Obusobozi obukkirizibwa okukola entegeka z'omu Amerika zikola ekitegeeza nti buli muntu ayisibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka. Obusobozi buno si bigendererwa ebya bulijjo; bukuumi bwa muganyulo obukuuma emitindo gya gavumenti. Okuva ku nkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka okulanga emitwe gy'essomero, enkola ekakasa nti gavumenti essa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly'omu muntu ly'alina nga tannamuggyako bulamu, eddembe oba ebintu. Obulagirizi buno busobozesa okutegeera obulungi eddembe ly'enkola erisaanira, nga ebbeetaasa enziko, ebiba byayo, ebibumbe eby'enjawulo, ebiba byabyo, ebigezookekyambisibwako ebiko eb'amakulu ebikobera amakulu gaabyo, n'engeri gye bikoleramu mu bantu ab'omu kiseera kino. K'okuba ng'omuyizi, omukugunjukivubi oba omutu w'anoonya okutegeera obukuumi bwo, okutegeera enkola ey'eby'amateeka era n'ensonga.

Kiki Ekiba Kituukirawo?

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti gavumenti erina okugoberera enkola za mateeka mu bwenkanya nga tennaba kukola kintu kyonna ekikyusa obulamu bw'omuntu, eddembe lye oba ebintu bye. Ekigambo kino kisangibwa mu nteekateeka ey'okukyusaamu ey'okutaano (ekkirizibwa eri gavumenti) era ne mu ngeri ey'ekika kya 14. Entegeka eya Amereka (etuuka ku gavumenti). Olulimi olwasooka kumpi lufaanagana: tewali muntu n'asaanidde kuba "ng'obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, nga tewali mateeka gamu.""

Mu nkola esaanira, kitegeeza nti gavumenti teyinza kubaako ky'ekola nga bw'enoonyeza yokka. Eteekwa okuwa omukisa, omukisa okuwuliriza, n'okusalawo eky'okulaga obukujju. Naye era enkola esaanira etwaliramu n'obukuumi obw'amaanyi ennyo. Obukuumi obw'enkizo obuva mu kabukkusiro ka gavumenti ne bweba nga enkola zigobererwa. Okutegeera ensonga zino ez'emirundi ebiri, kiyamba okutegeera amateeka agafuga enfugamu.

Ebyafaayo Ebyabanga Bigobereddwa

Endowooza y’okutuukiriza eyoleka ensibuko yaayo nga nedda nnyo ng’Etteeka ly’Amerika terinnaba kutandikibwawo.

Magna Carta (1215)

Ekyasooka ekyamanyibwa ennyo ye Magna Carta, eyasigibwa omukono ku Kabaka John owa Bungereza. Essuula 39 (oluvannyuma eyabanga 29) egamba: ‘ Tewali muntu wa ddembe alikwatibwa oba okusibibwa, oba okuggibwako eddembe lye oba ebintu bye, oba okutwalibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse, oba okuggibwako ennyimirira ye mu ngeri ndala yonna, oba okusindikibwa abalala okukola bwe batyo, okuggyako nga basinziira ku mateeka g'ensi. Ekiragiro kino kye tteeka ery'omu mateeka." naye nga mu kusooka abantu ba ddembe eryo, omusingi ogwo gwabanga tegusobola kukola nga tebalina muntu yenna akkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Amateeka g’Olungereza n’Amerika ng’Abakolopoota

Mu byasa ebyaddirira, kkooti z'Abangereza ne Paalimenti byayongera amaanyi ku mateeka agakwata ku kusiba abantu mu makomera ne ku kusiba abantu mu kkooti z'amateeka mu 1679.

Omukutu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ebiri ogw’Okukyusa Endowooza n’Okutongoza

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo Agimu n'Eggwanga (1868) olukalala lw'amateeka 14 lwayongera n'obukuumi obwali bugwanira eri ebikolwa bya gavumenti. Kino kyafuuka kya maanyi nnyo eri kkooti esinga obukulu okusobola "okukakaatika" abasinga obungi ku b'obuyinza obwa dreedesss, kwe kugamba, gavumenti era n'abantu ba bulijjo bateekwa okussa ekitiibwa mu busobozi obukulu gamba ng'okwogera awatali kuwalirizibwa, eddembe ery’okuteesa, n'obusobozi erikulwanyisa okunoonyereza okutategeerekeka.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteeberezebwa

Amateeka agafuga ekika kya tteeka ery'omu kiseera kino gagabanyamu engeri omulimu gye gukolebwamu mu bisenge bibiri eby'enjawulo naye ebikwatagana: okuteekateeka okwetaagisa n'okuguteekawo.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Omulimu ogw'okunnyonnyola ekiwandikiro be bassa essira ku [ 'modes' gavumenti eteekwa okugoberera singa eggyako omuntu obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu. Ebuuza: K'oteekako enkola ki eyeetaagisa okusobola okukakasa nti obwetaavu tebuliiko musango?

  • '[[Act:0] Akabonero:[[FULT:1] Omuntu oteekwa okutegeezebwa eky'okukola ekiba kye kyateeseteese okukolebwa era n'ekisinziirwako.
  • [[Act:0] Olwo olw'okuwulira, omukisa ogw'enkalakkalira mu maaso ga k'omuntu atali musosoze.
  • Omuntu oba omubiri ogusalawo gulina kubaako w'ogusalirawo.
  • [[AKA] Okukangavvulwa kusaanidde:[[AGUMENTI:1] Mu bintu bingi, naddala ebyo ebizingiramu okubulwa eby'amaanyi, oteekwa okufuna obwannannyini obw'okukiikirirwa mu mateeka.
  • [[AK'AWULA]] OKUSALAWO okulina ensonga ze kikola:[[KITANDIKWA:1] Kwe kiteeberezebwa bulungi ekivuddemu.

Kkooti enkulu yassaawo ekigezo eky'okutemya mu ngeri esaanira mu Maty v. Eldiridge[76] okusobola okumanya enkola ekyetaagisa mu mbeera emu. Kkooti zino zikozesa ensonga ssatu: (1) omuntu kinnoomu akwatibwako; (2) akabi ak'okulemererwa okukozesa enkola eziriwo awamu n'omuwendo gw'obukuumi obw'enkubirizi obusingako; ne (3) eby'ebbeeyi bya gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde n'emigugu gy'okuddukanya emirimu gy'abafuzi. Kino kitegeeza nti okuwozannya ku musango mu bujjuvu kiyinza okwetaagisa omumenyi w'amateeka, naye okuwulirwamu okukendeeza obutuufu ku nsonga ezizingirwamu.

Ebyokulabirako ebitera okukozesebwa mu nkola ey'okulaga obuwayiro obukkirizibwa bizingiramu:

  • Okuwozesebwa kw’abamenyi b’amateeka nga bagezaako okuwabula, okumeggana n’abajulirwa, n’okusembezesa abalamuzi.
  • Amatu g’ab’obuyinza gawulira nga tegannaggyawo mikisa gya bukuumi bwa bantu.
  • Okukangavvula okukolebwa mu ssomero okuzingiramu okuwa amagezi n'omukisa ogw’okukola nga bwe kiragiddwa.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Omulimu ogutali gwa nkola ya kugikuza guyimirizidwa mu ngeri nti tekigasa nkola. ' Obusika obusookedwako obuva mu ntegeka za gavumenti, ka kibeere nti enkola teyenkana mu ngeri ki. Gavumenti ne bw'egoberera enkola yonna, eyinza obutaggyaamu ntegeka ndala okuggyako nga ziz'ozizza obutuufu obw'amaanyi.

Enjigiriza eyo yaleetawo ebyafaayo ebikontana. Mu matandika g'ekyasa ekya 20, kkooti enkulu yakozesa enkola ekyetaagisa okusaanyawo amateeka agakwata ku by'enfuna, gamba ng'amateeka agasasulwa, mu misango nga Lochner v. New York (1905). Ennaku eyo yakoma mu myaka gya 1930, era kooti kati egondera amateeka g'eby'eby'enfuna. Kyokka, enkola egobererwa mu nsonga ezigobererwa abantu kinnoomu ereetebwawo mu ddembe. Leero, ekuuma eddembe erina "esimba amakanda mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lino ne mu bulombolombo" ne "Kko ya Kko."

Entegeka z'ekiwandikiro mwe muli:

  • [[AKIT:0] Enkola eya bulijjo ekkirizibwa mu nsonga ez'ekyama:[[[AK'AKA] Kino kigatta bye tusalawo ebikwata ku bufumbo, okuzaala, okuzaala, okuzaala, enkolagana ez'omu maka, n'okukuza abaana.
  • [[Act:0] Kusobola okukkirizibwa mu ddyo oba okufumbirwa:[[[KATAKO]] Kino kilaga nti olulyo kwe lusaanidde okufunira [[[KITONGO:2]Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).
  • [[AKA] Obugolokofu ku mubiri:[[LUMENT:1] Obukuumi obutaweebwa bujjanjabi nga tebwagala.
  • [[Act:0] Ennene ey'okutambula:[[Akabonero:1] mu Amerika.
  • [[Act:0] Ku ddyo okugaana obujjanjabi:[[NKUMBO] Kuzingiramu n'okujjanjaba obulamu (mu ebimu ku bitali bya nkola).

Kkooti eno ekozesa ebigambo "olw'etteeka eririna okugobererwa. Gavumenti eteekwa okulaga etteeka nga lituukiriza ekigendererwa kyalyo era nga liteekeddwa kutuukiriza ekyo. Okusobola okufuna eddembe eritali lya bulijjo, omutindo gwalyo guba mutono (omusingi kwekenneenyezebwa).

Emisango Emikulu mu kkooti

Ebyo kkooti enkulu bye zisazeewo biwadde obulagirizi ku ngeri y'okukuumamu ebikolebwa mu nkola.

Ebiragiro Tebitera Kukolebwa

  • [[AWULA:0][[OKAFUMENTI]] Miranda v (1966)] Akabonero kano kalaga nti poliisi eteekwa okumanyisa abo abagilina okuteebereza obwannannyini obutasirika n'okubeerawo ne munnamateeka nga babuuzibwa ebibuuzo. Okulabula kuno kuyitibwa "Miranda" kulabula okw'okwewandisizza mu nkola.
  • [[NKULA][[:0][NKULA] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Yakitwala nti olukusa olw'omukaaga okutereeza lukwata lwa gavumenti olw'abamenyi b'amateeka, era nti gavumenti ziteekwa okuwa abawayiriziddwa olw'amateeka olw'ennamba.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[.1]]Goldberg v.Kelly (1970): Kyali kyetaagisa abaagalwa mu by'obuwagizi okufuna nga tebannaba nga bagenda kumalako miganyulo egiva mu gavumenti. Okuteekawo kino kiraga nti n'emiganyulo egiva mu kugaba gibindabinda y'ebintu ekuumibwa nga omulimu guwedde.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1] Gos v. Lopez[[KATANDIKWA][[KATANDIKWA] Yakitegeera nti abaana abatwalibwa mu masomero aga gavumenti agatunudde mu nkola ereetebwawo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutegeeza oba okuwulira embagirawo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[AWULA]] MATHEws v. Eldridge[[KATANDIKWA][[KITABO][[KATANDIKA:3] Yakola ekiwandikiro eky'ebitundu essatu ebituufu ebinoonyezebwa, nga byekerekebwa waggulu.

Engeri gye gukolebwamu

  • [[NKULA:0] .[FLT][FLT]] Yategeera obuyinza obw'okuggyamu ebitundu eby'ekyama ku mukazi omu, naye oluvannyuma olwakyusibwa [[FLT:] n'akyusibwa [[FLT:] era n'akkiriza nti ekitongole eky'eby'obulamu ekya kye kirina obuyinza obw'okuggyamu ebitundu eby'omunda kikwata ku mukazi omu yekka.[2]
  • [[Act:0]efell v. Hodges (2015) ( Kino kitegeeza obufumbo obw'obukaba nga bukulu mu nkalala ya Claus ne Claus.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1]Lawrence v [2003]] ( amateeka agasobeza enkolagana ey'ekikula ekimu n'eky'ekya bulijjo, kwe kugamba, omuntu n'abaako ky'addamu okufuna ku bufunze.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Dughington v. Glucksberg [ Yawerebwa okwetta, era n'eteekawo ekigezo eky'okumanya eddembe ek'ennukko: ebisaanyizo biteekwa okuba nga byasibuka mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lino ne mu bulombolombo bwalyo" ne "empandika mu ndowooza ey'okwetta."

Engeri gye kisengekamu ekitundu kino okutuuka ku nkomerero y'olunyiriri

Okutegeera engeri ebintu gye bigobererwamu mu mateeka kiyinza okuganyula buli eyeenyigidde mu kukwatibwa okw'amateeka mu nsonga ez'enjawulo.

Obwenkanya

Enkola z'obukuumi zisaanidde okukolebwa ennyo mu mateeka amangi. Abalwanirira bagwanidde okuwozesebwa amangu era ne mu ngeri eyoleka obutali bwenkanya, okusala omusango, okutuukirira abajulizi, okusabibwa okufuna abajulizi, era n'okuwabulwa. Eggwanga lirina obujulizi obusingira ewala okubuusabuusa. Abasirikale bateekwa okugoberera amateeka agakwata ku kunoonyereza, okukwatibwa obusaze, n'okubuuzibwa ebibuuzo.

Obuyigirize

Abayizi ba siteesitemu balina obusobozi mu kukangavvula. Omusango oguba ku kiwandiiko Gos v. Lopez kiba kyetaagisa nga tannasumulula muyizi okumala ennaku kkumi oba n'okusingawo, abakungu ba ssomero balina okuwandiisa mu kyapa oba awandiike obubaka ku misango n'omukisa okunnyonnyola ensonga zaabwe. Okugoba oba okugoba, enkola ez'enjawulo ez'ekika ekya bulijjo ziyinza okwetaagisa. Kyokka, omulimu ogw'okugisindika oba okugugoba ku ludda olw'omusango gulina okukolebwa okumala ennaku kkumi oba n'okuguwandisizza olulala.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kukola ne mu Gavumenti

Mu ngeri y'emu, abantu abaweebwa obuyambi bwa gavumenti, gamba ng'obutebenkevu, obulema, oba obubenje, baba baagala nnyo okufuna ebintu ebirala. Gavumenti eteekwa okuwa amalambe n'okuwuliriza obulungi nga tennaba kukendeeza ku miganyulo egiva mu kukuuma obubenje oba okukendeeza ku nfuna z'obulamu.

Abaawunzika

Abantu abaliwo mu Amerika nga mw'otwalidde n'abagwira abatali bawandike, balina eddembe erisaanira okusabibwa. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza okuwozesebwa mu maaso g'omulamuzi atwala abatuuze mu nsi endala, era n'obusobozi obw'okusasuza. Naye eddembe lino liba ktono okusinga eri abatuuze. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa wabaawo akakwakkulizo, tewali busobozi bukwasi mu gavumenti. Kkooti ey'oku nti, okusobola okuwabula abo abatuuze mu nsi eyo, kiba kitegeeza nti abatuuze mu ttwale lya Crease, so si bantu ba bulijjo.

Entegeka ey’Okugaba Obulagizi

Olw'okuba abantu b'eggwanga baafiirwa ebintu byabwe, gavumenti esobola okunyaga ebintu ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga byenyigidde mu bikolwa eby'obumenyi bw'amateeka, emirundi mingi nga terisibawo musango.

Ebisoomooza Ebiba Bikoseddwa Okutuukiriza Enzikiriza

Wadde ng’eddembe ly’obuntu lirina ekifo ekikulu, liriko okunyigirizibwa okw’amaanyi mu kiseera kyaffe.

Okuyuza Omusana n’Okusiba Olubala

Emisango egisinga obungi giyinza okugonjoolebwa nga bayitira mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga eziba zigonjooddwa, so si ku kkooti.

Enjawulo Ezili mu Busosoze n’Eby’Obugagga

Empandika ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa ku sistemu zitegeeza nti abantu bangi tebasobola kussaawo biwandiiko bya mateeka ebikola obulungi. Bw'oba nga obadde otegeeza nti obutuufu bw'amateeka buwabula, enkola ey'okulwanirira abantu ziba ntono nnyo era nga zikugirwa nnyo, ekyo ne kiviirako obusosoze mu langi okusala emisango, n'okusalira omusango omusango mu ngeri eyenkanankanankana.

Obukuumi n’Ebigambo Ebitono

Manya / ebipimo nga 9/11 Act, gamba nga USA PARIYOTT ne Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, byagaziyizza amaanyi ga gavumenti okulambula obutujju. Bannalukalala oba abo abalondeddwa ng'abalabe bayinza okusibibwa mu kkooti oba okubuulirirwa. Omulimu wakati w'obukuumi n'obuwanguzi obubaddewo gulina okukubaganye, nga bwe kiragibwa mu misango nga Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004), kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abatuuze b'obutuuze b'omulabe baleme okusibibwa mu kkooti U.

Ebirala Ebiri ku Mikutu gya kompyuta n’Ebya Tekinologiya

Tekinologiya owa ppya akozesa ebibuuzo ebinoonya ebinoonyezebwa. Okunoonyereza ku ssimu ne kompyuta, okusobozesa gavumenti okuzuula metadata, n'okukozesa algoritive mu nkola za project era n'okusalira omusango ebigobererwa byonna ebizingirwamu. Kkooti enkulu eriko kye yakolawo mu mbeera nga Karpaternert v. United States [208], nga kyetaagisa ekiragiro ekya data ey'oku sistemu ey'ekifo kya mesenenti. Naye, ensonga nnyingi tezibeerako nga tezigoberebwa kuba nga zigoberezebwa mu mateeka.

Okulondebwa kw’Omusango

Amakanisa agamu gataddewo amateeka agakugira okukuuma emirimu, gamba nga etteeka erikugira okukolebwa kw'etteeka nga tteeka nga ligobererwa, ekibonerezo ekikendedde ku kiragiro, oba okuggibwawo kwa bamenyi b'amateeka. Amateeka agafuga obwegassi mu mateeka gakkiriza omuntu akwata eby'okwetaba okusibibwa mu kkomera okumalako ekibonerezo, era gawandiisa ebyetaagisa okusobola okuteeka mu nkola ebikolebwa. Kkooti ze zeeyongera okukattuusibwa obanga amateeka ng'ago gamenya eddembe ly'ennakulu.

fundikira

Eddembe ly'okukola ennukuta terikoma ku njigiriza za mateeka; misingi gya nukuta egituukana n'embeera empya. Okuva ku Magna Carta okutuuka ku kkooti enkulu eriwo, ekirowoozesesa kya bulijjo: gavumenti eteekwa okuyisa abantu mu ngeri entuufu era nga ewa ekitiibwa eddembe lyabwe ekkulu. K'obe nga oyolekaganye n'omusango, okusibirwa ku ssomero, oba okufiirwa, okutegeera eddembe lyo erikusaanira kikusobozesa okwetaaza obwenkanya. Omuntu bw'akyuka, bwe kityo, oteekwa okuba omumalirivu okutuukiriza buli muntu ky'asuubiza mu mateeka.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera Ebitundu by'ekiwandike eby'omu mateeka ebitwala ennono n'ebivaamu., nga kikola ku nsonga nga kikebera Oyez[, oba eb'okukebera ebiva mu American Liberssion Union[]