Okuzaalibwa kwa "Musumba Waffe Naye Wenkanankana" Farson ne Ggwanga Lyayo Erigumiikiriza

Omwaka gwa 1896 gulaga nti mu mateeka ga Amereka wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu mateeka, ekiseera ekisuubizo eky'okulingana mu Amereka bwe kyayimirizibwa mu kukyusa kwa 14na mu ngeri ey'enjawulo olw'okusalawo olukumbo olumu olw'omu kkooti enkulu. Plavery v. Ferguson] [163] mu 537] tekyayanjulira ggwanga lya Amerika oluvanyuma olw'enjereere, naye kyasobozesa enkola ey'okusosola okw'eggwanga mu mateeka ekyanditumbula enkola y'okusosola okw'eggwanga okumala emyaka nga mukaaga. Mu kuwagira enkambi y'empaka y'empaka ne "Enjigiriza y'emu naye nga n'enjigiriza y'empaka y'amateeka ewandikiddwa mu ggwanga Jim Crow, obusososoosezza obusoke mu n'enkola ya Amerekawo. Okumanya okumanyisasasa okw'enkomererowo.[8]

Ensibuko y'Ensonda: Olupapula olusooka olw'Enkyukakyuka ez'Okufuuka America

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi engeri gye kiyinza okugonjoolebwamu Plaby v. Ferguson, omuntu alina okusooka okutegeera embeera y'eby'obufuzi n'enjawukana mu kyasa ekya 19. Ennaku ez'okuzzaawo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo wa Kitundu yasuubiza obutuuze obw'enkalakkalira obw'enjawukana mu langi. [[FLT]] olukalala olw'obuddukiro olw'enkalakkalira, lwawanjuse] obutuzi obwamu n'obutunzi obw'enkalakkalira wansi w'amateeka, n'obutebenkenyi obugenda buggyibwa mu mateeka, obutententen'okulonda obugo ku ddembe eri abantu abaddu. Kyokka, mu mwaka gwa 1870, okulondebwa n'okugibwa kwa banna kwa bannaawula ku ku ku kutegeka y'abafuzi b'eggwanga ersenyentircero, mu South. propuled S

Ekyaddirira kyali nti abazungu baddamu okutwalibwa mu bugwenyufu era nga baswala. Amasaza g'obukiika ddyo gaatandika okuyisa "Etteeka Eddungi" ate oluvannyuma "Jim Crow" amateeka agaagezaako okulagira Abafirika okubeera mu ntebe enfumbo. Amateeka gano gaakwatanga kumpi buli kantu mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.(okuva mu kibiina, obuyigirize, okusula, obufumbo, n'okusuzibwa mu bifo ebya lukalu. Louisiana Devil Car Act eya 1890 yali kyakulabirako: kyali kyetaagisa kampuni z'aweeggaali okuteekawo "ngankana ate ng'ebifo ebyazo ebyewawulwawo eri abazungu n'aba langi." Okutyongeza ekikolwa ekyo kyali kibi kya mu misango.

Comité des Citoyens n’Emisango Egigezesa

Ekibinja ky'abannyiikivu abangi ennyo mu Balangira abanzi b'eggwanga ne Creole mu New Orleans, ekimanyiddwa nga [FL:0] Comité des Citoyens (Kikiiko kya Confizens), kyamalirira okuwakanya amateeka agakwata ku nkola y'enkola ya Programutiki ey'ekitongole kya Car. Baatwalibwa nga [[FLT:]] Louzis A. Martin , omuwagiwandiki, oba omukuŋŋaanya w'amawulire, era [[FLT:] WY:] W. [[FLT], omukungu omugulukuufu] okuva mu olunyiriri olwo yali mu langi ey'omu langi ez'enjawulo. Naye, mu langi eyalondebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo eyakolebwa mu ggwanga lya bulijjo.

Nga Jjuuni 7, 1892, Plessy yagula kalati y'ekitundu ekisooka ku kyuma ky'e Louisiana Iraiana ow'ebuvanjuba era n'atuula mu mmotoka enjeru yokka. Bwe yasabibwa okugenda mu mmotoka eya "balangi" yagaana. Yakwatibwa era n'asibibwa. Oluvannyuma omusango gwe gwasabibwa mu kkooti enkulu ey'Amerika, era ne gussaawo olutimbe olw'okussa ssemateeka.

Kkooti Esingira Ennyo Ennyo Ekola ku nsonga y’Obukulembeze: Enjigiriza ya "Wenkanankana"

Omusango gwawozesebwa mu maaso ga kkooti enkulu mu Apuli 1896. Ekibiina kya Pasby'omu mateeka kyawa ensonga eziwerako: Etteeka eriri ku mukutu oguyitibwa Lexact Car lyamenya amateeka asatu aga Amereka (gamba nga "ekikolwa eky'obuddu") era ne ku kitongole ekya 14 eky'okuwerezebwako n'enkizo oba ekya Claus. Era baawakanya nti amateeka okulonda abantu mu langi okutwalira awamu tegalina lukalala era gaaleetera abantu obutategeera, era nga kisuula mu nsonga eyo etakkirizibwa mu mateeka okuteekawo obwenkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana.

Kkooti, mu [[NT:0] mu kusalawo kwe yawa omulamuzi Henry Billings Brown, yagaana byonna ebyali mu agumenti za Plesty. Omuny'awakanya yekka ye yali Omulamuzi John Marshall Harlan, oluvannyuma eyaleetawo obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi okulaga bwe ku kituufu. Endowooza y'abalamuzi Brown ku nsonga eyo yateekawo amateeka agandinnyonnyodde olukalala olwa ddiumenti eyandiromedde emyaka ataano mu munaana eddako:

[[NKULA]]" Ekigendererwa [eky'okukyusa [ya kkumi n'ekitundu] awatali kubuusabuusa kyali kisobozesa amawanga okugattika okwenkanankana okugattika mu buli kika mu maaso g'amateeka, naye mu ngeri gye gatayagala kumalawo enjawukana ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi, oba okukakaatika abantu mu ttuluba ery'ebyobufuzi, oba okugattika agava mu langi zombi nga buli emu egaawuka olw'ekika ekyo.

Mu ngeri endala, kkooti yalaga enjawulo wakati wa "okwawukanya okw'amaanyi wakati wa"Gavana" ne "okwawukanya okw'abantu." Okusinziira ku bungi, Kkooti ya 14th Amerekance, yagaana amateeka [ wakati w'enkalo, naye tegyagala aba langi okwegatta mu mbeera ez'enjawulo. Okuva bwe kyaweebwa buli ggwanga nga kyali kyenkanankana," amateeka gaafuga tteeka. Endowooza eno yaleetera ekiwandikiro okuba nga kyenkanankana ate ate ate n'enjigiriza eyo ejjukanya.

Ekyawerebwa Omulamuzi Harlan's Ssaawer: "Etteeka lyaffe lirina langi-Blind"

Omulamuzi John Marshall Harlan, eyali omulala yekka awakanya amateeka ga Amerika, ye yaleetawo ekimu ku bintu ebikontana n'amateeka ga Amerika.

" Ekisingidde , enjawukana ey'abazungu etwalibwa okuba nga y'esinga obunene mu nsi eno. Era bwe kityo bwe kiri, mu kitiibwa, mu bye batuuseeko mu by'enjigiriza, mu bugagga, ne mu buyinza. Naye okusinziira ku mateeka, mu nsi eno temuli ggwanga lya waggulu, lifuga, teriir'ekibiina kya bantu. Tewali kibiina kya bantu. Ekiragiro kyaffe kibaamu langi nga kinzibeganzi, era nga tekimanyi oba nga kigumiikiriza n'okuyisa mu bantu."

Harlan yagamba nti okusalawo okwo kwandiyambye abantu ‘ okulaga ettemu eriva mu mpaka z'abasinga obungi n'okumanyisa engeri gye bali mu mpaka. ’ Yayogera kituufu ku nsonga ezo zombi. Wadde nga teyandisobodde kubuzaabuza bakozi banne mu 1896, kwandibadde kusinziira ku ngeri abantu gye batwalamu eddembe ly'obuntu mu kyasa ekya 20.

Empalana Ekwata ku by’Omu Mateeka n’Emilembe: Jim Crow C.E.

Ekiragiro [[[NKULU:0]] kye kyatongoza obwakyusibwa naye kyagifuula ennukuta empya. Mu wiiki ntono, empapula z'amawulire mu bukiikaddyo bwa South zaakwata ku kusalawo ng'okukakasa obunene bw'abazungu. Amakampuku ne gagenda nga gasaanyawo amateeka agava ku ttuluba lya ggwanga, nga googera ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko.

Okusalibwawo kw’Amateeka ga Jim Crow

Jim Crow yali ataddewo amateeka nga 1896*. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Tennessee yalina etteeka ery'okweyawulamu eggaali y'omukka mu 1881. Naye oluvannyuma [[FL:0] Plassity[, amateeka agafuga entegeka mwenkanya obwawula. Mu Amerika, ebisenge ebyeyambisibwa okulinda, ensulo ez'okunywa ez'enjawulo, obuwulizi obwesudde, obupatu bw'abalwadde, amalwa w'eddwali, enzigi z'abajulizi ez'eryawufu, ne Baibuli ez'enjawulumu ez'abajulizi mu kkooti. Ennimibika ey'enjawulo yakozesebwanga okwewobera oluvanyuma lwonna mu buli kaso.

Mu kukola kino, "kyenkana" kyali kikolwa eky'obukujjukujju. Obuso bw'enfissi ku Bannamerika Abalaluuni kumpi baali ba wansi kumpi mu nsi yonna."Abaddugavu baasasulwako obutundutundu bw'essomero ly'abazungu. Eggaali z'omukka eziddugavu zaabaddookebwanga, zaali ndduse, era nga tezikugirwa bulungi. Enjigiriza eyo yakkiriza gavumenti okusaasaanya ssente ntono mu matendekero ga bannaazo mu Afirika ate nga n'ewalirizo.

Enjawulo mu by’Eby’Omu Mateeka ne mu by’obufuzi

Ng'oggyeko okweyawula ku bantu ab'enjawulo, [[NKULA] zali zikubiriza nnyo gavumenti okusazaamu abalabuza abalabuse okuyitira mu ngeri gamba ng'okulonda emisolo, okukebera okuwandiika n'okugeza, ennyanjula eza bajjajja, n'okutiisatiisa. Kkooti enkulu ya 'State' yali emaze okuggyawo obukwanguzi ku nteekateeka z'okugobererwaamu obukwakulizo mu nsonga ez'ekikumi [[FLT:][FLT][FLT][6] ne Plaft]. Kino kyasobozesa ekiragiro okwongera nti abakunguzi b'amawanga obutakola ku ku nsonga za Amerika. Ekimu ku nsonga zino, ekitongole ekimu eky'omu South, nga tekikyungiddwawo olumu ku ekyo.

Ebiva mu Biseera Ebiwanvu: Okulwawo Obwenkanya bw’Eggwanga

Ekyasinga okwonoonebwa [[Akatundu] Plassible v. Ferguson kye kiragiro ekyakkirizibwa mu kulonda obusosoze mu ggwanga. Ku kusalawo kwagootaanya okusobozesa okuyonkana mu langi okumala emyaka egisukka mu 50, ne kireetawo obuzibu bwa maanyi mu mateeka era ne kiviirako okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu okuzibuwa ennyo.

Enjigiriza ne "Enjigiriza Entuufu Naye Eyenkanankana"

Tewaliwo kulemererwa kwa "yawukanya naye nga yenkanankana" n'ebwenkanankana mu bukiika ddyo. Emitala w'obukiikaddyo, amasomero g'abazungu gaafuna omusolo mungi ate nga mu South Carolina tegafiibwako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu South Carolina ow'e Bukiika Ddyo, gavumenti yatwalanga doola 4,50 ku muyizi omuzungu naye nga doola z'abasomesa ziri doola z'Amerika emu. Emirimu gy'abasomesa, ebitabo, n'ebizigo by'ebizimbe nabyo byakkirizibwa.

Okukugirwa kw’Abantu n’Ebikolwa by’Abantu Abaddugavu

Obusosoze era bwayamba mu kukendeeza ku nviiri za Bannamwandu mu bitundu ebikuumibwa aba n'abadduukirize, nga kikugira enfuna n'okutambula. Obusambattuko n'enkula byaleetera Abamerika okukanga obusambattuko bw'eggwanga okubonerezebwa. Kusalawo kwa baddu nti: gavumenti teyandikuumye bannaggwanga. Kino kyaleetawo okutya okulemesa abatuuze b'ensi eno okumala amakumi g'emyaka.

Okuziyiza n’Ekibiina ky’Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini Ekyasooka

Wadde nga waaliwo amaanyi mangi nnyo aga sisitemu ya Jim Crow, okuzeewala tekuggweerako ddala. Ebibiina byenkana n'ebyo National Association for the Advanced People (NAACP), ebyatandikibwawo mu 1909, byasalawo okukomya omulimu gwabyo okuggya mu "sensete naye nga byenkana". Okusoosa okw'amateeka kwatandika nga mu mwaka gwa 1910, nga essira liteekeddwa ku ku ku kussooka kw'ebizitoogo ebirala, gamba nga ebizitoweebwa obusukka mumu. Naye kkooti enkulu yakireetera okuko obukulembedde mu kifo ekituufu. Kkootiibwa eky'omusinze eky'okuwagira obusosoze obwa bulijjo.

Ekiragiro kyatandika okukyusa [AK'AMENTI]. Magees v. Canada (1938), kkooti gye yasalira olukalala nti singa gavumenti ewa abaana ab'erululu naye nga si ba ba mu Baddugavu, eteekwa okukkiriza omuyizi Omulangira ku ssomero eryeru oba okukola ekifo kyenkana. Kye kiyasooka mu "TYP] era kye kimu n'ebizimbe. NaACP, ekyakulemberamu [[FLT:] Marshall[[FFFFLF:5], ate ne kitandika olukalala lw'abayizi abadduseneeze olw'omutesosososososo tegwa kisobozese bulungi.[FFLT][7]]

Emirimu gy’Essaawa: Brown v.

Ekikolo ky'okufa okw'ekika ekyasembayo ku 'FOLT' ate kyenkana' kyajja mu 1954 ng'enjigiriza ewandikiddwawo obuwandike obumanyiddwa nga [[FLT]BN v.Court of Topeka[]. Agumenti y'empandika y'enjigiriza ya 'FLT'ebaluuzi]. Agumenti eyo yakkiriza buli omu Kkooti. Kkooti eyo esinga obukulu yawa

[[Act:0]]" Tugamba nti mu by'obuyigirize enjigiriza egamba nti 'yawukanya naye terina kifo.' ebifo eby'okuyigiriza tebyawukanira ddala.'

Kkooti enkulu ekiikirira obwenkanya mu kkooti ya Croix Warren, kwe kugamba, okusobola okulaga nti okweyawula ku baana ba Baddugavu, kkooti egaana Plavsy n'egamba nti, okusoomoozebwa okwo kwamenyawo ekiteeso kya Claus ow'omulembe obutundutundutundu ekisukka ku sente obutono obwa Claus. Omwaka gumu oluvannyuma, BN [FLT]], Kkooti eyalagira nti ekitongole ekyo kireme okukikozesa obusokerobo obukola ebisukka obutono mu nkola eya bulijjo.

Ekiragiro kye kyalaga obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi obwali mu mateeka, naye tebwamalawo mangu mangu olukumbo olw'enjawukana. Okusambajja okw'amaanyi kwabungibwawo mu bukiikaddyo bwa South(8). Olukiiko lw'abatuuze b'eggwanga, okuyimirira mu bya bufuzi, n'ebibiina byonna ebyalwawo okusigaza Jim Crow. Kyanditutte emyaka emirala kkumi egy'okuwangula mu by'amateeka. Eky'ekitongole kino=Montmer Busboncott, ekituula abantu mu magbo, Eddecustom, ekya Sses Ribes ku Washington , ate ne ku mateeka amalala (Ekiwandiiko kya Civiga ku 1964 ne ku Kkosomero za Count Act of 1965) okusobola okusazaamula ekkomera mu mateeka.

Eky’obusika Plesby v. Ferguson

Eky'okulabirako ekya [[NT:0] Plaby v. Ferguson lugero olw'okulabula ku ngeri kkooti enkulu gy'etegeeramu obubi Amateeka, eyinza okuggyawo obutali bwenkanya n'okulwawo okusazesa emirembe n'emirembe. Omusango ogwo gusigala nga munywevu nnyo era nga gukyafuga enkola ya Kkooti ey'okukuuma abantu abatono.

Okusoomooza Okuliwo Leero

Wadde enjigiriza eya "" eyawukana naye yenkana" yasaasaana mu 1954, enkaayana ezikwata ku bwenkanankana n'ekifo ky'amateeka zeyongera okujjuukiriranya Pnecy omutwe gw'enjigiriza eza bulijjo. Ensonga ez'omu kiseera kino nga resebuval, obusosoze mu nkola y'amateeka era n'okusoomooza ku kukkiriza ekikolebwako kireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kwenkanankanankanankana n'obusobozi. Era okusalawo okw'okuleka obusosoze obw'ebika n'ebika bya bannabwo okunnyonnyola mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'enjawulo, era n'okukusoomooza okuzzawo ebibuuzo ebiyinza okuleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku n'obukuumi. Era ku nsonga ey'okuleka obutuufu mu ku ku ku nkola y'okunnyonnyola kw'amateeka agafuga amateeka.

Mu byafaayo, Plassible kitujjukiza nti okuwangula mu by'amateeka kuyinza obutanafuwa era nti okukulaakulana kuyinza okwetaagisa okufuba okw'amaanyi. Omulamuzi Harlan akyusa endowooza ye yokka, eyagwa kungulu, kati atwalibwa ng'okwolesebwa okwa ddala okw'omu Mateeka. Ebigambo bye ./" Ekiragiro kyewawawawa ekiragiro kino tekikkiriza bantu kutwala langi nga mu maaso"[1] Amakaanyi ago gago go gago gombi gago gagala okuggyewattulira ddala eky'okunkiriza ekikaanyi eky'enjjuluzi.

Obubonero obufissiddwa ku bintu ebisigalawo butuuka nga buno] obuba bukyasobola okulabika bwo busoma "WW" ne "Color"" --* Obungi bubukyali buggyibwawo naye nga tekuli kunkankano za njawulo ze zikola. Ebireetera eby'omulembe ogwa Amerika okukalubya eby'okuwandika kubanga biyigiriza nti amateeka gayinza okukozesebwa ng'eky'okukozesa eky'eddembe oba ng'ekyuma ekinyigiriza. Okutegeera kino si kkulu nnyo okusobola okukakasa nti eggwanga teriddamu nsobi zaalyo ez'emabega.

fundikira

[[NKKULA] '[FOLT] '[FOLT:0] mu 1896] okusalawo kwali kwa kabi nnyo eri ekisuubizo kya grande eya kyenkana. Mu kukola eya "kussociation naye yenkana" enjigiriza, kkooti yawa ebibikka ku sisitemu ya Jim Conversation Amerika eyawamba okumala emyaka mingi. Okufuga kwalemesebwa, ennyimba z'enkola ez'enfumbo, era n'okukomyawo olukalala lw'eby'envuma mu myaka 50 okutuuka ku kikumi. Enkola yaayo mu [FLT:] Brown v. Kkoodi ey'enjigiriza ya Amerekawo[[FLT:] yali buwanyinyi, naye ekisiikirize eky'okutu [[FLT:] tekikola mu ngeri ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ekika kya bulijjo.[5] nyingi, ekirondekko ekyo tekikyuka mu mateeka.[5]

Ebirala Ebyaliwo mu Busobozi bwa Baibuli n’Ebyo bye Yawandiika

  • [[AGUMENTI:0][NKULA][[AWULA:1]] OKWONGERA: Pleby v. Ferguson bye yayogera ebisookeddwako oba ebiwulirwako[[[KATANDIKA:2][[KATANDIKA:3] — Gezaako okumanya ebisingawo ebikwata ku nsonga, agumenti, n'ebiwandiiko byonna eby'omulamuzi Harlan ebikontana.
  • [[Akawayiro:0][NKUMBO]] 'Etterekero ly'eggwanga: Paysky v. Ferguson[[KITABO:2]][OLW'OKUMALIRAKO] — Kebera ebiwandiiko ebyasooka era soma endukusa ezaakozesebwa mu kuwandiika ebiba biwandike ebya bulijjo.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[AK'AWULA]][[:1]] Ekirala eky'Olukiiko Olukola nga: Plevy v. Ferguson ne Embala ya Jim CLT[ — Ekibuuzo ebinoonyezebwa n'ensibuko enkulu eziteeka okusalawo mu byafaayo.
  • [[Act:0][[NKULA] : Ekiragiro 'parkel Park''. Ferguson — Entegeka eyamanyibwa ku nsonga n'ebivuddemu.