Enjigiriza ey’Okuteesa: Okutegeka Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa n’Eby’Obufuzi

Enjigiriza eyo ye emu ku nkyukakyuka ezikyasinze okukolebwa mu mateeka ga Amerika. Okuyitira mu misango emikulu egya Kkooti Enkulu, enjigiriza eno ekozesezza enteekateeka za gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti z'omu kitundu, okukakasa nti eddembe ly'abantu ekkulu likuumibwa ka kibeere ku kikolwa ki eky'obufuzi. Okutegeera enzivuunula y'amateeka ereetebwawo mu nsonga z'eggwanga erikwata ku ddembe erya bulijjo, era n'ensonga lwaki gavumenti erina okutegeeza omuwagizi w'ekibuga nti eteekeddwa okumenya amateeka g'ekibuga, oba lwaki k'ewandikiddwawo gavumenti eririna okuteekawo omuwaabikkirizi w'ebyo ebizingirwamu mu byafaayo, enzigibwawo, n'ensonga enkulu ekolebwa ku ngeri ereeteenjigiriza z'abantu leero.

Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo: Lwaki kyali Kyetaagisa Okukyogerako?

Bill of Rights, eyakkirizibwa mu 1791, yakolebwako mu 1791 okukebera gavumenti empya. Kkooti Sumpukamu yannyonnyola bulungi ensonga eyo mu Barron v. Baltimore mu 1833], nga yeesigama ku lukalala olw'okugigibwa kwa gavumenti. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yagamba nti, Amateeka gaateekebwawo abantu b'omu United States olwa gavumenti yaabwe ku bwabwe yokka.

Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'omunda, ekitongole ekitegeka Amereka okuzza entebe ku nkola eya 14 (yaddizibwa) okusingira ddala kyategekebwa okuteeka ekkomo eriggya ku buyinza bwa gavumenti. Ekitundu 1 ku kikumi eky'e 144th Amendment kitegeeza nti tewali ggwanga erina "w'obulamu, eddembe, oba bintu, nga terikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Ekiwandiiko kino kyatandika oba ekibuuzo oba "Ekiwandiiko" ekikuumibwa Omukulembeze wa Claus' kyalimu eddembe eryateekebwa mu Bill of Rights. Ekkumi n'emyaka, kkooti esinga obukulu terikkiriza kusoma kusoma ku ekyo, nga kimanyiddwa nnyo mu [[FL:0] Macase-nsula[FLD:1] (187], ekyannyonnyola eddembe ly'okugifunira mu luggi olufulume.

" Endowooza nti Omuteesi ow'ekikumi yalina okuwamba ebiwambe 14 ebivannyulwamu yali ayagala okusooka John Marshall Harlan okugaana endowooza ye mu Hurtado v. California[ [1884]. Naye kkooti teyafaayo ku nsonga eyo okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 20.]

Ekkubo Eridda mu Kulonda: Ekkubo Eridda mu Kulondawo n’Eggulu Ennyo:

Mu butuufu, Enjigiriza ya Incorporation yatandika okukolebwa mu 1920. Gitlow v. New York[FLT:] (1925), kkooti yayogera ku tteeka lya gavumenti eryamenya etteeka ery'entalo ez'obutujju. Wadde nga balamuzi baawagira Benjamin Gitlow'okukkiriza obwesigenyi, baakikakasa nti okukuumibwa kw'olulimi okwa ddembe ku mateeka okuyitira mu nkola y'ekitongole ekya 145 ClauscesC. Omulamuzi Edward Sanford yawandiika nti, "Eddecurection of ne printal projectives okuva ku muteesooodenti y'empewo, kwe kiwandikirwako obutuufu obwa bulijjo okuva ku kconsole 'Forsionsional'.')

Ekirangiriro kino kyaggula ebituli ku luggi olw'enkusu ey'enkubonero. Mu ne .Nearbor [1931], kkooti yakkiriza okukakasibwa kwa gavumenti, yasaanyawo etteeka eryamu gavumenti eryawandikibwa nga likkiriza okufugibwa kwa "KYUMISA, eky'obuswavu, n'okujoonoona". [[FLT:] [FLT] [197]], kkooti ekkiriza okukugira okukuŋŋaana okubeera n'emirembe. v.Connecticut[F:] [1940]) yagoberera enteekateeka ya Free ESconicesClaus Clauscee, etegeeza enkola ey'eby'enkola eno ey'enkola mu ngeri ey'enkola. Abakugunjukivugibwa balaga engeri zino "egattise" gye bak'okuteekawo obutuufu bw'okukwata ku nsonga ezimenyebwa Bill.[FLT.[FLT][FL:][FF:]

Empandika eya 'Iscoporation v'. Esalawo

Omulamuzi Hugo Black yagamba nti "Nkola n'obukakafu obwali bukkiriziddwa".None, endowooza egamba nti, okugattika ekiragiro eky'enkan'okukwata olukalala olw'enkalakkalira ku nsonga za gavumenti kyalina ekigendererwa eky'okuteeka mu nkola Bill of Rights. Mu kugaana kwewala okukiteeka mu . California[[45]], obujulizi obwa bulimu obw'ebyafaayo okuva mu nkaadi ezi'enkaalwanyonyonyo okusobola okuwagira ekifo kye. Naye, abasinga obungi ku kkooti baagaana okulonda obukebereberye "kaalumirikiti". Mu kugezesebwa okwo kwokka, eddembe lya "(12:] terimu kusinziira ku ku ku ku kutegeera nnukuta ey'ensonga enkulu" kubanga emirundi mingi ekiragiro kyasalibwa mu lukalala olwo teryati." olwo ekiragiro kifulumya "F." ate ate ate ate nga kyasalibwa mu lukalala olwo kiragiro "F." olwo kiragibwa mu Nkola enkola zamu, "F." ate ate ate

Enkola ey'okulondamu ewagidde. Leero, kumpi buli kaweefube wa Bill of Rights alimu enkola eno. N'olwekyo, okuggyako nga Sande, okugattika obutundutundu (mutuuti) ekiteetwako, ekiteeso eky'okutaano eky'okuyisa entegeka enneyisa ya bakungu ba gavumenti, n'eky'okuwerezaamu ekiwandiiko eky'abalamuzi eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omusanvu. Omutemwa ogw'okukubiri ogw'okukwata n'okusitumbula eby'okulwanyisa gwateekebwa mu McDonald v. Chicago[FLY] (2010) era n'omukolo gwa Sex Amerekawo/essaawaawerezo gwagibwa tewerezebwamu.

Emisango Emikulu Eginnyonnyola Enjigiriza

Ng’oggyeko emisango egyasooka egy’okwogera ku ddembe ly’okwogera, mu myaka gya 1960, emisango gino gigaziwa nnyo mu ngeri eyeetaagisa.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Etteeka Ery’Okufulumya Eggwanga Lyategekebwa mu Amerika

Mu Mapp v. Ohio, poliisi yakebera mu maka ga Dollree Mappe nga tewakkirizibwa, yazuula ebintu eby'obuwemu, era n'amukwata. Kkooti enkulu yamukyusiza bukakafu obulaga nti olukumbo olw'okuna olw'okunfuga mu by'okwerinda lukwata ku gavumenti.[1] Era amateeka agafuga enneeyisa mu ngeri emenya amateeka gago n'okukakasibwa okugoberera emitindo gya Amereka okugafuga, era gakyusa enkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka.

Wainwright (1963): Obuwulize eri Okubuulirira kwa Bonna

Clarence Earl Gideon yali munafu mu kuweebwa omusango ogw'okumenya ekidiba mwe baakuŋŋaanira mu Florida. Yasaba munnamateeka naye n'agaana olw'okuba Florida yawabula buwagizi mu nsonga z'ekibonerezo. Kkooti enkulu ya bonna awamu yagamba nti Omutemwa ogw'okuyisa obulungi gwa Sikisi gusaanidde okukolebwa mu ggwanga lyonna.

Miranda n’Arizona (1966): Okukuumibwa kwa Custodial Interrogramation

Enkizo ey'Okutaano ey'okwekutula ku kukyusa endowooza ya k'empaka yagattibwa ku masaza mu Malloy v. Hogan [1964]. Nga wayiseewo emyaka ebiri, mu Manda v. Akakiiko akaakolebwa ku musingi ogwo kaak'awula poliisi okuteebereza eddembe lyabwe nga ligenda okubuuzibwa.[1] Enkola ya politi nga y'emu nga yeeyambisa enkola ya Amereka okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezibabulako nga(*). Wadde nga waakawyiro keeyisa tewanyanti ya Amerekamu.

Duncan mu Louisiana (1968): Okuvunaanibwa Jury mu Misango egy’Okukakaalukana

Kkooti yagamba nti okutongoza omusango mu kkooti y'amateeka mu mateeka g'Amerika kisibuka ku lukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga. Kkooti eyo yakikkiriza nti okusala omusango mu musango mu kkooti ya Amerika. Kkooti eyo yakyogera nti gavumenti zirina okuteekawo olukiiko lw'abalamuzi olw'ensobi ez'amaanyi (kwe kugamba abo abatwala ekibonerezo eky'okusibibwa emyezi egisukka mu mukaaga).

Timbs okusobola okugonjoola ekizibu ekyo, Indiana (209): Emirimu egikwata ku kuddukanya ebintu mu nsi yonna

Ne mu kyasa ekya 21, kkooti enkulu yeeyongera okumanyisa ebikwata ku nsonga. Timbs v. Indiana, kkooti yagamba nti ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu ekisukka mu emu kikwata ku nnukuta ennyangu ez'omulembe. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti okukugira abantu obutalya nnyo ssente ennungi kiri "gw'enkola ey'okwetongozaamu." Kkooti eno eraga nti Ekkompolation Trigiry si kiwandiiko kya byafaayo naye nti amateeka gaayo gaatwalidde ku nnyinnyonnyola nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu mateeka.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kugaba Obuyigirize mu Bantu

Enjigiriza eno erina kinene nnyo ky'ekola ku ngeri eddembe ly'abantu gye liyigirizibwa mu masomero ne mu yunivasite z'Amerika. nga terinnatandikibwawo, ebisomesebwa ku Mmaapu ey'Okusooka biyinza okuba nga byali bikwata ku nkola y'eggwanga yokka.

Okuyigiriza Abantu Okwetooloolera Ebintu Ebinaabakuuma

Abayizi bayiga nti Bill of Rights ewa abantu eddembe erya wansi //ogw'okwerinda. Gavumenti ziyinza okuwa abantu eddembe erisinga eryo eriba liteekeddwawo mu mateeka, naye tezisobola kukkirizibwa kusukka ku limu eryali limu n'eddembe erigattiddwa. Kino "ennunulo" musingi gwa maanyi nnyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti eyinza okulagira abakwasiddwa amateeka okusobola okufuna olukusa mu kifo awaba lukalala lw'amasimu nga tewandikiddwawo amateeka okusinziira ku mateeka, naye tegikkirizibwa kunoonyereza ku bukakafu obulaga nti tekiriiko Amendekereza ey'Ekutaano (agiteekebwamu).

Okuggumiza Empandika y’Akabonero

Abasomi b'amasomero bangi beesigama nnyo ku kunoonyereza okukwata ku nsonga. Enjigiriza eno ewa enteekateeka ez'okugoberera ennyiriri nga zigoberera enkola ez'enjawulo: etandika n'empandika ez'enjawulo Barron[[FLT]] era n'enjigiriza ey'obutuuze bwa mirundi ebiri, obuyita mu Gitlow[[ era n'enjigiriza eziginjula mu ngeri gye zisengekebwamu, era n'empandika mu n'ebikwata ebigobeeyambisibwa mu kko. Kino kikubiriza endowooza ez'enjawulo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka, n'ennyinyonnyonnyonnyonnyo eziba n'enna ez'okugoberezebwa mu mateeka. Abasomesa batera okukozesa olukiiko lw'abayizi okunoonyereza obanga nga bakyusizza emitindo egya bulijjo okujjukanyanyanyanyanya obutuufu.

Okussa Ekimu ku Bikwata ku Bikwata ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Enjigiriza ya Inshorporation Enjigiriza teyawukana ku byafaayo. Enkaayana eziba ku ddembe ery'okubiri ez'okukyusaamu zibaawo oluvannyuma lw'okuva mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010) ekireetera abayizi okulowooza ku ngeri "funlinment" gye kitegeeza mu kiseera eky'enjawulo. Ennamba ez'ennamba mu kiseera kino zitera okuba n'ebibuuzo ebikwata ku buteesitebuzi oba engeri obupya obw'okumenyamu amateeka ga gavumenti ne k'okwegatta emitindo gy'okwerinda obwa namba. Era n'okuteesa kw'olukalala ku kiragiro olw'okutta, kusobola okulaba engeri okutaputa okutaputa okuziganya ebibonero ebippya.[FLGOL][62] (1962]).[9] Abayizi bateeka essira ku nsonga eyo mu n'eyo ey'okutegeera.[kko, basobola okulaba engeri gye bakyusaamu ekiragiro ekiwandikiddwamu mu n'envubiro mu n'olupapula lw'olu

Okumanyisa Obulagirizi n’Ekyetongoozo eky’Okuyingira Obukulembeze

Oboolyawo, okuyiga ebikwata ku kugatta awamu kiyamba abayizi okutegeera nti eddembe erya bulijjo si ly'ebintu ebiteeberezebwa wabula liba nkuumi. Omuyizi bw'aliyimizibwa omutunzi w'essomero, ekiwero eky'okuna eky'okuyisaamu ekiweeyitiddwa (yagibwa mu kugatta n'okugatta awamu) kiyamba okumanyisa enkola ya bannassaayansi. Sirvement bw'etwala amateeka okukugira, emisingi egy'okutangirizibwamu (egiteekebwa mu Gitlow[ era ne DEONG] [FLT]] Akawayiro kateekako esteekawo n'emitendera mu ku kukugira. Okutegeera okw'omulembereza ekiragiro ekiyinza okumanyisa eddembe lyabwe ery'okufuga.

Ebitongole Ebitendeka Omuntu mu Kuyigiriza Okukyonja

Okusobola okufuna eddembe erya nnamaddala mu buyigirize, kikwetaagisa okukola ebintu ebiwerako, era kino kiyinza okuyamba omuyizi okwongera okutegeera ensonga:

  • Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku bantu abamu nga tekinnaba kutandika na nkola eyo. Ekiragiro bwe kibala nti enkyuuka y'ebitongole eby'ekika kya Amerika tekola nga ' kibanga kyayisa Bill of Rights (Ekigambo Kkomyunizimu) n'amaanyi g'ebyuma nga bitandise okuyingizibwa. Kino kiraga enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkyukakyuka mu ntegeka ya Amerika.
  • [[NKULA]] Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti ebigattidwa mu kuwuliriza ebigambo:[[[NKULA]] Kino kiwa empandika eya njawulo (um'okunaana n'ey'okunaana, obukiiko obukimula, n'okusala emisango) nga basaba abayizi beewaze oba nga bakyusiza ekika kya Cardozo'"LTCENT mental" ekipimo.
  • Obuwayiro obufuga engeri gye bukireetera okuwandika ku nnyiriri: Kano kakireetera okuwandikawo ebifa ku ndowooza z'ebintu (umb., Omulamuzi Omulaguzi akiraze nti takkiriziganya n'ebyo by'ayogedde mu Adamson[], Omulamuzi Tabozo mu Palko[]]]) okusobola okukebera ekifaananyi ekifaananyi ekibanyizidwa awamu n'ebifaananyi ebyo.
  • Okunoonyereza okwa nnamaddala [[[NT:0] Kwogera ku mateeka g'ensi agaakatandika n'ennono, nga aga'amateeka aga Florida'okuggyamu embuto oba aga Texas, (agayinza okuleetera omuntu okufuna obwa lwatu obwa kompyuta(a] tegaakkirizibwa ku fayiro enneyisa mu nkola eya Claus).
  • Ekiragiro kino kikubiriza abayizi okunoonyereza ku mateeka agafuga enfuga ez'ebitundu ebitegese okubaamu ebikolerwamu ebizingirwamu. Ekiragiro kino kifuga amateeka agafuga enkola ya gavumenti agafuga enfuga ya gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kifuga amateeka agafuga entegeka zaamu era ne kisalawo okukebera entegeka z'ewandike oba ebizingirwamu mu bifo ebya bulijjo. Ekiragiro kino kifuga amateeka agafuga entegeka ya gavumenti ereme okukomyawo obwa wansi oba eky'okukulembereza.

Okukuba Ebbanga Ekyaliwo n’Ebibuuzo Ebitaddibwamu

Wadde nga kisembedde okutuukirira, abakugu abamu mu by'enjigiriza bagamba nti okugattika obutereevu tekulina musingi munywevu gwa mateeka era nti obuvunaanyizibwa bw'oku Amereka ak'enkunamba 14 oba obwa Immunions Claus(s) obwasooka bwandibadde bulina kuzzibwa buggya. Kkoyirolangalangalangalangalanga Thomas, kiwagidde emirundi mingi nti okugattika okw'okubiri n'okwesatu tekusaanidde kuyitira mu mateeka ga ntegeka y'empandika eya Immunicuties Claus e so si mu Lukalala olw'okutuukiriza ekiragiro ekya Classione.

Okugatta ku ekyo, obunene bw'enkwaso z'abantu ze zikyaliwo bukyawerebwa. Omutemwa ogw'okubiri gulina eddembe okusitula emmundu mu lujjudde? Court Supper yawanudde ekibuuzo ekyo mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[[FL:1]] [2022]). Okuba nti gavumenti tezirina kkomo kuyinza kutwala bukakafu "ekisaanyizo ekituufu" ku lukusaaloze olw'okugibwamu.

N'ekisembayo, abavumirira kkooti enkulu ey'okusala emisango bavunaana kkooti nti singa ekakaatika gavumenti okutuukanya eddembe ly'abantu, ate abawagizi bagamba nti obukuumi ng'obwo ye nsonga y'ebigendererwa by'Ekiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'enaana eky'Okuyuzaamu Amateeka.

Ebintu Bye Tweyongera Okwesomesa

Abayigiriza n’abayizi abaagala okwongera okumanya ebisingawo ku Njiri ey’Okuvvuunulira Amawulire Amalungi bayinza okukebera ebintu bino wammanga:

  • [[AK'AWULA]]Oyez: Enjigiriza ey'ekika kya Incorporation : Ekitabo eky'omubufunze[[[KA] – Ekireetera ebimenya ebiwandike eby'omu mboozi okubaako bye biwandiikibwa mu bigambo awamu n'okuwumbawumbako.
  • [[AK'AKA]] Ekirala kikoma ku kutwala obukwafu ku kiwandikiro ekya 'Bill of Rights' – Ekibuuzo ekyava mu Semishoni ey'okunoonyereza ku nukuta
  • [[Act:0]ACLU: Incorporation and National Security - Ebikwata ku kkalu ey'omu kiseera kino bizingiramu enkola ey'okuyingiza n'okugatta ennyiriri ez'ekika kya [9 oba 11.
  • [[Act:0] Gitrow v. New York (1925) – 'Mulimu gwa bulijjo[ – K'awuzi eyatandika okubuyingiza.

Olugero: Enjigiriza Ennungi Ekwata ku Mateeka Amakulu

Enjigiriza eyo si y'etteeka erya bulijjo, wabula nkola ey'amaanyi eyeeyongera okuleetawo eddembe lya Amerika. Okuva ku kusalawo okw'edda ennyo okw'omwaka 1920 okutuuka ku mpaka z'emmundu mu 2020, kkooti enkulu ekozesezza enkola y'okukyusaamu mu by'amateeka (Psystemmentmentment) eya 144t Reformation Clauscesme okugaziya ewandikidde abantu mu buli nnyinza. Enjigiriza eyo ewandiisa eddembe ly'eggwanga mu ngeri y'omulembe ogwa bayizi okutegeeramu amateeka, empannyi eza gractivementment, n'okukaluubirira okunnyonnyola eddembe ekkulu ery'eggwanga. Abayizi bwe batandika okwekenneenya empakaluuzibwa ez'enkola ya Amereka, era ne bagoberera enkola ya ggwanga lya Amerika ey'enjawulo.