Omusingi: Endowooza Entuufu Ekwata ku Kizimbe kya Kkooti y’Amerika

Kkooti za Amerika zikola ekisinziirwako okutereeza amateeka era zikakasa nti amateeka gagoogerwa mu ngeri esaanira. Enkola yaago ey'emirundi ebiri.[1] Enkola ya kooti ezo zombi ezisinga obunene n'ez'eby'eggwanga, ziyinza okulabika ng'enkalubinda ez'amaanyi nga zitunuulidde mu ngeri ya kungulu, naye entegeka yaazo nkulu nnyo eri abayizi, abakugu mu by'amateeka, n'abantu abeegatta amateeka mu nsonga ze zifaanagana. Obulagirizi obwo busobozesa abalamuzi okukebera obutereevu, obuwanvu bw'empandikaazo, n'emirimu egikolebwa abalamuzi, ate n'okulaga engeri emisango gye gitambulamu okuyitira mu bivi bya kkooti z'emisango.

Kkooti y’omu Dual System: Federal v.

Ekiragiro kino kikolera wansi wa nkola y'obufuzi bwa gavumenti ez'emirundi ebiri, nga kitegeeza nti gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti emu era ne gavumenti za gavumenti za buli emu zirina enteekateeka ezaazo ez'enjawulo. Enteekateeka eno, ezisibuka mu kkooti ez'omu United States, zikkiriza okussaawo amateeka ag'enjawulo. Kkooti ezikola ku nsonga ezizingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti, enjawukana mu mateeka, n'eb'obuzibu mu mateeka ga gavumenti, era n'ensonga ezisinga obungi zisobola okugobererwa mu kkooti z'amateeka.

Office Administrative of the Courts kiraga mu bujjuvu engeri ejulizi ez'omu Amerika gye zitegekebwamu, so nga buli ggwanga likuuma enkola yalyo ku lukiiko olumu olumu, naye nga ligoberera enkola y'ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo.

Kooti Ezikola ku Bunene: System eriri mu Buwampuku Essatu

Kkooti za disitulikiti ez'ebitundu bisatu: [[FULT:0]U. [omukitundu ky'ensonga], U.S.. Kkooti ez'okwasa obukwasiro[ [NAMBA], ne U.S.S. Courts[ Kino kitegeeza 'bubonero obuwanvu' obwa bulijjo). Buli lukalala lulaga obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo era bulimu ku nsonga nga zeyongera ne k'omuko.

Kkooti za Disitulikiti ez’omu Amerika

Waliwo ebibinja 94 ebisala emisango, nga buli kimu kiriko kkooti za disiturikiti mu Amerika we kitandikira. Kkooti za disiturikiti zirina obuyinza ku nsonga z'abantu ne z'abamenyi b'amateeka ezijjawo wansi w'amateeka. Ebiwandiiko nga birimu okumenya amateeka oba amateeka. biyinza okuzingiramu okumenya amateeka aga gavumenti, eddembe erya ssemateeka mu mateeka oba obufuzi (abatuuze b'amawanga agasukka mu doola z'Amerika5,000). emisango gy'avunaanibwa wansi w'amateeka [ gizingiramu okusiba omusango ogw'okutunda amalagalalagalagi, obubbi oba obukujjukujjuzi. Okusala emisango kuyinza okuyisibwa mu maaso g'omulamuzi (kuuziganya). Buli lukiiko lw'olupapula lw'olukiiko lwosenyinyi.

Kkooti ez’Ebyasawo mu Amerika

Singa akakiiko k'enfunda kafiirwa mu kkooti ya disitulikiti, kayinza okujulira mu kimu ku b'enkiiko 13 ez'Amerika mu bujulizi. Ekkumi n'ebibiri ku ezo ziba zifo z'ebitundu (umg., olusooka Ekitundu kiyamba mu New England, entambula etuula mu bitundu by'ebugwanjuba, era kimu ku ebyo [[FL:]U].S. Kkooti ey'Akasaawa eri mu ttabikkiro lya Federal[[FL:], erifuga ensonga ezeenyitookebwa mu mateeka aga waggulu n'obusuubuzi obw'ensi yonna. [FF], enjulirwamu n'obujulizi obupya][3], mu kifo ky'okuwuliriza obujulirwamu. [F][5][3]

Kkooti Enkulu ey’omu Amerika

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika, erimu emisango mwenda egy'okufuga, era nga gikola kkooti enkulu mu ggwanga. Omulimu gwayo omukulu kwe kunnyonnyola tteeka erya ssemateeka era n'okukakasa nti etteeka lya gavumenti lirina okubeera mu ntegeka yalyo. Kkooti eririna enfuga wakati w'ebimenyesa ebitonotono (g., enkaayana wakati w'amasaza) naye okukalambira okuyisa obulagibwa mu mateeka[]. Etteeka erisinga obungi lijja ku Kkooti nga liyitira mu lukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro ebisinga obungi , nga enkola ey'okukiikibwamu ku buli mwaka, Kkootimenti ewulira nga 100. Kkootiriyo eyinza okusazesebwawo n'ennyiriri n'okukko. Kkootina, enkooti z'enkola enkomere ez'enna ez'eggwanga zonna ez'omu nsi terimu zitegekebwa. Kko . Kkolukusa okukko Kko

Okumanya ebisingawo, genda ku mukutu U.

Kooti z’Ettaka: Embalaasi ez’Omulamuzi w’Amerika

Kkooti z'ensi zikola ku misango gy'ensi mu Amerika gino mingi okusinga 90%. Wadde nga buli ggwanga lirina engeri yaalyo ez'enjawulo, abasinga obungi bagoberera enkola y'emu ey'emirundi esatu.

Kkooti Ezisalira Abantu Omusango

Kkooti z'ensiri zikozesa amannya mangi: Kkooti enkulu, kkooti enzijjuvu, oba kkooti ya disiturikiti, okusinziira ku mateeka. Ziyinza okuwulira omusango gwonna ogutali gwa kkooti endala. Kkooti zino zisobola okusala emisango egy'enjawulo. Buli nsonga zikwata ku nsonga zonna okuva ku kkooti ezikola ekibi ku muntu oba okuwakana ku nsonga z'ekikulaakulaakulanwa, okugoba abaana mu nkwata y'emisango. Ebitongole bingi birinako ekkomo eriko ensonga: [[FLT:] olukiiko olukulu olukulu olukwata ku nsonga [[FLD] [FLT] [5], ne ku] kkooti ezisinga obungi zisobola okukongobera olukiiko olumu [FLT:], era n'ensonga [5].[5]

Kooti Ezisalirako Omusango

Eggwanga lisinga obungi lirina kkooti ezitwala obutereevu ebyo bye zisalawo okuva mu kkooti eziwozesebwa. Kkooti zino zitera okuyitibwa kkooti ez'oku Appellate Divisions era zikola kye kimu ne ku kkooti z'apikiriza. Zikola kye kimu ne ku kkooti z'eggwanga era zikakasa nti tezigenda kukyuka mu kkooti zonna. Mu bitundu ebitono nga tewali kkooti ejuliramu, alipoota zisaba butereevu okugenda mu kkooti ya gavumenti esingayo obukulu.

Kkooti Enkulu mu Gavumenti

Kkooti y'eggwanga esingayo obukulu(kasati) y'eyitibwa Kkooti ey'oku ntikko). Emirundi egimu Kkooti y'oku Apidoosa (umgeero, New York) oba kkooti ey'Abalamuzi esinga obukulu (umg., Massachusetts) ye erina ekigambo ekisembayo ku nsonga z'amateeka ga gavumenti n'ennyinnyonnyola n'amateeka. Ebisalibwa kkooti y'eggwanga eteekeddwa ku kkooti enkulu mu ssemasaza. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyokka kikakasa nti kkooti z'amateeka zigenda kutwala U.S. S. Kkooti enkulu, naye singa omusango ogwo guwawawawawaanyisa olul.[FLD:]] olukulu olukwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku Kkomero, oba ku mateeka.

Obulwadde Obu buli Muka n’Engeri Gye Butambulamu

Okutegeera ebibinja by'emisango kituyamba okutegeera kkooti y'ekozesa obuyinza n'amateeka agakwata ku nsonga.

Milans Azza Obubonero mu Kibiina

Obuzibu buzingiramu okuyomba wakati w'abantu aba bulijjo, n'abantu aba bulijjo nga jjuuziganya ebiwayinjawanya. N'olwekyo, omukungu anoonya eddagala ng'essente oba ekkomera. Obubonero obutera okukolebwa buzingiramu okumenya endagaano, okulumizibwa ku muntu, okuyomba, n'okusosoomoozebwa ku mirimu. Obubonero obulaga nti omuntu ateekeddwawo okukola oba okusalirwa omusango busobola okusalirwa omusango.

Emisango gy’Abamenyi b’Amateeka

Emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka gireetebwa gavumenti (gavumenti oba gavumenti) ku muntu avunaanibwa okumenya etteeka. Gavumenti eteekwa okulaga nti evunaanibwa nga teriba kubuusabuusa kwa maanyi, omutindo omunene mu mateeka ga Amerika. Emisango giyinza okusalibwawo ssente, okusalirwa omusango oba okusibibwa mu kkomera. Obumenyi bw'amateeka bulagibwa nga amateeka (g. g., okutunda enjaga z'amalagalala, obukujjuzi ku mikutu gya kompyuta), ate ne gavumenti ne gibikkawo emisango ng'obutemu, obubbi, obubembe, n'obulumbaga. Abakunguzi bakkirizibwa okuwozesemba omusango ogw'amaanyi.

Milandu Egikwata ku Bufuzi

Ekiragiro eky'obuyinza kizingiramu enkaayana ezikolebwa n'ebitongole bya gavumenti. Emirundi egisinga obusongasonga butandika mu nkola y'ekitongole ereetebwawo (um'okugeza, okuwulira mu maaso g'omulamuzi w'amateeka afuga) nga tannajulirwa mu kkooti III. Amateeka gazingiramu okusabibwa kw'obulema bw'ekibiina, okuddukanya emirimu n'okusoomooza ku mateeka agafuga enneyisa ya gavumenti. Ebyo ebisalibwa adminisita bye bitera okusaasaanyizibwa nga bagoberera emitindo egya bulijjo nga "arbitrory and religionssion."

Misango gya pulinsika

Obubonero mu mateeka buleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kutongozebwa kw'amateeka oba ebikolwa bya gavumenti wansi wa ssemateeka wa Amerika oba tteeka lya ssemateeka. Ebyokulabirako ebiragibwa nga pulogulamu birimu Brown v. Akakiiko k'Essomero (ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga z'amateeka) era Rade v. [[FLT][FLT]]][OLT]]] [O] Ddyokwakwakko]. [O] [O] [O] [O] tteeka] [O] [O] [O] luyinza okusibukako] okusinziira ku bye byogerako. Kkooti enkuluze kya U. Kko kiko olukulu kye kikomerera okuwa emboozi ku nsonga z'amateeka ez'omu mateeka, ne nga tezimenya mitindo gya gavumenti.

Engeri Abalamuzi gye Baakolamu Ebibi

Okusobola okukola obulungi mu nkola ya kkooti, kisinziira ku ngeri abalamuzi gye bakolera awamu.

Abalamuzi

Abalamuzi tebabaako ludda lwe bawagira mu kuddukanya emisango mu kkooti, okusala emisango ku mitendera, okulagirira emisango, era n'okukakasa nti emisango gikwatibwa mu ngeri yennyini. Omulamuzi era y'asalawo ekibonerezo. Abalamuzi abalamuzi abatuula ku ttabi balondebwa Prezidenti era baweebwa ebiwandiiko eby'okukwata ku nkola y'amateeka.

Juries

Enteekateeka y'abalamuzi ekkiriza abatuuze okwenyigira butereevu mu kuddukanya emisango.

  • [[NKULA]] Ekiragiro obuvunaanyizibwa mu lukiiko olukola ku nsonga [[FULT:1] buwulira obujulizi mu kkooti z'abalamuzi n'ezo abamenyi b'amateeka ne basala emisango. Mu misango egya bulijjo, ekibonerezo kirina kusalibwa mu misango gyonna. Mu nsonga za gavumenti, obusosoze bwetaagisa abantu okuggyako nga bakkiriziganyizza ku nsonga endala.
  • [[NKULU:0] Olufulube lw'embuzi lukozesebwa mu busonga obwa bulijjo n'obumu ku nsonga eza gavumenti okukakasa obanga waliwo ensonga kw'otadde okulumiriza omuntu. Ekiragiro bwe kisanga obujulizi obw'amaanyi, basala omusango.

Ekiwandiiko eky'omukaaga ekiweebwe ku misango kyoleka nti omuntu alina okuwozesebwa mu kkooti, era Ekitongole eky’Emisango eky'Esemba mu kiseera ekyo kikuuma omusango ogwo nga guzingiramu doola z'abantu ezisukka mu 20.

Kkooti n’Ebiwandiiko eby’Enjawulo

Ng’oggyeko obulambo obukulu, kooti za Amerika zirimu n’emisango egikola ku nsonga ezitali zimu.

Kkooti ez’Enjawulo

  • [[NKULA].. Ekiragiro kino kifuga enkola ya kkooti za disitulikiti nga kigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti. Abalamuzi abaakwasibwa ebiwandiiko bya banka ezimala emyaka 14.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Kkooti y'omusolo ey'omu Amerika:[[AK'AKATANDIKWA] Kkooti eriwuliriza empaka wakati w'abasolooza n'Essomero eriwansibwa mu nzirukanya. Abawaabi bawa obusente ne walala wonna we bukoma.
  • [[AKYONGERA] Kkooti ey'Akabonero mu Amereka ey'okukika: Wulira ebigambo ebijulizibwa mu nkalala ez'enjawulo, akabonero akalaga obutuufu bw'obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna, n'ebyo ebirembebwa gavumenti.
  • [[AKMENTI]] Ebyo kkooti ya Amereka ey'eraga nti erina okuyisa ekiragiro nga:[[FULT:1] biwulira ssente eziwaanibwa gavumenti ya Amerika, gamba ng'enkakaalo oba okugattika ebisalibwa wansi w'Emitemereerero Esooka.
  • [[AKM:0] Kkooti ey'Akakiiko aka Armeds ejulira:[[FOM:1] kkooti esingayo obuwanvu eri ku bannabyabufuzi, era nga yeeyambisa obujulizi obuba bukkiriziddwa mu kkooti.

Kkooti Ezaawulwa mu Ngeri ey’Enjawulo

Eggwanga litaddewo kkooti ezikola ku nsonga ezitali zimu ezisobola okugonjoola obulungi ensonga, nga zissa essira ku by'ejjanjabi. Ebyokulabirako bizingiramu kkooti z'eby'ekika (eri abo abakozesa ebiragalalagala mu kifo eky'okusibibwa), [[FLT:] , , [[FLT:]] empagi ezikyasinzeeyo enkola ey'okwewala amalagalala[[[[:5]]], ne Kino kisobozesa ekiwandiiko eby'omulembekwa ky'obujjanjabi okuyingiza abalamuzi, abakunguzi, n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu kifo eky'okukkulemberezaamu n'okuzzaamu ensonga. [FLT:]

Engeri Omugogo gw’Abafumbo gye Gutambulamu: Ekyokulabirako Ekiraga nti Tekyangu Kukola

Lowooza ku musango oguteeberezebwa: Omuntu akwatibwa FBI olw'okubba. Omusango gutandika mu kkooti ya disiturikiti ey'Amerika, awasalirwa omusango, ne bateekawo ssente eziba ziteekeddwawo, era ne bateekawo enkola. Singa omusango gusalibwa era n'omuwawaayiriza, oyo avunaanibwa ayinza okujulirwa mu kkooti y'omu U.S. era n'ajulira mu kkooti y'esaza gye gutuula. Singa akakiiko akookolo kaddamu ensonga z'amateeka, akajjuulibwa obujulizi. Singa omusango ogwo gukkirizibwa, omusango ogwo guyinza okusalirwa mu kkooti y'ensi yonna ey'eggwanga eyinza okusaasaasaasa omusango. Singa kkooti y'ensikaasalwa (mukosebwa mu nsonga ezisinga obungi), akajulirwa.

Okumanya ebisingawo ebikwata ku ndagiriro ezigoberera enkola y'ekiwandiike, laba [[NKUMBO] [-ENKUMBO] Ekiwayirako ku ngeri gye kikwatamu ensonga [[O]]

Obukulu bw’Okufuna Obusobozi Obusinga Obulungi

Ekiragiro kino kiteekateeka enkola ya kkooti za Amereka okuleetawo obwenkanya, obujjulukufu, n'okwefuga. Ekitundu III ekya ssemateeka kiwa abalamuzi obuyinza okubasasula ebisaze. Ekiragiro era kibakuuma ne batabonerezebwa olw'okusasula ebisaze ebiba bisaliddwawo. Ekiragiro era kikuuma enkola z'amateeka gamba nga ebitongole eby'okusala emisango n'okulondamu ebiragiddwa mu nkola y'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti amateeka gagendera ku matabi amalala agafuga enfuga amateeka era nti n'ebiragiro bya bannaago tebyawula mateeka ku mateeka. Agumenti y'empandika amateeka nga buttory v. Madikol era kikakasa omusingi ogw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka okunnyonnyola amateeka.

Abasomesa n'abayizi baagala okufuna okutegeera okw'esingawo, project era ewa abasomesa obukaseti n'obufunze ku misango gy'omu kkooti enkulu, ng'ate [[OLW'OMUKITO:2] U].S. ebiteeso by'eby'ettaka [ biwa ebiwandiiko n'eby'okukozesa nga bikozesa enzigi.

Olugero: Enkola ey’Obwenkanya

Kkooti za Amerika nga zigoberera enkola ya kkooti z'amateeka ez'omu Amerika, enfugesa za demokulase ssatu, era ne kkooti empanvu ennyo, kikwata kya nkola ya demokulase. Okutegeera engeri gye zikolamu . Okuva ku kkooti ey'okuwozesebwa okutuuka ku lukiiko olukulu olw'empandika mu mateeka /empewo y'abantu okusobola okukebera ebibakwatako, okusiima enzivuunula ez'ekiragiro, era n'okwenyigira mu nkola eya demokulase. Wadde nga tewaali sistemu n'empala eyoleka obutuufu, enkola ey'okufuuka obweyamo ate n'obukuumi bw'amateeka. K'okasaze bw'obanga weetaazesemba okunoonyereza mu mateeka, oba okutunuulira obukoboogera obutuufu mu nkola y'enkola y'enkola eno, okutegeera obugo. musingi gwe gulina okuba nga gulina okubeera omusingi omunywevu.