Ennyanjula: Olubuuti lw’Ekifirosoofo Ekikwata ku Basaze n’Ekiruubirirwa ky’Etteeka

Entegeka y'amateeka mu Amerika erina akakwate n'enkola y'okusala emisango mu kkooti. Abalamuzi basuubirwa okunnyonnyola amateeka, so tebagatandikawo, enjigiriza egamba nti abantu basobola okugayingiza mu ntegeka zaabwe.

Obulamuzi, obutera okunnyonnyolwa ng'enteekateeka eraga emitindo omuntu gy'asalawo so si okunywerera ku kyawandiikibwa oba ku kyawandiikibwa, butendekeddwa era ne bweneeneezebwa. Mu kulonda n'okugatta kooti, kye kitegeeza nti Kkooti Enkulu ewa b'obuyinza obuyinza ku buli ggwanga okusinziira ku mutwe gwa musingi, ne bwe kiba nti Amateeka agasooka tegaalagira kugoberera enkola eyo mu bufunze. Okutegeera kino kikwetaagisa okusooka okutegeera ekikkirizibwa mu ku kukwataganya ekibanja n'ensonga lwaki kirinawo ensonga enkulu.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Kitabo kya Baibuli

Ekiwandiiko kino kisalawo nti teri ggwanga lirina kutongoza ddembe lyalyo okuva ku kiwandiiko ekya 14 ekifuga Amereka ekifuga enkola ya Claus. Olugambo luno lugamba nti tewali gavumenti erina “kukyusa muntu yenna mu bulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga tasoose kugoberera mateeka.” Kkooti Esingirayo ddala yannyonnyola nti kino kitegeeza nti eddembe ekkulu mu Bill of Rights “aliyingizibwa” mu mawanga / lirina okussibwamu okussibwamu ekitiibwa nga gavumenti //amakulu ga gavumenti bwe zirina okuzissa mu nkola. Kyokka, Kkooti tezikkiriza kukyusaamu mateeka mu kiseera kimu; wabula, zironzeewo eddembe erimu mu kiseera, enkola emanyiddwa nga y'okugabanyinyirizaamu.

Enkola eno ey'enjawulo n'eyo ereetebwawo okugatta emirundi egisukka ku giginaafuula buli kantu akalaga nti etteeka erya GGawulamu lirina akakwate ne gavumenti. Omulamuzi Hugo Black yawangula okugatta kwonna naye n'afiirwa okuwakana. Ekiragiro okulonda n'okugabula kiwa Superton eddewo okusalawo eddembe “elirina ku ntegeka” (ekigambo okuva ku Justice Cardozo mu Palko v. Connecticut[F:1]), era bwe kityo abagwana ku lukujjuso ku mateeka olwo bagwanira okumenya amateeka.

Obulamuzi butandika kubanga kkooti esalawo entikko y'eddembe ery'okwesalirawo. kkooti ziteekwa okusalawo eddembe ki ekkulu, era eryo emirundi mingi lizingiramu okunoonyereza ku byafaayo, obulombolombo, n'emitindo egy'omu kiseera kye.

Ebyafaayo: Ekyusaamu Okuva ku Kufuga Omuntu Okutuuka ku Kweyisa mu Ngeri Embi

Erased of Dual Federalism (PU-1920)

Ng'ekyasa ekya 20 tekinnatuuka, Bill of Rights kyali kibeera ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Kkooti enkulu yawaayitidde mu Barron v. Baltimore mu 1833] Omutemwa ogw'okutaano tegugatta ggwanga. Okwawula wakati wa desitulikiti ez'ensi n'ebitundu bya gavumenti kwayoleka obufirosoosoofo bw'okufuga amateeka ga gavumenti: kkooti ezaalwanibwawo mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti era ne byewawa ekiragiro eky'okumenya amateeka agafuga entegeka.

Ekitongole ekikomyawo ekiwanyisa olukalala lw'ebimenyesezza ebitongole (Prevenments) [1] Naddala, Kkooti yateeka amateeka 14 mu bitundu by'eggwanga nga yateekako ekkomo erisinga okukkirizibwa mu mateeka, naye kkooti eyasooka yasoma butono. Mu Nnyumba Ennyumba ey'okufiiramu[ (1873], Kkooti yaggyako eddembe eryali liteekeddwawo oba Enkiikiina kya Immu ne kilekawo Clausce nga mmotoka y'okusiirry. Kyokka, kkooti eyo yali yeetaazesebwako, nga yeetaazesebwa obwa "kukkugibwa ne mu ku tteeka eryali eryali eryasingibwa mu mateeka erigo."

digitide: [[Akawayiro:0] Gitlow v. New York[[:1] (1925)

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo ne Gitlow v. New York, mu kiseera ekyo kkooti enkulu mwe yatandikira okukola enteekateeka ey'okuwerezaamu olukalala.[1] Eddembe eryasooka (eddembe)(*to ku magye. Kkooti eyo yawagira obumalirivu Gitlow bwe yalina mu kufulumya omukunguzi w'ennimi ne eby'ebikuba mu mawulire, era yalangirira nti “eddembe ly'okwogera n'eby'okukubagawa mu mawulire bikuumibwa olukalala olw'empandika eya Orgattifulments zzaamu.[1]

Ebigambo bino byalaga nti kkooti yali ekola mu ngeri empya: Kkooti yali mwetegefu okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu eribasoweredde ku bikolwa bya gavumenti, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko by'Emmeeri eyasooka byogera ku kizimbe ky'abakulembeze b'eddiini. Abavumirira enkola eno baagiyita Kikolwa olw'okuba Kkooti yali esoma obukwasiro mu Century Procession Claus nga tewaaliwo bukakafu bulaga nti empandika z'ebyawandiikibwa byayo zirina kugifuga. Kyokka, kkooti eyo yasobozesa abantu okuyingiza emisango egibakwata ku nsonga.

Ensonga Enkulu Ezivunaana Okusalira Omusango Omusango mu Kulonda Obusobozi bw’Okulonda

Ebyo ebisaliddwawo biraga engeri kkooti ennyimirirayo gye zaagenda zizimba ekizimbe nga zikolagana zokka.

[[Act:0]Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Etteeka ery'okuzibya obuwandike erya 'Exclussion Traument' lyagoberezebwa Amerika

Nga [[NKULA], ekiwandikiro eky'okuna eky'okufuga kiremesezza abakungu ba gavumenti okunoonyereza oba okugwa ensika. Etteeka erya nnamba(*) teryagaana okukozesa obujulizi obukkirizibwa okusalibwa mu kkooti. Kino kitegeeza nti, mu kkooti ekiragiro eky'omunaana] kyawandikibwa nti, ate nga mu Colorado [, kkooti yalina endowooza nti, wadde nga kukyusa okw'Ekkumi n'ekkumi kukakalu, tewakkirizanga kuyisa mu kkooti.

Naye mu [OK] .O., kkooti yakyusa era n'eteekawo etteeka erikugira gavumenti zonna. Omulamuzi Tom C.Clark yagamba nti singa tewali kiteeso eky'okukyusizaamu ekiteeso, okunoonyereza okutali kwa magezi kuyinza kuba “ekifo kya bigambo.” Kino kyasalirwa olukalala lwa mateeka olw'okumenya amateeka amangi agaasalibwawo, era ne kiteekawo omutindo gwa ggwanga, era ne kiwaliriza kkooti z'eggwanga okugaana amateeka mangi. Abasosoze baagamba nti Kkooti Kko kibadde kyetaagisa okuzza ekiwandiiko ekyo ku kkopi ey'obutebe.

[[Akawayiro:0] Gideon v. Wainwright[[=KY'OKUZIMBA] (1963): Obudde obw'okuwabulako

Mu [[NKULA:0] Brady [1942]), kkooti yasalawo nti olukalala olw'ebiragiro olw'okuyisaamu olukalala olw'ebiragiro lwa 'LT' olw'enkola eya Sixth Amendment'okutereeza okuwabula kukolebwa mu mbeera ez'enjawulo zokka (obusonga obw'enjawulo oba bwe wabaawo abawandiisibwa nga tebalina buzibu bwonna). Naye mu Gideon v. Wainwr, kkooti yazza bubi ku nsonga [ era n'ekkiriza nti abo abawayitibwa bakkirizibwa okuwabulwamu.

Kusalawo kuno kyakulabirako kirungi eky'okusala emisango: Kkooti yakyusa endowooza yayo, n'egaziya obunene bw'etteeka eryali limu, era n'elagira gavumenti okuwa bannamateeka abawayirizibwa. Ekivuddemu kyali kisala eky'amaanyi ennyo mu nkola z'amateeka. Ekiragiro ekyo tekyesigamiziddwa ku byawandiikibwa ebipya naye nga kiggyamu endowooza eyo mu ngeri nti “eddembe eryategekebwa" lirina okukolebwa. Omusala emisango mu Black, eyakyusiza mu BETS, teyawandiika ku nsonga eyo [[FLT:]], nga agamba nti, omuntu yenna agulibwa mu kkooti... atali munafu mu kusasula, tasobola kuweebwa kuweebwa kusalirwawo olukiiko olutuufu okuggyako nga yennyini kusinziira ku ku ku ku kunoonyereza.

[[:0] Miranda v (1966: Okulabula kwa Poliisi n'okuteeyisa mu ngeri endala

Enkizo ey'okutaano ey'okwegonjoolera eggwanga yagattibwa ku Malloy v. Hogan (1964]). Naye Manda ne '. Arizona yeeyongera okulagira abapoliisi okuteebereza eddembe lyabwe nga basoose okubuulirirwa. Kkooti yatandikawo obufuzi obwa bulijjo nga “Mandanda"." [=kwewandiibukuuma ku mukono ogwa ddyo. Kino kyali kikwata ku lukalala olw'ensonga enkulu: Kkootikko yateekawo amateeka ku buli kibiina kya Amerika. Abasekerezi baawakanya nti Kko yasinga omulimu gwabwe. [FFFF]

[[Akawayiro:0]McDonald v.Chicago[[:1] (2010): Empeereze ey'okubiri

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti yakwata ku ddembe ery'okubiri ery'okukwata n'okusituliramu emikono mu McD ob. Chicago. Emyaka ebiri emabega, mu difitution of Columbia v. Heller [2008]], Kkooti yali etegedde nti omuntu omu alina eddembe okukuba ebisa mu nkola y'ekiteesiteesi eky'okubiri, naye nga kusalawo okwo kugasse gavumenti y'ensi eyo kwokka. [[FLT:]] [FLT:]] Mcridad[[, atwala nti omulembe ogwa waggulu, era nti mu nteekateeka ya Clauscast. Okuwakanya obwenkanya ku bwo obwa waggulu, obusinga obungi obwava mu ku bwo obwa waggulu obwamu ku bwo obwakajja mu nteeko obunene obwa kko .

Engeri Okusalira Omusango gye Kusobozesamu Okulonda Obuwagizi

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa olukalala lw'abo bokka abakifuna mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Okusooka, Kkooti ekkiriza okunnyonnyola ekitongole ekiyita Mpisa ey'ekinaana ey'okuyisa mu nkola eya Claus nga kizingiramu eddembe erya wansi eryabalwa mu Bill of Rights . Ekikolwa kino kitwaliramu eddembe erikkirizibwa okubeera obwama bwabweyabwe ([]]Gristold v.Connecticut[FL:1], 1965]) oba erya ddyo okuwasa oba okufumbirwa (Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:], 2015]). Bino tebiba nga “embaliginoomuteko obwerundiro, ” naye biraga engeri y'okusomera mu mateeka: tteeka ekya waggulu okulwanirira eddembe kinnoomu.

Ekyokubiri, ekikolwa kino kisobozesa kkooti okumenya amateeka n'ebikolwa ebikontana n'amateeka agafuga eddembe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti bwe yateekamu etteeka lya Leevel Conformation eryali ligaana Rabinson n'ebirala. California [1962], kyayisa mu mutindo gwa gavumenti okusalira abamenyi b'amateeka omusango. Abalamuzi ab'eggwanga baali beetegefu okutegeeza ekibonerezo kya gavumenti (ng'okumenya emitindo gy'okwekamirira amalagala aganjaga) nga bamenya “emitindo egikwata ku kweyongerayongera kukulaakulana okw'ekikula.""

Ekyokusatu, okukuba obukugu mu kukwata embaga ey'emisango kusobola okusobozesa empewo eyo okwongera ku sipiidi. Kkooti eyo yakola mpolampola: okuva mu 1925 okutuuka mu 1969 okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ezisinga obungi. Naye mu lukiiko olusooka olw'ekika kya Warren Court (1953-1969), enkola eno yatwala ekiseera, nga ezingiramu eky'okutaano, eky'omukaaga, n'eky'eky'okutaano okuzza obubonero ku bye yasala. Agumenti aw'ekkumi n'omutaano tewaaliwo abalamuzi, enkola eno eyinza okuba nga tennakoma, ate nga n'obusobozi obutuufu obukikusingi obukibwa gavumenti.

Okubuusabuusa n’Okuvumirira

Omusango gw’Okutulugunya

Abavumirira bagamba nti okugoba gavumenti kiremya obufuzi bwa demokulase. Kkooti bwe ziteeka amateeka ga nukuta ez'enjawulo ku gavumenti, zifuga nga ensala z'abalonde abaayisa amakanisa n'abalonda abalonde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma Gideon[ era ] [K'Aka], ebisalibwawo byagobererwa okumalira ssente nnyingi ku bakuumi ba gavumenti ne ku ku kutendeka abalonde ba poliisi. Abakulembedde abamu bagamba nti, okugatta ebintu ebyo tekkirizibwa kiteekwa kugikkirizibwa kuva mu n'obusobozi oba mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'enjawulo eziragibwa mu [FLT:] K'Akaluunti [FFFF5] mu kifo ky'okunnyonnyola ensonga enkulu ennyo olw'okulaga obutuufu.[FFoct:]

Abakugu mu by'obufuzi gamba nga Justice Antonin Scalia baavumiriranga nnyo eky'okukwataganya abatujju. Mu kuwakanya McDonald, Scalia yawandiika nti Kkooti tesaanidde “kukola nga” n'enkizo enkulu; mu kifo ky'ekyo, erina okukebera ebiwandiikiddwa mu mpandiika y'obutebenkevu n'amakulu agasooka. Yagamba nti, okukkiririza mu lulimi olwaggulwako olw'enkola ya SSELiteralk'okukuuma obutuufu bw'ebiragiro so si ng'okukebera obula okukakaati obw'abalamuzi okukakaatiisa endowooza zaabwe.

Okulwanirira Amateeka mu Nsobi z’Omuntu

Abawagizi balaga nti okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu kya muganyulo nnyo eri abo abakwata amateeka oba ebitongole ebifuga gavumenti. Bill of Rights yakolebwa okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatono erifuga. Singa kkooti zalwanibwa okugattika amapeesa, eddembe ekkulu liyinza okumenyebwawo. Nga bwe kimanyiddwa, Justice Robert Jackson yagamba, “Ekiwandiiko eky'Eddembe ly'eddembe lya nnamunino si ndagaano ey'okwetta.” Abalamuzi ab'ekitongole kya Acciviizi bakakasa nti tewali ggwanga liyinza kulemesa muntu kutwala ddembe ly'omunda eriwandikkulu eriwandisizza obutuuze b'eggwanga lya Amerika.

Ate era, okugatta awamu kubadde kwa muganyulo. Kuleeseewo ekiwandikiro eky'amaanyi mu ggwanga okufuna eddembe lya bantu ne kilekawo ebifo ebirala okugaziya obukuumi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, eggwanga liyinza okuwa obukuumi obwagazi obwa ddembe ery'okwogera okusinga obwetaavu obwa bulijjo obwali bwetaagisa, naye tezisobola kutuuka wansi wa ofiisi eyo. Ebyo ebisalibwawo bireme okuziba olukalala olwo nga poliisi ebonya okutulugunya obutuluguza. Brown v. Mississippi[[[FLT:] [196] (16) nga tewannawera ku Amerekawo AGwereza obwa bulijjo ku mateeka /Gakulaawuufukuufu ku magye.

Ebibuuzo Ebizibu Ebiba Bikoleddwa era n’Ebitagonjoddwa

Leero, enjigiriza ey'okulondamu yamalirizibwa ddala. Kkooti enkulu etaddewo kumpi buli kimu ku nteekateeka y'Enkomerero ey'okutaano, ey'okutaano, ey'omukaaga, n'ey'eyeeserengeseera. Ekiyinza obutamanyibwa nga mu nteekateeka eno y'okunaddaaki entegeka ey'okubiri (egaagikoze nga kigoberera ]] [[FLLT:1]]), olukalala olw'okusatu (Olufulumizidwako n'olufulube lw'alwamu, ate oluyitibwa Grand Jury Claus ey'endex Confectionment (singaksionerrity) luyinza okukozesebwa mu kuwuliriza okulungiwanjula omusango. Kkooti eyo era tekkirimu ku ku kkooti z'abalamuzi ezikola ebimenyesa abakungusebwa. Contentententension (ebukmu) yeeyongera okukyusaamu eddembe lya G.

Kyokka, obufirosoofo obusookerwako mu kusalirawo emisango bukyawakanyizibwa. Okulonda abalamuzi abaagala okukugira, kuyinza okulemesa okweyongerayongera oba okukomya obusongasonga obubaddewo.

Ate era, okutumbulwa kwa “obwagattiddwa bw'amateeka” ng'enkola ennongooso okusinga ey'enkola eya bulijjo, kulaga nti kooti zirina okukuuma ennyo eddembe erya bulijjo nga tezirina kwenyigira mu kukola mateeka. Enteekateeka eno eyakubirizibwa Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas mu ndowooza ezimu, eyinza okuzingiramu n'amakulu g'obusika bw'ekibiina obwa 14 oba obwa Claus. Singa zikkirizibwa, ziyinza okukyusa eddembe ekyetaagisa okuzigoberera.

Olugero: Empiso Enkadde Ennyo mu Mateeka g’Amerika

Ekiragiro kino kiyamba nnyo mu kugatta abatuuze mu nkalala ezo. Okuva ku KITUUKIRIRA okutuuka ku[FLT]]McDract[, kkooti enkulu ekozesezza enfunda n'enfunda okusobozesa gavumenti okwongera obusobozi bwa bantu okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okubuna mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu. Kino kigaziyizza eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, okusinziisibwa mu ttuluba lya bulijjo, era n'obukuumi obugo bwonna obugobeetwasiddwa mu Amerika obuba bulaga nti obwa bulijjo.

Kyokka, obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'okusala emisango n'okusala emisango tebuyinza kugonjoolwa mu bujjuvu. Abalamuzi okulondamu emitindo gy'eddembe ab'etaaga okusala emisango nga girina musingi gwa njawulo.[1] Omulimu gw'omuntu yenna gwe yeetaaza obufirosoofo obulungi obw'okukuuma enfuga oba okunyagibwa mu ngeri etali ya mu mateeka, kyesigamye ku ndowooza y'omuntu nti awatali muteefu w'amateeka okutaasaamu k'enkola, Bill of Rights eyinza okuba ekiwandiiko ekya bulijjo, ne kileka abantu bangi mu Amerika nga tebalina bukuumi bwa demokula eri gavumenti.

Ekiragiro kino kiyamba mu kutegeera ebifa ku njigiriza ez'enjawulo. Ebiwandiiko bya by'ebyo ebikolebwa ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, ebizingirwa mu ' ne [FLT'. Ebiwandiiko bino biyamba mu kutegeera obulungi ennyimba z'eby'enjigiriza. Ebiwandiiko bino biyamba okumanya engeri gye kiyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri ebizingirwamu mu by'obubonero.