Ekiweerwa eky'okutaano mu Mateeka ga United States kitwalibwa ng'empandika enkulu ennyo mu Bill of Rights, etegekeddwa okukuuma abantu ba gavumenti baleme okubunyisibwa era babeere batuukirivu mu ntegeka z'amateeka. Ratived mu 1791, ebigambo byayo ebitaano eby'enjawulo.[1] Grand Jury Claus, , era ne Readerty Really Claus, ye Bugrand Realface, era ne Enkola ya projectationation Claus, ne Active Clauslaus, era ne thectiveractivement default ekiyinza okuteekawo ekifo ekinyweza obulamu, eddembe, n'ebintu. Omuntu yenna eyeekenneenya amateeka ga Amerika, obweyawumbi, oba engobe mu ngeri y'obuteeyambi obw'ensonga ez'amateeka. Emisingi tegitegeerekeka; ekuuma buli ngeri y'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga, era n'ensonga enkulu mu buli nsonga enkulu ego, egoberebwa mu mateeka, era n'enkola mu kiseera kino, era n'enkola mu ngeri y'enkola y

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Engeri gye Byali Bimanyiddwamu

Omuteeso ogw'okutaano tewaava mu buwanguzi. Emirala gyayo gyava mu mateeka g'Ekingereza, nga mw'otwalidde n'ewa Magna Carta obukakafu ku ngeri gye gulina okukolebwamu era n'enkizo y'okuteekawo amateeka ageewa obuwagizi. Bataata baasa, beegendereza engeri ez'okuyisibwa obubi ze baayisibwa mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza. Wabula baawa obujulizi ku bintu ebikozesebwa okutuusa obukyayi n'obuswazi obwandiikibwa ng'okuteeka mu nkola eya Bill of Rights. James Madison yawanupes ekitongole enzivu eky'enna eky'okuwerako, era yakkirizibwa ku birala ebirala omwenda mu 1791.

Mu byafaayo bingi ebya Amerika, emmunyisibwa ey'okutaano yakozesebwa ku gavumenti y'ensi yokka. Ekyasooka okutongozebwa kw'Emitendo ey'ekkumi n'ena mu mwaka gwa 1868 era n'emisango egyasalibwawo kkooti enkulu mu kyasa ekya Amakumi abiri, obukuusibwa bwayo obusinga obungi bwakkirizibwa “okugattibwa” okuva ku tteeka lya Cest Procession Claus eddy of the 1450 Amerekament. Kino kyakolebwanga emirundi mingi nga kye kiwandiikiddwawo olukalala olwasembayo olw'okufuga okusobola okukakasa buli muntu yenna mu United States, kabe ku bikwata ku gavumenti, oba gavumenti y'omu kitundu.

Okukuuma obutazoka

Omuntu okwenenyeza bw'ati ye kennyini era ng'ekyo si kye kintu ekisinga okukkirizibwa mu kkooti. Kiwa k'ewa obukakafu nti tewali muntu “akakasibwa okuwa obujulirwa ku mumenyi w'amateeka.” Enkizo eno esobozesa abantu okugaana okuddamu ebibuuzo oba okuwa obujulizi obusobola okuviirako abamenyi b'amateeka okusibibwa mu kkooti. Tekikoma ku kuwa bujulizi mu kkooti; tekikoma ku ku kubuuza ebibuuzo poliisi, ku mateeka, na ku kuwandibwa kwa gavumenti ebibuuzo nga wazzeewo eby’obujulizi.

Ebyafaayo biraga. Mu kkooti z'eby'amateeka enkumi n'omusanvu mu Bungereza, Kkooti y'e Star Chamber ne kkooti z'eddiini zawaliriza abantu okulayira n'okuddamu ebibuuzo nga bateekeddwa okubonerezebwa olw'okuvunaanibwa obululu. Abasawo baagezaako okuggyawo enkola ezo ez'obwenkanya nga bamanyi nti enkola ey'obwenkanya tesaanidde kuwaliriza muntu kuwa bujulizi bwetaagibwa okusobola okusobola okufuna enzikiriza ye. Enkizo eyo ezingiramu abantu kinnoomu, so si ebibiina ebikola ku butonde.

Okulabula kw’Abamiira ku Nkyukakyuka y’Edda

Wadde nga mu nteekateeka eno ey'okukyusaamu ey'okutaano baagikolako okumala ekiseera kiwanvu, enkola ya poliisi gye yakwatako mu kiseera eky'okubuuza ebibuuzo okutuusa mu 1960. Mu kkooti y'obudde, Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966]], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti poliisi eteekwa okuteebereza nti eddembe lyabwe lirina okusirika n'okusiikiriza omuwagizi w'omukono gwabwe nga tewannabaawo nsonga yonna ejulirwa. Okulemererwa okukola ekyo kufuula buli bigambo ebiba bifuniddwa mu kkooti. “Mandandanda " kati bye bimu kulabula okwa bulijjo okw'abapoliisi mu kkooti y'Amerika.

Kyokka amateeka gaafuukafuuka. Oluvannyuma lw'okusalawo nga Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) ne Salinas v. Texas[] (202021)] ekiragiro kiyambye okutegeera amakulu gaabyo okukyogera ku ddyo. Omusomibwa ateekwa okukakasiza ddala enkizo eyo; okusirika obusirikimu tekumala. Okugatta ku ekyo, enkizo eyo teziyiza bujulizi bwonna obubakibwa mu butonde. Obubonero obwo tebukukaka bulaga nti omuntu okutuukirizibwa kw'amateeka agakola ebintu.

Okuddiŋŋana Obw’Okutaano: Kye Kitegeeza Okuteeka mu Kagambo

Okuyisa olukalala olw'Emitendo Etaano si kivume ku musango, mu butuufu, kkooti enkulu ebaddeko okumala ebbanga ddene, terimu ndowooza egamba nti omuntu awayiriziddwa ayinza okusirika olw'okusala omusango. Kyokka, mu nsonga z'amateeka, embeera teyeyoleka bulungi. Akakiiko akakkirizisa olukalala olw'okutaano mu nsonga z'abantu kayinza okuvaamu emitawaana.[1] Singa waba nga waliwo omusango gwabwe ogwa mu bigambo, obusosoze buzzeewo ku ludda olulala. Okugatta ku ekyo, enkizo ebeera eriwo eri omuntu yenna atambula mu kifo ekiyinza okuwalirizibwa okuzza emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka, oba okunoonyereza ku nsonga enkulu.

Ebiwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa abawandiisi b'emirimu gy'ensi biyinza okukuumibwa, naye nga biwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa abawandiisi b'ekibiina si bye bitalina bukuumi. Okutegeera ensalo zino si nkulu nnyo eri buli muntu yenna asangibwa mu bujulizi oba mu buwandiike.

Okufiirwa Omugabo: Enkomerero n’Obulungi

Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti omuwawaabirwa bw'aggibwako omusango gwe yazza, gavumenti teyinza kubalumiriza olw'ensonga y'emu. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kiziyiza okutulugunyizibwa, ebiwandiiko, n'okulumizibwa mu mutima.

Kyokka, ekiragiro kino tekikoma ku kukugira bukyamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okusiba omusango kuzingiramu “olukiiko olumu oluwambi obwa projekiti. ” Mu nsengeka ya“ bufuzi”, gavumenti ya gavumenti ne gavumenti biyinza okulumiriza omuwaayibwa olw'ensonga y'emu nga tamenye ekiragiro kya Claus ow'Okubiri era n'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti bw'eba n'ewandisizza omusango teyazisaamu kkooti.

Olupapula olwo era lukwata ku bibonerezo ebiwerako singa kkooti ebonereza ekisukka ku mateeka. Kkooti Enkulu etegeeza nti, “teeba mutemu” okuteekamu ekirayiro oba omujulirwa asooka okulayirirwa mu kkooti. Okutegeera nti empanvu ezo nkulu nnyo mu kulwanirira abamenyi b'amateeka n'abawaabi.

Engeri Enkola ya Yakuwa ey’Okukwata Obulungi gy’Ebakuubo

Ssearch Processom Claus ku Mendereze ey'okutaano yalangirira nti tewali muntu “ateekwa kufiirwa bulamu, eddembe, oba bintu nga tewali mateeka gabituukiriza.” Kino kye kimu ku bintu ebisingayo okuba eby'obukuumi mu Mateeka. Kikakasa nti gavumenti zikola ebintu ebituuka ku bantu kinnoomu, era nti zikwatibwa bulungi era ne wabaawo omukisa okuwulirwa. Okukolebwa okwo kugabanyizibwamu ebibinja bibiri: okuteekako emitindo gy'amateeka n'okussawo.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Okusinziira ku nkola ekolebwa okusobola okuweerera ddala enkola eno, gavumenti eteekwa okugoberera enkola ey'obwenkanya nga tennaba kulemesa muntu kufuna bujulizi, ddembe oba bintu. Engeri zino zisinziira ku nnyiriri eziriraanyeewo. Mu kulamula okw'abamenyi b'amateeka, zitwaliramu eddembe ery'okuwozesaamu, era n'eddembe ery'okunenya abajulizi. Mu nkola y'okufuga, ziyinza okuzingiramu okuwulirwa, eddembe okuwa obujulizi, n'okusalawo mu ngeri eteri ya bwenkanya. Omusingi oguli mu nsonga enkulu gulina okukolebwa era n'okukkiririzaamu omulimu gwa gavumenti.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [[NKUMBO:0] Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abo ababaako bye babaako bye bawulira, bagwanidde okubiwulira mu kiseera nga tekinnaba kugattibwa. Kyakulabirako kino kiraga nti okuyingiza ebintu mu fayiro mu fayiro y'ensi yonna kuganyula gavumenti mu ngeri nnyingi, so si mu buwangwa obw'eby'obugagga obwa bulijjo.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okugonjoola ekizibu kino tekoma ku nkola ezikolebwa, naye era ekuuma eddembe lya gavumenti okuva ku kusittululwa .Naye singa enkola esaanira zigobererwa. Kkooti enkulu ekozesezza enkola esaanira okukuuma abantu ab'ebifaananyi bye basalawo nga basinziira ku muntu omu, gamba ng'eddembe ery'okuwasa oba ery'okuyingira obufumbo, n'eddembe ery'okugaana obujjanjabi. Era ekuuma eddembe erigobererwa gavumenti bwe zikola.

Abakugu bagamba nti enkola ey'okulinda ekiba kyetaagisa esobozesa kkooti okusala ekizimbe, ate abo abawagira enkola eyo bagamba nti kikulu nnyo okukuuma ekitiibwa ky'omuntu kinnoomu.Ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu ekiyitibwa Adverformation’s Claus (Screate Process Claus) kikwata butereevu ku gavumenti, naye okuyitira mu kiwandiiko eky'e 145th Amendment, obukuumi obw'engeri y'okwerinda bwe bumu bukwata ku gavumenti.

Twale n'Okugattako eby'obuseerezi

Okutwala Claus − era kimanyiddwa nga Eminitient domal doaclaus .S.S.S. obukabona nti ebintu bya muntu kinnoomu “tebyanditwaliddwa kukozesebwa bantu bonna awatali kusasula.” Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa gavumenti okukaka okutunda ebintu byayo ebikolerwako ebiganyula abantu, gamba ng'amasadu g'enguudo, amasomero, oba apatuuni. Kyokka, nnanyi wabyo ateekwa okufuna omuwendo ogusaanira mu katale.

Olubalagano luno lwaleetawo obutakkaanya ku kisingako “bukulu mu mulimu gwa lukale.” Mu Kelo v. Ekibuga kya New London (2005]], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okukulaakulana kw'eby'enfuna kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo eby'okuteeka mu bantu bonna, ne bwe kiba nga ku olwo ebintu bitwalibwa mu kifo ekya nnannyini mulimu. Ekyo kyaviirako gavumenti nnyingi okuyisa amateeka agakugira enkozesa y'ebifo ebya bulijjo mu mirimu gya gavumenti.

Bwe kiba nga wabeewo aw'enjawulo, gavumenti bw'eba nga ekwetaagisa okusalawo ensi, esobola okusobozesa ebizingirwamu okukendeeza ku mmotoka, era singa wabaawo okuwaayiriza, era nga bawaayiriza, n'ebiwandiiko bya kkooti. Bannabyamaguzi balina obuyinza okusoomooza emmala y'okutwala n'okusasula ssente. Okutegeera nti okutwala Claus kya mugaso eri bannannyini ttaka, ebizineenyi n'abakungu abakolera mu makolero g'eby'amakolero g'amakolero g'amakolero ge bateeka mu kifo ekyo.

Eddiini ey’Ekitalo Claus n’Ekyamagero

Grand Jury Claus yeetaagisa nti “obumenyi bw'amateeka, oba obumenyi bw'amateeka obw'omu mitawaana obwa bulijjo obwa kakiiko akalamuzi,” lujja kukola oluvannyuma lw'okukuba olukiiko olukulu olw'abalamuzi okuvunaana omusango. Akakiiko akanene ak'abalamuzi(*kalaba obujulizi obwaweebwa omuwaabi w'abalamuzi) era ne kasalawo obanga wayinza okuba nga wabaddewo ensonga okukkiriza nti omumenyi w'amateeka yazza omusango. Olufulumya lwo terukwata ku bannamateeka (Lwo kkooti esingako yagaana okugusiba mu . California,[1], naye bangi bagamba nti balina enkola zaabwe ez'amaanyi ez'okuwozesemba omusango.

Abalamuzi abanene bakola ng'okwekenneenyeza ku abo abawaabirwa, nga bakakasa nti emisango tegireetebwa ku lwabwe. Kyokka, abawakanyi bakirabye nti abalamuzi abasala emisango banoonya luddaabi olw'okuba bawulira oludda lumu olw'ensonga eyo era tebakuumibwa mateeka mangi. Wadde nga bakolo ogwo gunoonyezebwa, Grand Jury Clause gusigala nga bukuumi obwa nnamaddala nti abawaayiriza mu kkooti tebayinza kugaana.

Omutemu ogw’Okutaano mu Kuwandiisa Obulaguzi okw’Ekiseera Kino

Mu ntegeka y'omu mateeka leero, Amereka ak'okutaano gakyakola okuleeta engobe z'ebiwandiikiro. Ebbell mu United States v. Hubbell [2000], kkooti ekkiriza nti okukolebwa kw'ebiwandiiko kuyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukolebwa kwa k'ebiwandiiko.

Era, abantu bangi bawagidde obuweerero obutassa kitiibwa mu kusirika olw'okubategeeza nti tebasobola kusirika busirisi.

Ate era, abakungu ba gavumenti n'abantu kinnoomu batera okuyita erinnya lya Olwataano olw'omuwendo ogumanyiddwa ennyo nga Oliver ow'Okutaano mu kiseera ky'obuwoowoowo bwa Iran ne Contatra era gye buvuddeko awo n'abantu mu bukulembeze obw'enjawulo balaga nti ddala kya muganyulo mu by'obufuzi.

Engeri y’Okuyigirizamu Okuteebwa kw’Omutemu ogw’Okutaano

Abasomesa balina omukisa gwa njawulo ogw'okutereezebwa kw'Emitemerengo Etaano kubanga ekuuma obulango ku bifo ebya waggulu ebiragibwa mu kkooti, ku nkola za poliisi ne ku butaka bw'ebintu, buli muntu alina okubyenyigiramu.

Engeri emu ey'amaanyi kwe kukozesa ebikemo oba enkola ey'okugoba abalala nga basinziira ku misango egyaliyo mu kkooti enkulu ennyo. Abayizi bayinza okukaayana ku mitwe gyombi Miranda v. Arizona oba Kello v. Ekibuga kya New London[ era oluvannyuma ne boogera ku nsonga ezo.

Engeri endala kwe kwekkaanya engeri empapula z'amawulire gye zibuuzibwa oba okukkirizisaamu okw'Akabonero ak'okutaano mu mpisa z'abantu abasinga obungi. Abayizi bayinza okumanya singa eddembe ly’omuntu alowoozebwa nti alina limenyebwa era ne bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku ebyo ebinaddirira. Okugeraageranya enkola ya Amerika n'ensi endala ezitakyalina nkizo ku kwefuga kiyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi.

Era abayigiriza balina okuggumiza ennyiriri eziriraanyewo, nga bakwataganya enkyukakyuka ku ebyo eyatandikawo mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza era n'ebibuuzo ebiriwo leero ebikwata ku kulabula oba obuyinza bwa gavumenti.Ng'enkyukakyuka ez'edda n'ez'omu kiseera kino, abayizi bayinza okutegeera nti okugattika ettabaalo ery'okutaano si kintu ekisigalawo naye obukuumi obunaakuumibwa buli kiseera era n'okunnyonnyonnyolwa.

fundikira

Omuteende ogw'okutaano gukyakola ekimu ku bintu eby'amaanyi ennyo okukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu mu ntegeka y'amateeka mu Amerika. Enteekateeka zaagwo “‘ grand jugument, obukuumi n'ebiruubirirwa ebikusifu obutatuukibwako kabi, enkizo ey'okwesibawo, enkola ey'okukola nga bwe kisaanira, era n'okusasula ebyo ebiva mu kutwala obuteeyambi obwa bulijjo. Gavumenti tesobola kubuza muntu yenna bulamu, ddembe oba ebintu. Wadde nga buli musingi guyimbiddwa bulungi okusinziira ku nnyinyo y'ensonga z'amateeka, era nga n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa, emisingi egya miralagibwa, n'abayigirizi, n'abayigirizi, okutegeera okw'ebiwandiiko eby'okutaano tekuteebwe buteereeyambiddwa buteerevu; kuba nsonga ya mugaso mu ku ku bikwata ku byafaayo byayo, okusiima ebigobeetaanyezebwa mu kiseera kyaffe, era n'okugoberera okugobera omusingi, tussa ekitiibwa mu ku mateeka agagobeeyeeya ab'okugo.

[[AGUMENTI:0] Weyongereko okusoma [ Kitongole eky'eggwanga eky'okunoonyereza ku mukutu ogw'okutaano [FLT]],[,[[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FOLT]] [FOLT]] [[12][12][FLT]][FLT][14:][FLK], ne KKOMENTI][12][12][12]