Edda Ekintu eky’Ebyafaayo: Timor ne Ssematalo II

Omusingi gwa Australia gweyanjula okugattika East Timor gwatandikibwawo mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II. Ekibiina kya East Timor bwe kyali tekinnaba na kutandika, ekizinga kya Canberra kyalina amakulu mangi mu bukiikakkono. Mu ntandikwa y'omwaka 1942, amagye ga Japan bwe gaayingiza ebitundu bya Australia okuva mu ggye ly'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Asiya ow'ebuvanjuba bw'Amerika eryalimu 2/2 dependent Company (Eggye ly'Abatujju) ne liwandibwa mu Portugal okuziyiza obulumbaga bw'abadumbi bw'Abadaaki.

Ekiragiro ekyo kyatta nnyo abantu b'omu East Timor. Abajapani baasasulwa nnyo era ne batta abajaasi nga 400,000 okutuuka ku 700,000 Timor. Omuntu omusawo oyo yaleetera Australia ne East Timorese okukolagana obulungi ne Albania. Ekyo kyaviirako Abajapani okusuula bannaabwe mu kabi ak'amaanyi.

Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo, Portugal yazzawo obuwambe mu nsi ya Portugal n'ezza ettwale ekitundu ky'ekizinga ekyo, ate ekitundu ky'obugwanjuba ne kifuuka ekitundu kya Indonesia ekippya. Mu myaka asatu egyaddirira, enkola ya Australia eri mu Portugal Timor yali terina kye gikolawo. Gavumenti ya Amezies yatwala ekifo ekyo ng'eky'obutuuze bw'Ekipotukezi era n'esalawo okuzzaawo enkolagana wakati waakyo ne Jakarta, era n'eyakiraba nti kyali kyetaagisa okulwanirira obukiikakkono bwa Australia.

Emyaka gy’Omunaala: Ekitangaala Ekirungi

Okugwa kwa gavumenti ya Portugal ey'amaanyi Estado Novo kwakyusa nnyo embeera. Gavumenti empya eya Lisbon yakyusa mangu nnyo n'eviirako okubuggya mu by'obufuzi mu East Timor. Ebibinja bisatu ebikulu eby'eby'obufuzi byatandikawo: UDT (Timore Democratic Union), ebiwagira okukyukirwa ne Portugal; APODETII, nga bisemba okukolagana ne Indonesia; ne FRETILIN (Mukinyinza w'okweraga mu kuddawo oluvanyuma lwa East Timor), ebyawagira abantu bangi okuzza obuwagizi bwayo ku nkyukakyuka mu by'enkola.

Gaugh Whittam, katikkiro wa Australia yayolekagana n'okusalawo okw'amaanyi mu nkola y'ensi endala. Whitlam yali yeemalirira. Yalowooza nti East Timor yali mu ggwanga "etayinza kutuukibwako" eryandibadde ensibuko y'obukyayi mu bitundu oba ekwawulwawo abayeesi. Mu nkuŋŋaana ezaaddako ne Pulezidenti wa Indonesia Suharto mu 1974 ne 1975, Whittam yategeeza nti Australia "tanditawuusibwa nnyo" olw'obungi bwa East Timor mu Indonesia, singa kino kyabaawo mu mirembe era nga ne bannayo bannayo bakyuumiranga. . Ekyo Jakarbo bakitwala ng'ekitangaala ekya kiraga nti Australia "teesangibwa nnyo" olw'okukolagana ne Indonesia.

Whitlam kye yakola kivumiddwa nnyo nti y'alemererwa okukulembera Australia. Bwe yasooka okutegeeza nti enkolagana ennungi wakati we Indonesia, yalekera awo okugoberera omusingi ogw'okusalawo ku bantu b'omu East Timor. Okunoonyereza kuno okw'amaanyi okwagattibwa ekitongole kya Foreign Affairs mu kiseera ekyo, kwasobozesa obulumbaganyi okutaasa abantu mu kiseera ekyo.

Ebikumi Bitaano: Omujaasi Omwegugungo

Mu Okitobba 1975, amagye ag'enjawulo ag'omu Indonesia bwe gaatandika okulwana olutalo olw'okuva mu East Timor, bannamawulire bataano ab'omu Australia baali mu kibuga Balibo. Greg Shackleton, Tony Stewart, Gary Cunningham, Brian Peters, ne Malcolm Rennie bwe baali boogera ku lutalo olweyongerayongera.

Gavumenti ya Australia, wansi w'omutwazi omukulu Malcolm Fraser oluvannyuma lw'okugoba omulimu gwa Whitlam, yakkiriza olugero olw'agyekusifu olw'amagye ga Indonesia olw'okuba gattiddwa mu muliro. Balibo Five yafuuka akabonero ak'amaanyi akalaga nti Australia yali ekolera wamu. Okumala emyaka mingi, gavumenti ezaakoma okugaana okuwaliriza Indonesia okuttirawo abantu bonna okufa, nga zisooka zisibawo oludda oludda olumu ku bannantalo bannamawulire.

Okukozesa Obulungi Enkola y’Okuyingira Obusirisi: Okuyingira mu Kisirikitu

Nga Ddesemba 7, 1975, Indonesia yatandikawo obulumbaganyi bw'ekika ky'ekizinga ekiyitibwa Dili, eky'omulembe ogw'oku ntikko, Seroja. Enkumi n'enkumi z'abafuzi ba East Timor battibwa mu wiiki ezisooka ez'obulumbaganyi. , Australia kyeyavamu tekyakola. Mu 1978, gavumenti ya Fraser yawa coo era n'ebakkiriza okumanyibwa mu bujjuvu okw'obufuzi bwa Indonesia mu East Timor, nga Australia eyisa Indome ng'obuyinza wadde nga tebwawandikisizza kugibwa k'omutindo.

Kaweefube ono yalina engeri ey'enjawulo: okulondoola endagaano y'ekitongole Timor Menor. ennyanja Timor erimu amafuta n'agaali. Wansi w'amateeka. Munsi w'ensi yonna, East Timor bwe yali kolooma, ensalo yonna ey'ekizinga kya Portugal yakkirizibwa okugoosaamu ensi y'ennyanja. Ofissiyoni nga gaagikkiriza, Australia yandisobodde okukolagana butereevu ne Jakarta. Endagaano eyateekebwako omukono mu 1989, Timor Devior, yaziyira ddala ettaka eryalimu ettaka ne Jakarkarta, ne kireetawo ssente nnyingi ku nsi ya Canberra ne Jakarta, kyokka nga teriimu bantu b'e East Timor.

Ebitongole bya bannasayansi mu Australia, naddala Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), byenyigira nnyo mu kiseera kino. Oluvannyuma kyazuulibwa nti ASIS yasaanyawo ofiisi z'ekitongole kya Attorney ne General mu kuteesa kwa 2004 okusobola okufuna obuwanguzi mu East Timor olw'ensonga y'eby'amafuta n'eby'ettaka. Kino kyalaga bulungi engeri Australia gye yali etegeseemu okusobola okuwanirira ebigendererwa byayo n'ebyenfuna mu kitundu.

Santa Cruz Massacre: Endowooza y’Abantu Ekyuka

Nga Noovemba 12, 1991, abaserikale b'e Indonesia baasaanyawo abantu abaabanga bafudde ku mukolo gw'okuziika mu Santa Cruz amanda g'omu Dili. Emttano gwalekisa ensi yonna ebikolwa eby'obukambwe ebyakolebwanga abakungu ba gavumenti mu Bungereza.

Mu Australia, waaliwo okusoomooza kwa maanyi mu gavumenti ya Hawke Labor. Mwannyinaffe Harmage Evans eyasooka yawagira nnyo enkola ey'okulaga omukwano wakati w'abantu ab'omu Indonesia.

Obuteesiteesi bwa Australia Obwatandika

Mu myaka gya 1990, waaliwo ekibiina eky'amaanyi ekifuga essomero eririna enzige mu Australia. Amakanisa, amakanisa, n'ebibinja by'abayizi byatandikawo ekitongole ekiyitibwa East Timor Action Network (ETAN) awamu n'ebibiina ebirala. Baagezaako okwekalakaasa, bannabyabufuzi abeejooza, era ne bateekawo ssente ezibalemesa okuteeka emmeeri mu Indonesia. Obuwanjufu bw'ebyuma bya ssaabwo okugaana okuteekamu emmeeri ezaali zigenda Indonesia kyali ngeri ya maanyi ey'okuleetawo obumu.

Obuteeyisa bwe buno bwali bukulu nnyo mu kukyusa embeera z'eby'obufuzi. Abakulembeze b'eggwanga lya Timor baagezaako okulwanagana ne gavumenti z'eggwanga lya Australia, naddala José Ramos-Horta ne Xana Gusmão, baamala emyaka mingi nga bazimbira ebizimbe ebizimbe ebikozesebwa mu Australia.

Enkyukakyuka: 1998-1999

Mu kaweefube eyakolebwa mu by'enfuna mu mwaka gwa 1997-98, kyagobera obufuzi bwa Suharto ne kimuwaliriza okulekera awo. Omukulembeze we, Habibie, yafuuka omulongoosi nga tasuubira.

Mu Ddesemba 1998, Kapita w'ekitongole ekikulu John Howard yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Habibie ng'ategeeza nti: ‘ Ekiseera eky'ekiseera ekiwanvu eky'okuyita mu nkyukakyuka okusobola okwefuga. Ebbaluwa eyo yali ya kuyamba nnyo, naye Habibie yagitwala nga kyenyigidde mu Australia. Musunguwavu olw’ekirowoozo ekyo, Habibie yasalawo mu ngeri ey'amaanyi: East Timor yandirondedde okulonda wakati w'okwefuga n'okwemalirira okukyefuga okw'enjawulo, wansi w'ekibiina kya UN.

Ekyo kyasanyusa nnyo ensi. Australia yafuba nnyo okuwagira omulimu guno. Ekiragiro kya UN Alternacio mu East Timor (UNAMET) kyatandikibwawo mu Australia nga kiwagirwa gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti. Kaweefube ono yakolebwamu ebikolwa eby'obukambwe era eby'okutiisatiisa okuva ku bannamagye ab'e Indonesi naye abantu b'omu East Timor ne booleka obuvumu obw'ekitalo.

Okuzikirira

Nga 30 Agusito 1999, abavoti 78,5 ku buli kikumi baasalawo obwetwaze. Ekyavaamu kyaviirako okusaasaana. Abasirikale abayitibwa pro-Indonesian, nga bawagirwa amagye ga Indonesia, baatandika kaweefube ow'okusaanyawo amayumba, okuyokya amayumba, n'okutta aba bulijjo bangi.

Ebifaananyi by’abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasala ensalo z’ensalo ne omukka oguva mu kibuga ekikulu byaleetawo akabenje mu nsi yonna. Australia yayolekagana n’okusalawo okw’amaanyi: okugonjoolera ddala ebikolwa eby’obukambwe oba okuleka ensi za East Timor okutuuka ku kiseera eky’obuwangwa.

ENSIMBI: Australia Ekulembera Ekkubo

Nga bapikirizibwa nnyo Ekibiina ky’Amawanga Amagatte ne Amerika, Pulezidenti Habibie yakkiriza okukulembera ab’obuyinza mu Australia, era nga gavumenti ya Bungereza n’Amerika zaagaba amagye mangi mu ggwanga lya East Timor.

Nga Ssebutemba 20, 1999, amagye ga Australia gaasooka kutuuka mu kibuga Dili.

Ekiragiro kya Australia kye kyali ekitongole ekisingayo obunene mu Australia okuva mu lutalo Vietnam. Mu kiseera ekyo, Australia yali esobola okweyimirizaawo ng'omukuumi w'emirembe mu bitundu. Era waaliwo enkyukakyuka ya maanyi mu nkola ya Australia ey'ensi endala: okuva ku kulwanyiranyiranyiza Indonesia n'okudda mu kuwagira enteekateeka ez'okwerwanako.

Okufuusibwa kw’Obwetwaze

Mu Febwali 2000, Australia ye yali ekulira omulimu ogw'okuddamu okuzimba amagye n'amapoliisi.

Enkolagana wakati w'eby'obukulu n'obukulu n'obukulu mu butakkaanya

Enteekateeka eno enneesigamizibwa okuva mu 2002. Australia ebaddeko n'ekitongole eky'amaanyi ekikuuma emirembe. era ereeseteese okuzzaawo emirembe nga kigoberera enkola y'ekibiina kya UN (UNMIT) mu 2006.

Obutakkaanya mu Nnyanja Timor

Kyokka, wadde nga waaliwo obuzibu bungi ku nsaasaanya yamafuta n'amafuta, endagaano y'omunaana gw'ennyanja Timor 2002 yayawulamu ettaka okuva ku ttabiuti za Petroleum Development Aqua (JPDA) 90% okutuuka ku East Timor ne 10% okutuuka ku Australia. Kyokka, ekitundu kya Sun Greater Sune presse kyali ku ludda olumu ku lubalama lw'ekika kya JPDA. Australia yawagidde okufuna ensalo ensalo eziyinza okukimu ate East Timor ne y'eyongera ku lubala lw'ebyuma byayo.

Enjawukana zino zaatandika nnyo. Mu 2013, ab'obuyinza mu Australia baalumba ekitongole kya East Timor mu Canberra ne banyaga ebiwandiiko. Ekibuuzo ekyo kyasalirwa omusango kkooti y'e Arbitration eya Sandel. Ebbeesaawo ensonga ne baddira ekisiikirize. Kyalabika nga kyekakasizza nti Australia yali efaayo ku bya nfuna y'eby'enfuna ya muliraanwa waayo.

Mu ndagaano eyitibwa 2018 Maritime Boundalary Treaty

Mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, amawanga ago gaateeka omukono ku ndagaano y'e Maritime Boundary Treaty mu Maaki 2018. Endagaano eyo yassaawo ensalo wakati w'amawanga ago abiri mu kiseera ekyo, nga gakkiriza okugabana n'enkola y'enkola eya Sun Greater Sun tsunami.

fundikira

Ebyafaayo by'eggwanga lya Australia okwegatta mu kibiina kya East Timor kinoonyereza ku ngeri gye kyajjawo mu nkolagana wakati w'ensi yonna. Ky'okawukanya nti enkola y'enkola y'ekika kya perkotitik eyinza okuleetera abantu okukola enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo, era n'engeri abantu gye bayinza okuwaliriza empisa ez'enjawulo. Okuva ku nnyassi za Balibo Five era n'okukolagana n'omulimu okumala emyaka okutuuka ku nkola y'enkola ey'enkomeredde mu InteFet, olugendo Australia ne East Timor lwe luyinza okuteekawo olukwata ku ggwanga erinaat'ebyafaayo byalwo. Enkolagana wakati w'abantu leero, wadde nga waliwo enkaayaanaaza ku by'obugagga n'obutebeboolekagattiŋŋanda. Egimu ku ezo eziri mu nkola y'omulembe gw'omu Australia ey'omulembe ogwa bulijjo.