Etandika: Okwolesebwa Okubiri okw’Obwenkanya

Enteekateeka ya Amerika ey'okusala emisango egoberera enkola y'ensonga enkulu: obwetaavu obw'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu oba obwetaavu obw'okukuuma emirembe. Obukyayi buno, butera okukolebwa ng'okukaanya wakati wa enkola ey'omulembe guno [ era n'okufuga [], kukyusa ebiba bitegekebwa mu nkola ya gavumenti, ku buli kipimo kya polisi okusiibya poliisi okutongoza. Omuyigiriza w'amateeka Herbert Packer yannyonnyola ebifaananyi bino ebibiri mu mitendera gya 1960, era bisigala nga bikyawaanvuwanira ku nsonga ezikwata ku mu nsonga ez'amateeka ez'enkola. Okutegeera endowooza zombi nkulu erina ku basomesa, abanyabiina, n'oyo afaayo ku nkola ey'okunoonyereza ku nkola ennungi. Ekitundu kino kiyamba okuzuula mu ku ku ku ku nsonga eyo, ebibalukalukabiina ebituufu.

Okutegeera Engeri Ebintu Gye Biyinza Okukolebwamu: Omusingi gw’Obutuukirivu

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kumalako muntu bulamu, ddembe oba ekintu nga tewali ngeri ya bwenkanya. Kikakasa nti abo abavunaanibwa omusango gw'obumenyi bw'amateeka bassibwamu ekitiibwa era nti obuyinza bw'eggwanga bukeberebwa na mateeka.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Eby’Essatu

Endowooza ey'okutuukiriza omulimu ogutali gwa mulembe egoberera ebigambo ebya Magna Carta eya 1215, eyagamba nti tewali muntu wa ddembe ayinza kubonerezebwa okuggyako nga "kwe kusalira banne omusango oba amateeka g'ensi." Omusingi guno gwatandika mu nteekateeka ey'okutaano okusumulula ebiwandiikizo mu U.S.. Ekiragiro kino kyatandika okunnyonnyola enkola y'obufuzi ey'okutaano mu mwaka gwa 1791: "Tewali muntu... ajja kufiirwa obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga tabitongozeddwamu, nga tasoose ku mateeka." Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olwo, Amereka ag'omunda ow'omunda (GGGG.) yatongoddewo ku buli ggwanga okusobola okugattulula ebigenda mu ngeri eyo yombi [[FLT:] era ne [FLT][FFFFFUT][3] obukuumibwa.[3]

Engeri Etuuka ku Bujjuvu: Ddoboozi Eririwo

Ebiremya omulimu ogukolebwa guleetera gavumenti okugoberera enkola nga bukyali nga tennazza busobozi bwa muntu. Obubonero obusookedwako buzingiramu:

  • '[[:0] Notice[[NKUMBO] ku nsonga eziba zikoleddwa oba ebikoleddwa.[FOLT:1]
  • [[Act:0] Mukisa okuwulirwa[[AKIZIMBI:1] mu kiseera eky'amakulu era mu ngeri ey'amakulu.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Kasobozese okulonda mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya[[KITAKO] [[AK'AKIKKIRIZIB'OKU] (era akawayiro oba akakiiko akalamuzi).
  • [[Act:0] Obubonero obwandiweereddwa okuwa obujulizi[[Act:1] era n'okuyita abajulirwa.
  • [[Act:0] Obungi bw'obujulizi obw'akaddanyuma tebukkirizibwa ku nkola eya antimine[[KITANDIKA]
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Obusika obw'okugoberebwa [[[AK'AWULA:1] (nga bwe bwe bwe bwe bukkirizibwa mu [[KITONGO:2]] Gideon v. Wainwright[[[[KATANDIKA]]], 1963]).

Akabonero akaagibwa ku kkooti enkulu kakyusa eddembe ly'abalamuzi ab'oku kika kya procedro. Marinda v'awu n'ebirala (1966), kookolo kaalagira nti poliisi eririna okumanyisa abaana eddembe lyabwe ery'okusirika n'okubeera ne munnamateeka abeere nga babuzi ba ddembe ery'okubuuza ebibuuzo. mu Gault [1967], kkooti ekkiriza nti abavugibwa abavubuka balina okubuusibwa obwannayo. Ebyo bye basalawo biraga nti enkola ey'obwenkanya esobola okubawandikibwa nako obutuufu, era ne bwe kiba nga bulijjo egobeetaagisa okulagira amateeka okugobererwa.

Engeri Egeetaagisa: Okukuuma Enkolagana Ennungi

Enjigiriza eno ereetebwawo nnyo okuleetawo okukaayana ku mateeka ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti esobola okugobererwa. Enjigiriza eno ekozesebwa okukuuma eddembe ng'obufumbo, okukuza abaana, okwefuga, n'obuteekulembedde. Wadde nga nzibu okusinga enkola ekyetaagisa okussaawo ebiwandiiko, ekola ng'okukebera obukwasiddwawo amateeka okusobola okugoberezebwa amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu , Obergefell v. Hodges[ (2015), kkooti eyo yeesigama ku nkola egobererwa mu ku kusalawo nti obufumbo obw'ebigambo obutuufu.

Engeri omulimu gye gukolebwamu: Sisitemu ey'Okulwanyisa

Gavumenti za Amerika ziwa obujulizi obw'engeri eyo ne ziwa abalamuzi oba abalamuzi obutuufu okukakasa nti omuwawaabi alina omukisa okuwakanya obujulizi bwa gavumenti. Kino kizingiramu okubuusabuusa obutuufu bw'amateeka, omugugu ogw'okwewandiisa, n'obukakafu obulaga nti tewali kubuusabuusa kwonna. Awatali bukuumi buno, enkola eno eteeka abantu mu kabi ak'okuwaabirira abantu abatalina musango. Ebibiina nga Innocence Project, biwandisizza ebikumi n'ebikumi by'enkola ey'okumenya amateeka, oba obujulizi obutakola nga bwe kiragiddwa mu kuwakanya oba okugoba obujulizi obw'obulimba.

'[[Act:0] Project eya innoce – Kino kitegeka omulimu ogutandise oba tewabadde bikakasa nti ebifa ku fayiro bituufu[[=KITONDERWA]

Okutegeera Obufuzi bw’Obumenyi bw’Amazima: Okukulembeza Obukuumi mu Bantu

Eddaala erikwata ku kusala emisango litwala enkola y'okukendeeza obumenyi bw'amateeka era n'okukuuma abantu.

Emisingi Egikwata ku Bumenyi bw’Amaka

  • '[[NKUMBO]] Obusobozi bw'okukwata ebiba bikoseddwa buteekwa kukolebwa mu bwangu era nga buliko eby'obugagga ebitono." ekigambo ekikozesebwa okutegeeza nti olunyiriri olw'obubonero lusobola okuwanukulako ensonga. Akabonero kalina kutandika n'akabonero akatonotono. Obubonero obusooka ku sisitemu eno bukozesa ekigambo ekitegeeza nti omuntu akwatiddwa, naye nga tasumattuluddwa, n'alyoka afunamu ekibonerezo.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Okwenenya olw'ensobi:[ Mu kukola, enkola ey'okukwata ekiragiro ku nsonga ezikwata ku bumenyi bw'amateeka ekola nga eraga nti omuwayirizi avunaanyizibwa. Ekiruubirirwa kwe kuzuula ensobi ey'amazima okuyitira mu kunoonyereza n'okubuuliriza ebya poliisi, mu kifo ky'okumalira ebirowoozo ku bintu eby'omu mateeka.
  • [[AK'AMUT:0] Era n'okukoma mu kiragiro: ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi, nga mwe muli akawayiro akalagira akawayiro okusalirwa ebisale ebitonotono n'amateeka agasatu ag'obukulembedde, bikozesebwa okuziyiza abo abayinza okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka era ne bikuuma abantu ab'akabi okuva ku nguudo.
  • [[O] Okwesiga abakwasi b'amateeka: Akabonero kaleetera abawaabi ku kitongole kya poliisi n'abo abawaabirwa ku mateeka okulowooza nti engeri ze banoonyerezamu zeesigika. Kasambajja amateeka agatalimu obujulizi obwesigika, gamba ng'obubonero obumenya amateeka agabaga obukyamu obuba buwandiddwa.

Ebyokulabirako by’Obumenyi bw’Amaanyi Obufuga

Mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika, okufuga obumenyi bw'amateeka kivuddemu enkola za nkola nnyingi. "Warrige on therective" eyakolebwa mu myaka gya 1970, "madirisa agamenyese" n'okukula mu nkola y'amakomera mu myaka gya 1990, byonna biraga obuteefu bw'obumenyi bw'amateeka obusooka. Enkola zino zireetedde okukendeeza entikko y'obumenyi bw'amateeka naye era zireeseewo okuvumirira okw'amaanyi eri obunene obuva mu bantu abatono era n'okuviirako okusibibwa mu makomera.

'[[KY' empewo' kissawo aka 'Prison Population' -' Kiragiro ku bubonero obutali kimu kiragiro oba mboozi enoonya zinnaabyo[[KYAMU'']

Okulwanirira Obufuzi

Abakugu bagamba nti okuteeka essira ku buteefu ku by'obumenyi bw'amateeka kiviirako abantu okuyisibwa mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya. Okusinziira ku kye baba basabye, abawaabi bangi bawaayiriza bannaabwe nga tebasoose kusalirwa musango. Olwo njawukana mu langi zibawaanya nnyo: Abaddugavu mu Amerika basibibwa mu makomera emirundi etaano ng'abazungu. Era obuteeyisa obukyamu mu kkooti ya Amereka bweyongera okuvaamu obuwanguzi obulaga nti poliisi ne bawabulijja. Ekiwandiiko Central Park Five kye kyokulabirako eky'abavubuka abataano kye bavunaanibwa omusango olw'okugoba obukyayibwa olw'ensonga ez'amaanyi. Oluvannyuma baatongozebwa olw'obujulizi bw'omusango.

Obuzibu Obwali Wakati w’Emitendera n’Obuteefuga mu Bugwenyufu: Ekizibu eky’Omu Maaso

Abantu abo ababiri tebatera kukaayana buli lunaku mu kkooti z’amateeka, mu poliisi, ne mu makanisa agakola emirimu.

Okunoonya n’Okukyusa: Olutalo olw’Okuna olw’Okuwummuza Omusango

Olukalala lw'ekyana, kiziyiza okunoonyereza n'okugwa ensimbu. Olukiiko olufuga amateeka lunoonya abasirikale okunoonyereza ku by'okulwanyisa oba obujulizi. Olukiiko olw'okunaalyo lunoonya ebiteeberezebwa okusobola okubunoonya. Kkooti enkulu egoberera obukwasiddwa obukwasiddwa obwa pulogulano n'ensonga eziyinza okuba nga ze zaaviirako okusaasaanyizibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Terry v. Ohio [1968] [1968]), kkooti ekkiriza abasirikale okuleka abawabuzi "stot' ne frisk" abantu okusinziira ku nsonga ezibawatirizibwamu, okwetaawawawa obwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo.

Miranda n’Okubikozesa

[[NKULA] Mira ne '.Arizona zikyali ezimu ku ku kusalawo okukyasinze okuleetawo okuwakana. Abawagira obulyi bw'amateeka bagamba nti okugoba obusibe bubawa obuwangwa obuwayi bwa poliisi era ne baleka abo abavunaana omusango okubuvaamu kuteebwa. Abawagizi bagezaako okulemesa era ne bakuuma omutemwa ogw'okutaano okusobola okwewala okutaasa. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti okulabula kwa Mirnda tekukendeeza mwenda; okusooza obusoosa okusinga obungi ku ddembe lyabwe. Kyokka, etteeka lino lisigala nga kabonero akalaga nti gavumenti erina okuwa abamenyi b'amateeka ekitiibwa.

Plea Barganing: Obwenkanya busobola okuleetera omuntu okulekera awo okukangavvula.

Obungi ku misango gigonjoolebwa okuyitira mu kusembyawo, so si kuwozesebwa. Okufuga okw'amateeka kukwataganyizibwa eno engeri ey'okukwatamu ensonga. Ebbeetuka okusobola okutegeeza abawawaayi abataliiko musango nti bawalirizibwa okuwolereza ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi. Mu magaanya mangi, abajulizi bakozesa amaanyi amangi ennyo nga bavunaana abawaayi b'abawaaze olw'ensonga ez'amaanyi, nga bawaliriza. Kino kireetawo ebibuuzo eby'amaanyi ebikwata ku ku ku kusobola okusalirawo abawandiikibwa omusango singa wabaawo abajulirwa ku nsonga eziba ntono ennyo. Kkoluubhiikko kitegedde nti okukkiririza okw'ensonga ku "soosaamu ku nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka; [[FLY:1] [FFON]

Obukuumi bw’Eggwanga n’Eddembe ly’Abatuuze

Oluvannyuma lw'embaga ezo 9, oba 11 , enkaayana wakati w'obutebenkevu n'eddembe yeeyongera. Act y'ensi y'eggwanga eyongera amaanyi mu by'okulabirako, era gavumenti ya gavumenti yawambye obutujju obuteebereze obwa Guantámo Bay. Abakuutize enkola zino baawakanya enkola za bannalukalala, ne kibaviirako okusalawo nga HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], ekyagamba nti abantu bateekwa okuba nga bawalibwa ng'abalabe.

Okufuna Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu: Yava ku Kugoberera Ekiruubirirwa ky’Okwagala

Ekibuuzo tekitegeeza nti obutego oba engeri y'okwewalamu obuzzi bw'amateeka biba bikulu okusinga, wabula kudda nnyuma ku ngeri y'okufugamu enkola eno. demokulase ekiteesiteesi eky'omuganyulo kyetaagisa okusobola okukuuma abantu bonna n'eddembe lyabwe.

Obuyigirize n’Okumanya Abantu

Abasomesa bakola kinene nnyo mu kuyigiriza abayizi ku ddembe lyabwe ery'okuna n'obukulu bw'enkola ekyetaagisa. Okutegeera ensonga ey'okutaano, ey'omukaaga, n'ey'ekkumi n'ena, kiwa abatuuze amaanyi okulaba nti bavunaanyizibwa ku ntegeka zaabwe. Enteekateeka eziwa abasomesa obwa "Manya eddembe lyo" mu masomero ne mu bantu, kiyamba abantu okumanya ebisingawo. [[FLT:][FLT] [F]], oba Central Park Fiveto], okulaga engeri enkola y'okukuumamu buli muntu.

Okwenyigira mu Kitundu n’Okukyusa Endowooza z’Abantu

Abakoza ku nkola z'abayeekera ez'okusala emisango mu bantu ba bulijjo baagala okukendeeza obumenyi bw'amateeka bwe buteeberezebwa wakati wa bannabyabufuzi n'abatuuze. Bwe batunuulirwa nga bakolera wamu mu kifo ky'okukolera awamu ne bannabyabufuzi, okukolagana obulungi n'abantu, era okutegeeza obulyi bw'amateeka nga bweyongera. Enjigiriza y'ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka ziraga nti abantu batera nnyo okugondera amateeka era n'okukolagana n'ab'ab'obuyinza singa bawulira nti bayisibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya. Abapoliisi basobola okugoberera enkola eteeka essira ku ku kulabika obulungi, okuvunaanibwa, n'okuva mu mbeera eyo. Kamera, obukola w'abakunguzigizi mu kibiina, n'obulabirizi z'obulabirizi, n'okutendeka obusosoze bye bagoberera biragiddwamu ebyo ebikolebwa mu nkola ebiba bituukanaanyewo mu nkola by'obutebe eby'obutebe.

Obulagirizi bw’Omulamuzi n’Eby’Ebitongole

Kkooti ziteekwa okubeera obulindaala mu kukuuma eddembe ly'amateeka ne bwe kiba nga kikkirizibwa. Ekiragiro eky'okugoba obumenyi bw'amateeka ne bwe kiba nga kiwakanyizibwa, kiziyiza empisa za poliisi nga bawa obujulizi obwagibwa. Abawagizi abamu okugiresemba ddala ekyo, naye okukiggirawo ddala kiba kya kumalawo bukuumi obulala olw'okutaano olw'okukyusakyusa mu ntegeka z'amateeka. Okukendeeza ku mateeka agateekeddwawo obuntu obutono era n'okuggyawo amateeka agasatu agatakola ebikolwa eby'ettemu, kiyinza okusobozesa empalo eyo okukendeeza empale eza 2018, ne programu ezigobererwako, nga bikiikirira ebbenje erimu enzijirimu n'okuva mu nkola ey'okwewala obukujjufu.

Okuzzaawo Obwenkanya: Engeri ey’okusatu

obwenkanya buwa antikko antikko. Bugatta wamu abo abanyazi, aboonoonyi, n'abantu ab'omu kitundu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kabi akaleetebwawo era n'okukkiriziganya ku ngeri y'okukaddaabirizaamu. Enkola eno eyoleka okuvunaana n'okuwonya mu kifo eky'okubonereza bokka. Bukwatagana n'okussa ekitiibwa mu ntegeka z'ebiwaawaatiro byonna eby'omu mateeka nga bikendeeza obwenkanya w'amateeka. Amagambo mangi gakozesa obwenkanya mu kugonjoola ebyamaleeso nga n'ebibi by'abantu abakulu. Wadde nga si bya bwenkanya bwonna, obwenkanya bulaga nti obwenkanya busobola okubeera bwa njawulo okusinga obw'ebifaananyi bibiri.

Ebifa ku: [[Akabonero:0] Obubonero obw'amasaze obw'ensi yonna – Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo [[Akatandikwa:1]

Mafundikira: Okuluubirira Obwenkanya

Empandika tekoma ku kukyusanya wakati wa nkola ekolebwa n'obuteefuga oba okufuga obumenyi bw'amateeka. Ekisigala nga kyetaagisa enkola ekuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu era n'obutebenkevu. Abasomesa n'abayizi, ensonga eno ebasobozesa okwekenneenya emitindo egikwatagana ne demokulase mu Amerika. Ekisuubizo kya Amereka eky'amaanyi kiri nti tekirinkiriza ddembe lya bantu kusalawo kwa buli omu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, ewa abatuuze n'abakulu b'abakungu abajja okugonjoola obutakalambira ku mateeka, n'ensonga ez'eby'etwale. Ng'abatuuze n'abakulembeze ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso, tuteekwa okuzikwatako ku nsonga zino ezikwata ku nkola ey'obwenkanya, buli kiseera nga tugezaako okuteekawo enkola y'obwenkanya etuukana ku nsonga zaayo enkulu.