Ennyanjula: Akabonero ak’Emirembe n’Obufuzi

Endagaano ennungi ey'okutaano, emanyiddwa nga Adrect mu Belfast, yasaanibwa nga 10 Application era eyimiridde ku kimu ku bintu ebikulu ebikolebwa mu kusalawo kw'obukuubagano okwakolebwa mu kiseera kino. Yavaawo okulwanagana okw'obuwagguzi okw'emirundi esatu okwatta abantu 3,500 era n'eleka empiso ez'amaanyi mu byobufuzi. Endagaano eyo yateekawo enteekateeka y'emirembe egy'amaanyi mu Northern Ireland eyeesigamiziddwa ku buyinza bw'omugga, okukolagana wakati w'embaga z'obuwanjufu, n'obutebenkenkevu, era n'ensonga enkulu ezitakkirizibwa abantu gye baatwala emyaka nga 20. Ebiri emabega, yeeyongera okuzzaawo ebiwayinja byombi ebiyamba okutereezebwa n'okuteekawo ekifo eky'obutebenkenkevu.

Enfaananyi y'empapula n'Endabika y'empapula

Ensibuko y’Ebizibu

Mu 1921, mu Northern Ireland waatandikibwawo gavumenti y'Amerika mu 1921, era ne wateekebwawo gavumenti y'ekirabo mu Ireland, ekisenge kino ne kifuuka ekitundu ky'Abaprotestanti ekiri mu bukiika kkono obw'ebukiika kkono n'ebitundu by'obukiikaddyo bw'eggwanga lya Katolika mu bukiikaddyo. Okuva bwe kyatandikibwawo, mu ggwanga lya Northern Ireland ow'omu Mambuka gaayo mwalimu okusososolwa ku Bakatuliki abatono abaali mu mayumba, emirimu, n'obutujju bw'ebya bufuzi bwa gavumenti. Amawanga ga gavumenti ga bannaakubirizibwa okulwanirira eb'enkanfunja, obuwaze, obuwagizigi, obuwagizi bwa Bungereza, obuwagizigi n'owaanyi obwava mu magye gaafunja amatwalo, era n'okutumbula emirembe egiva mu mateeka.

Ekkubo Erituusa mu Kutwalibwa ng’Abalala

Mu 1990, embalirira y'entalo ezo zaafuuka tezisobola kumanyibwa. Emboozi ez'ekyama wakati wa gavumenti ya Bungereza ne IRA, awamu n'obukulembeze bw'ekibiina kya Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) omukulembeze John Hume ne Sin Féin Gerry Adams, zaategeka engeri y'okulekamu omuliro mu 1994. Kyokka, enkola ey'emirembe egyasigalawo olw'okuleka okufulumya ebyokulwanyisa byamu. Obukulembeze bwa gavumenti ya Tony Blair mu 1997, eyasooka okukuba emboozi ezifunvumbudde. Ekireetera okuteesa kwa Uganda okutuula wakati w'emirembe ne Sundator Mitchell, yazingiramu n'ebibiina byonna okuggyako DDEmocratic Union (DUP), ebyava mu ngeri ereeteetaanyezebwako. Ganyuk'okunaana mu Ireland mu 1999, yagamba nti: [194] mu Northern Ireland ne mu Northern Ireland, ebigwanjanjanja mu Northern Ireland, ebisukka mu 1999, obungi.

Endagaano Enkulu

Ekiwandiiko ekiyitibwa Good Frive Auvement kye ky'olubala olw'okutaano olw'enkola y'obufuzi, nga kitegekeddwa okugonjoola okuvuganya kw'ebiruubirirwa by'abantu ababiri ab'omu magye. Emisingi gyaakyo gizingiramu okukkiriza (omusingi ogugamba nti etteeka lya Northern Ireland lisobola okukyuka singa abantu baalyo bakkiriziganya), amaanyi n'obusobozi bw'abantu, n'obusobozi bw'entegeka.

Sterand 1: Democratic Institutions mu Northern Ireland

Kansano eno yatongoza olukuŋŋaana olunene olw'omu Northern Ireland era n'obw'obwannakyemalira. Olukuŋŋaana luno lulondebwa nga lugoberera enkola eya bulijjo (okusobola okukiikirira mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya) okukakasa nti ekiwandikiro kikolera ku buyinza. Ow'ekitongole akola ku mukulembeze w'obuyinza, era omumyuka w'Omukulembeze eyasooka akiikirira 60% mu butongole obusinga obusinga obugatta awamu n'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga, era nga n'eky'eky'obuweereza kiziyiza ekibiina kyonna ekyabibwa okusinziira ku nkola ya d’Hondt system . Ebisalibwawo eby'okusala eby'okusala ku by'okuva ku mulembe biwandikiro oba ebiwera 60%, nga biri wakati w'abantu 40% okuva ku buli kitundu. obuvunaanyizibwa buno era buziyiza ekibiina kyonna okufuga enkola y'eggwanga okusobozesa okuzzaawo abantu mu ggwanga.

Strand 2: Olukiiko lw’Abaweereza mu bukiika kkono oba mu bukiikaddyo bwa South South Africa

Okusobola okukolagana obulungi wakati wa Northern Ireland ne Republic of Ireland, Augnetic Council yatandikawo Olukiiko lw'obubenje. Akakiiko kano kagatta wamu abaweereza okuva mu masaza gano gano gasobole okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku bintu ebisikiriza, gamba ng'obulimi, eby'okutambula, n'obubenje. Kalina obuwagizi bwa mirundi mukaaga, nga mwe muli Waterways Ireland ne Food Secuty Protection Board. Olukiiko olwo lukola nga lwalina ky'otaddewo olukujjuzi olulina okukkati, era nga n'ensalazeeko zaaweefube zisaanidde okukulira olukuŋŋaana lw'ensi za Northern Ireland ne Palamenti ya Ireland. Omukutu guno gwali mu kugati waawe waafu mu Ireland, nga wabaawo akakwatenamba w'obutebenkenkenyi enjawulo mu kiseera nga n'obutebe bw'ebyewagiragira ddala.

Strand 3: Istitutions

Olukiiko lwa Bungereza n'olw'ebukiika kkono era n'olw'ebuvanjuba, olutuula ku Bizinga ebya Bungereza bikiikirira omukolo ogw'okusatu. Olukiiko lwa Bungereza n'olw'e Irish luzingiramu ababaka okuva mu magavumenti ga UK ne Ireland, abafuzi ba Scotland, Wales, ne Northern Ireland, awamu ne Isitaliyamu n'Ebitundu bya Irilande. Zisobozesa abantu okukolagana mu bitundu eby'enjawulo.

Eddembe ly’Abantu, Okwenkanankana, n’Okuwaŋŋana Ekitiibwa

Nga bayita ku miyondo esatu egyo, endagaano eyo yalimu okussaawo essomero erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu n'empalana ez'okwawulagana. Yaviirako okutandikawo akakiiko ka gavumenti k'Abapoliisi akayitibwa Northern Ireland Rights Rights Commission era n'okuteekawo endagaano ey'okukyusa eddembe ly'abantu. Endagaano era yakkiriza okufulumya abawaatwa baago ab'omu Royal Ulster Contabulary, ekyabanga kyetaagisa ennyo okugula ebika bya gavumenti eby'omu Northern Ireland (PSNI), n'okutandikawo kw'abapoliisi y'ebyokulwanyisa ebika bya gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kyali kyetaagisa okusoolesa obuteetwawo.

Emiganyulo mu Bufuzi n’Emirembe

Okukendeeza ku Butawaana mu by’obufuzi

Ekintu ekyasinga okuvaamu amangu mu ndagaano ya Good Frive Auvement kyali kukendeera kwa maanyi mu by'obufuzi. Omuwendo gw'abantu abafa olw'entalo ezibalukawo gwava ku 100 buli mwaka mu matandika ga 1990 okutuuka ku zero wakati wa 2000. Amaanyi n'obutebeevu gafuga okuva mu 1999 okutuuka mu 2002, ate era okuva mu 2007 n'okweyongerayongerezawo, ekyaviirako abalabe okuleetawo obutebenkevu mu by'obufuzi obutamanyiddwa mu myaka egyayita. Obusobozi bw'abalabe okutuula mu gavumenti y'emu bwali kabonero ak'amaanyi ak'okutabagana.

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Enfuna ne mu Bulamu

Emirembe egyali gizzeewo kweyawulawo. Okuteekawo ekitongole eky'emirembe mu nsi endala kyakulaakulanyizibwa, baakyayinjawo, era ne kampuni ez'okuzimba zakulaakulanyizibwa. Ekifo ky'ekibuga Belfast ne kiddamu okukolebwa, era n'ebiruubirirwa eby'okuddukanya emmeeri nga Titanic Quarter kino kyamanyibwawo ekipya. Mu ngeri eyo, amayumba agatali ga n'amadiini ag'enjawulo awamu n'amasomero agangi gaamanyibwa nnyo, wadde nga wabaddewo wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo. Ekiragiro kyagooleka okusosolagana kw'obwenkanya okw'obwenkanya wakati w'obusosoze era n'okussa ekitiibwa ekyakolebwa mu British ne Irishtariyo, byanywezebwa mu bulamu.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bwa Bulaaya

EU yakola omulimu ogw'amaanyi ogw'okuwagira enteekateeka z'obusobozi bwa 'PECE' [ Programmes ezaasabibwa okusobola okugula olukusa olw'okusalamu wakati w'ensalo ezisangibwa mu misando. EU'ebitundu bya 'UK' ne Ireland era byayamba nnyo mu bukiika obwa STATED oba South, obuwandikidwa obuwandikidwa Strand 2. Evence Aunt'okuteeka obwesige mu mikutu gya EUNIV ku by'obusuubuzi n'okuseetuuti z'abantu, byafuuka nga bwe buzibu okusobola okufiirwa obutundutundubwa okuva 2016 exterenterum.

Ebizibu Ebigenda Biddawo

Obutasobola Kukyusa mu by’obufuzi n’Okukendeeza ku Buzibu

Wadde nga wabaddewo ebiruubirirwa bya maanyi, ebibiina eby'okulabirira amanya byawalibwa enfunda n'enfunda. Okugoba okw'amaanyi okwasooka kwaliwo mu 2002 olw'okuvunaana IRA - lukalala olw'okugatta awamu amagezi ku lukuŋŋaana. Gaaddamu okuzimbibwa mu 2007 nga bagoberera ekiwandiiko kya St Andrews Acces Recordition ekyase Creation ekyaseetaagisa Sinn Féin okukkiriza enkola empya ez'obupoliisi. Gye buvuddeko awo, gavumenti yagwa okuva mu 202020 okutuuka ku kyeyayusiza mu nsonga ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku by'ewayinjawa ne ku n'empaka ez'olulimi olw'omu Ireland. Enkyukakyuka zino zajjawo mu 20222 olw'okuwakanya obwa bulijjo olw'okuziyiza obutuufu bw'olulimi. Era, enjjijirikiti ezo zaafu mu Northern Ireland .

Brexit n’Etteeka ery’Okusalawo Ennyo mu Bukiika Kkono bwa Ireland

Ekiragiro UK gye kyava mu Buvanjuba bwa Buvanjuba bwa Buvanjuba kyaleetawo obuzibu obw'amaanyi mu Kibiina kya Euro, olw'okuva ku Kusooka. . Ekiragiro ekyo kyatandikawo endagaano mu Northern Ireland , nga kye kimu ku ndagaano y'ekibiina kya UK-EU errowrow Actal Convenctive Convenctive Convention, era ne kiziyiza okutandikawo kwa Ireland mu katale k'ebitundu bya EU, okusobola okwewala ensalo ez'ekizinga. Kino kyaleetawo ensalo z'obusuubuzi mu Irland, ebyaviirako obutunzingawa z'obutunzi obwaggula ekifo mu UK. Ekiragiro ekigo ekiddirira [FLT:WD2] Fumenti y'okkakkakka wansi mu kifo eky'obusuubuzi ne mu kifo eky'okukyusizamu okuggyawo obukyaka.

Ebyava mu Biseera eby’Edda n’Ekyawukana

Mu ndagaano eyo mwasuubiza nti wajja kubaawo okunoonyereza n'okuwagira abo abaali bagwiriddwa. Kyokka, wabaddewo okukulaakulana kutonotono era nga kwa maanyi mu by'obufuzi. Ab'omu maka mangi bawulira nti omusibe eyasooka alese okusibibwa era n'okuggibwawo kwa magye okusala omusango. Okukaabira nti endagaano y'ekibiina kya UK’Eddefact (2023), ewa enteekateeka ez'okugobererwa okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebisinga obungi ebizingirwa mu by'amakomera. Ekiragiro kyago kiyamba abo ababa bawambye ne bakolagana ne kampuni empya eza Consolation and Information Reseaseum (2023), nga bakyawandiikiddwawo gavumenti y'endwadde mu ggwanga.

Okulwana Ennyo n’Obumenyi bw’Eby’Omwoyo

Wadde nga waguddewo ejawukana, ebibiina by'abaryerosoodookisi ebirwanirira eddembe ly'obufuzi (nga mu ngeri ennyangu, New IRA) n'ebibiina ebimu eby'asigwa byeyongera okwenyigira mu bikolwa eby'ettemu, okutunda amalagala n'okutiisatiisa. Ebibiina bino bigaana olukalala olulungi olw'oku Lwokubiri era binoonya okuggyawo ebitongole by'eby'obufuzi. Wadde nga ettemu likendedde butono bw'oligeraageranyiziddwa ku Bizibu, kibanga kizibu kya maanyi eritabangula emirembe mu bantu era n'okukkirizibwa mu nteekateeka y'emirembe.

Essuubi ery’Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso

Okutuukanya Endagaano n’Ebirowoozo Ebippya

Okubala abantu okwakolebwa ku Lwokubiri kwakolebwa nga kusobola okusaanizibwa wakati w'obugattika. Enkyukakyuka ez'ebiseera eby'omu maaso ziyinza okuba nga zeetaagisa okusobola okugonjoola enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka z'abantu era ne mu by'obufuzi. Ekiwandiike ekya 20211 kyalaga nti Abakatuliki (45.7%) kati basukka omuwendo gw'abantu Abaprotestanti (43.5%) mu kiseera ekisooka, babuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku butebenkevu bw'omulembe guno gugenda gusengeka era n'okunoonyereza ku n'ensalo.

Okuzza Amaanyi Agaddawo n'Okuyamba Amawanga Amagatte

Okusobola okukakasa nti enzijijijinga tezikoma, abakulembeze b'eby'obufuzi balina okukoma ku ntegeka za Northern Ireland era ne bagonjoolera ddala ebiviirako obutabanguko. Kino kizingiramu okutuukiriza obweyamo obw'enkukunala obw'olulimi olwo nga mu kakwate aka Ireland ak'omu Nsipeyini, akaaw'enkola eya New Expix 2020, n'aka Lwirill of Rights for Northern Ireland. Ebibiina by'abantu eby'omulembedde mu nkola y'emirembe, byeyongera okukomyawo n'okuteesa okutabagana.

Engeri Abakozi gye Baakolanga Ennyo

Gavumenti za Bungereza ne Irlands, ziteekwa okuba nga zikyawagira obukiiko obwo. United States era zikola kinene nnyo mu kuwagira entegeka za gavumenti zino. Olwo n'obuyambi bwa gavumenti za US Special Envoys, zirina okuba nga zeeyongera okuwanirira ebizibu. EU yeeyongedde okuwagira eby'ensi okuyitira mu nteekateeka ya PUS (US,1,obuwumbi buwumbi 201 - 2027) okusobola okuzimba emirembe. Enkyukakyuka zonna ez'omu biseera eby'omu maaso mu Breti ziteekwa okussa ekitiibwa mu projective Good Agreement “mu byonna bye zibaamu. ” — Ekyetaagisa ebikolebwa mu UK-U Tracreance ne Auntment.

Emirembe n’Okutabagana eby’Ekiseera Ekiwanvu

Mu nkomerero, okutuuka ku buwanguzi kw'ekibiina ekikola ku mitwe nga Good Frint Agreement, tekijja kusinziira ku butaba na bikolwa bya bukambwe kyokka, naye era n'okukolebwa kw'abantu abangi. Kino kyetaagisa enkyukakyuka ez'eby'enjigiriza okusobola okugonjoola enjawukana mu mawanga, okutunda obutegoosoosa eby'enfuna mu bifo ebyamala edda, n'okwogera mu bwesimbu ku bintu ebyayita. Endagaano eno esobozesa ebiwandiiko eby'okuzimba ebyo okukolebwa, naye era ekwetaagisa okweyongera mu by'obufuzi era n'okweyamattulira ekigenda mu maaso. Nga mu Northern Ireland esemberera ekifo eky'emirembe, endagaano eyo esigala nga ye nsonga enkulu era nga tennagiko.

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