebera ebyo ebyasooka mu bulambulukufumu n'okukebereza ebiba bikola ku nkola eziddako mu mateeka.