Obufirosoofo Obukyusa Amateeka g’Omu Amerika

Okumala emyaka ana, ekitongole kya Federalist Society kibadde kikolera mu kibiina kya bannamateeka aba bulijjo era abakyusa ennyo mu Amerika. Mu 1982 kyatandikibwawo ekibinja ekitono eky'abayizi b'amateeka mu Yale, Harvard, ne University of Chicago, abantu okuva mu kibiina ekiwayinja kifuuka kampuni ekola ng'enkola ey'okukyusa enfuze mu nkyukakyuka z'amateeka. Ekitongole kino kirina enkola emu ey'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'obufirosoofo obusinga obukyamu obwa bulijjo. ism [. Enjigiriza eyo ey'edda yafuuka enkola ey'okutegeka omulembe ogumu ey'omulembe ogw'omu mateeka. Okumanya engeri abafuwi wa socialcist Society gye baatwalamu Socialsourcence, era gye baakulaakulaakulamu enkola eno mu n'okunnyonnyola mu bujjuvu mu lukiiko olukulu olw'okusenge.

Okutegeera Okutaputa Obuto

Obusosoze

Ekiragiro kino kigamba nti amakulu g'empandiika eya tteeka liwagiddwa mu kiseera buli emu lw'ekkirizibwa. Amakulu gaasigala nga gakomye okutuusa nga tteeka erya 'Constitution' likyusibwa bulungi okuyitira mu Kitundu V. Omulimu gw'omulamuzi kwe kukozesa amakulu ago agasooka okutegeeza abantu bonna[, mu kifo eky'okugikyusaamu okusinziira ku mitindo egya bulijjo. Abakulembezza ku njigiriza ez'edda tebakkiriza ndowooza eyo egamba nti 'Etteeka lya Bulagirizi' eririna mu nkola eya bulijjo'. Abakola ku nsonga eyo bagigoberera nga bayisa ekiragiro ekiba nga kigasabikkirizisaamu amateeka agatagibwa.

Amakulu Agaasooka n’Agaaliwo mu Butato

Bannasayansi abaasooka nga mw'otwalidde ne Attorney Grippey Meese mu 1980, baayogeranga ku kunoonya "manustry com "ensonga" ey'abatsanzi. Naye enkola eno yateekamu okuvumirira okw'amaanyi(() tuyinza tutya okumanya ekigendererwa kya bikumi n'ebikumi bya ratifiers? Enkola eno ey'enkumbo eyagobererwamu Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia n'omuyivugi obwenyi w'amateeka Randy Barnett, kye kitegeeza mu bulango obwa bulijjo[FLT: 0]. Omuntu bw'abuuza bw'atyo omuntu ayinza okutegeera ekyawandiikibwa mu kiseera eky'okutumbula ebigambo. Kiziyiza obuzibu obw'okutegeera amakulu mu n'ennyinyo mu byafaayo okuyitira mu bigambo ng'ebyo, empapula, ne mu mpaka za rat.

Okuwandiika n’Okutaataaganya

Empandikiro etera okugattidwa n'empandika eya , enkola ey'okunnyonnyola ebigambo nga era eggumiza amakulu agali mu byawandiikibwa. Wadde nga text yekuusa ku mateeka n'okutandikira ku ntandikwa y'amateeka, byombi bigaana okussaawo enkola ey'okusala emisango. Scalia yawakanya nti omulamuzi ye "omukono oguwandiika ebigambo" eby'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kikozesebwa okukomya enkola ezo zombi ez'okuziyiza obukwakkulizo obw'okusala emisango. Omulamuzi ayitibwa Neil Gor, eyasooka okuwandiikako omwogezi, yeennyonnyola nti omulabiri mu ku ebyo ebiri mu nkola y'obufirosoofo.

Ekifo ky’Ekibiina eky’Okutambula ne Kifuuka Omuzannyi

Ekibiina Ekyava mu Butakkiriziganya n’Ebigambo by’Abayizi

Mu mafundikira g'emyaka gya 1970 ne 1980, abayizi abalondemu mu by'amateeka baawulira nti basukkulumusibwa mu masomero g'amateeka aga waggulu era nga bagoberera enkola ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka ne Warren Courtsiviv. Federalist Society yatandikibwawo okuteekawo ebiwandiiko ebyandibadde tebyanguyirwanga mu kibiina. Enkuŋŋaana ezasooka zaakubangamu enkaayana wakati wa Scalia ne Robert Bork ne Robert Bork. Eby'okukwata ku nnyinyonnyola ennyimba zaaleetera abantu okuyiga ennyo era n'okuteekako omwali n'okuteekako okolagana ne bannabyo mu kifo ekyandizuuliddwa emyaka mingi oluvannyuma. Abantu era baakubawo olupapula olupya oluyitibwa Journaly'Amateeka & Publiclic, nga bawanjudde ddala amateeka.

Ebifa ku Mukolo gw’Okujjukira Obusosoze

Omulamuzi ayitibwa Antonin Scalia ye yali omugezi ennyo mu nnyanjula y'okutandika. Emboozi ze, ebitundu, n'ebiwandiiko bye, byawandiikibwa mu ngeri ey'otusobyo.[1] Ebiwandiiko ebyo byawandiikirwa abayizi b'amateeka ate ne bantu bonna nga basobola okubitegeera. Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas, eyalondebwa mu 1991, yakola enkola ey'amaanyi ennyo n'ebiwandiiko ebyasooka, ng'awakanya nti si Scalia ne balamuzi abalala aba bulijjo abayinza okukkiriza. Omulamuzi Robert Bork, wadde nga teyakakasiza ddala ku kkooti esingako, yawandiika ku ebyo ebiteekwate ku Amereka Amerika ebyayatulaasa eby'obukyamu ebiyinza okutegeeza nti si mu Scalia, oba abalamuzi abalala abalonde aba bulijjo. Gye buvuddeko awo, Omulamuzi Brede Kivagh ne Anderset yennyini, bombi baawandiika ku ebyo ebyasooka, era nga byeyongera okuwandiika ku kyakulabirako.

Emikutu Emitongole Egikola ku by’Enjawulo n’Okusala Omusango

Ekitongole kya Federalist Society tekisemba abo abagenda okusemba okulondebwa mu lukiiko, naye kikola ng'ekidiba ekikozeseddwa. Abakulembeze okuva ku Ronald Reagan okuyitira mu Donald Trump beesigama ku magezi ga Federalist Society nga balonda abalamuzi ku buli kifo we batuula. Ekiragiro kino kiyamba abantu okumanya bassessesss ddommenti abanyweredde ku njigiriza za nnukuta ez'edda n'ebyawandiikibwa. Mu kiseera kya Trump, ekibiina kyakola omulimu omukulu mu kugatta olukalala lwa kkooti enkulu eyakola emisango egitali gimu mu lukalala lw'abalamuzi abayitibwa Gor Govaugh, ne Barrett. progiethi eno ekakasa nti obufirosoofo obwasooka busobola okuteekebwa mu lukalala olwa emyaka mingi.

Wadde nga baalondebwa, aboogezi batwala abakugu mu by'amateeka mu masomero g'eggwanga gonna. Bino biyamba abayizi okutegeera obufirosoofo nga baakatandika obuyigirize bw'omu mateeka. Bangi ku abo abasoma ku lukalala bagoberera enkola eyo.

Ekifo kya Sosayate ey'Okutegeka

Ebigambo by'ekibiina eby'emisingi biggumiza "amateeka, okwawula ab'obuyinza, obusosoze, era n'eddembe lya buli muntu." Obwetaavu butuukiriza mu ngeri eyo kubanga bukwata ku kiwandiiko ky'amateeka mu kifo ky'empandiika egonjoolebwawo mu kifo ky'empandika ekkirizibwamu ewawandiikibwawo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu bantu. Abantu bagamba nti "teetwala ng'enkifo ku nsonga ezimu oba amateeka," naye okukuŋŋaana kwago n'ebitabo byabyo biwandiika obukaanyisifu ensonga ezisookerwako. Kino kifudde abantu ab'amagezi okuba ba maanyi geesigika mu mateeka, era nga kiwatibwa n'abawakanya ebibakwatako.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu n’Okusalawo

Okufuga Amagezi g’Okusala Omusango

Ekintu ekikulu ennyo mu kutandika n'enkola z'enkola eza Katonda, nga bwe kikubirizibwa ne Federallist Society, kye kikakaatisizzaamu abalamuzi. Abalamuzi ab'enddala balina okuwanirira bye basazeewo nga bakozesa obujulizi obw'ebyafaayo.[1]Discopery of Columbia.Pricer

Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], kkooti yakolako ekigezo kye kimu ekya okusooka ekiraga nti waaliwo okunoonyereza okukwata ku mateeka ag'amaanyi. Omulamuzi Thomas, nga awandiikiriza abasinga obungi, yagamba nti gavumenti erina okulaga nti etteeka eririna okuba "erina okubeera n'enteekateeka ey'ebyafaayo ey'amateeka g'ebiramu. Enkola eno ey'edda ekyusizza erinnya ly'okukyusaamu ery'okubiri, nga kyetaagisa kkooti eza wansi okwegatta ku byafaayo so si ku kyetaasizza mu ku nsonga ezisinga. Sosawo abeekenneenya ebikwata ku byafaayo.

Okuggyamu Olubuto n’Abagole

Oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisingayo obulungi eky'obuwanguzi obw'okubereberye kye ky'okutuuka ku buwanguzi 'Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization (2022), ekiwagidde Roe v. Wade[ era [[FLT]]]][FLT]]][Kyojjukawo lw'Abakyala] n'ab'abakyala bassawo. Casembries Samuel Alito's yakozesa enkola ey'okuwandiika, nga awakanya nti eddembe okuggyamu olubuto teri mu byafaayo by'eggwanga n'enfunze. Endowooza ereetebwawo ku ku ku kuggyawo n'okukyusa kwa Blaamanyibwa mu n'okukyusa kw'amateeka, eyinza okumanyibwa mu ngeri y'enkola mu ngeri efaanana nga John Robertn, gye ziggulakomu ennyunzivuvuvuvu mu nsonga ez'edda ennyo. Endowooza ezo ziyinza okumanyisaamu okumanyisaamu okuzizza ennyo okuzizza eyinza okumanyi

Ebikolwa: Ennaku Ezaakayita

Nga wayiseewo emmundu n'okuggyamu olubuto, enkola ey'okusibuka mu nnyanjula ebadde yeesigamye ku kusalawo okwawukana kw'obuyinza, okugattibwa kw'amateeka, n'eddembe lya ddiini. National Federation of Independent Business v. Ekitongole ky'omulimu (2022]), ekimanyiddwa nga "omulambo gwa kyo," kkooti yayogera ku nsonga enkulu ezikireetera enjigiriza [1] omusingi gwa k'enzikiriza okumanyibwa kwa gavumenti, n'etteeka eryasibuka mu kutegeera kw'ekika kya Constitudiation (obukulembeze)(okuziba olumu olumu olumu olw'okukwata olumu) olw'okuziyiza obutundu obutuufu obw'ebisaanyizokyama). Mu kitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekinoonyereza ekinene ekyawombe eky'omu kkooti y'ebyuma ebinene kyasembe bye kyatumbula emyaka mingi. mu kifo kya '19] mu kkooti enkulu] 202], enjigiriza y'eyo y'eyo y'eyo mu kifo kyago kiragira

Obubonero bw'eddiini obw'eddembe nga Kennedy v. Brementon School studit [2022] era bwoleka okunoonyereza okwasooka. Endowooza ya Gormot gye yeemalira ku makulu ga Free Esociation and Agementes, nga kiwa endowooza nti omutendesi w'omupiira ogw'omupiira yalina eddembe okusaba mu nnimiro oluvannyuma lw'emizannyo. Kkooti yagaana okukebera Lemon(amakumi g'emyaka agaasooka) ng'enjigiriza eyagivumirira ennyo abanoonyereza ku mateeka.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Blawulo Za wansi

Obukodyo bw'obukabaka tebukoma ku Kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Abalamuzi abalondebwa okuyitira mu mikutu egikola ku bukulembeze bwa Federalist Society bawa endowooza zaabwe bulijjo ensibuko ez'enjawulo. Bangi babadde bagoberera abalamuzi ab'edda oba babaddeko mu nkiiko z'abakulembeze abaasooka gye baatumbulira. Enteekateeka zino zikakasa nti empango z'obusambizi zijja kukolebwa ku buli mutendera ogwa judicaary, okuva mu kkooti z'ebitundu okutuuka ku kkooti z'ekitundu. Ebiva mu ebyo byeyongerako bye byawandiiseeko amateeka ageezaako okuzza empakasaawo nga bagoberera empaka ez'enfumo.

Okuvumirira n’Okusoomooza

Ekizibu eky’Obulombolombo Obutakkiriziganya

Ng'ekyokulabirako, bannabyafaayo bawakanya nnyo enkola ya Amereka ey'okuwerezaamu (Drands) nga bawa endowooza eyo ku nsonga y'enkyukakyuka 14 ezaakolebwa abeekenneenya nti Katonda yasooka. Enjigiriza eyo teyinza kukakasa nti ewa ddala eddembe ly'obuntu eririna okukkirizibwa mu mawanga.

Okutaasa Ebifa ku Kitonde n’Okubirowoozaako

Okusoomooza okulala kukwata ku kifo eky'okulabirako. Obweyamo bwa olubereberye obw'okumanyisa amakulu amakyamu butegeeza nti ebibadde bikozesebwa bisaanidde okufugibwako ddala singa biva ku kutegeera okw'olubereberye. Naye kkooti enkulu ebaddeko ebbanga ddene ebaddeko endowooza nti ebisinziirwako bisaanidde okugobererwa oluusi ne bwe biba bikyamu, okukuuma obutebenkevu n'obuteesigago. [[FLT:][FLT][5]] mu kunoonya ebikyamu, naye tebyamanyibwa ku nkola ndala endala abanoonyereza abamu gye baasooka gye baatwala ng'ebikyamu [FLT:] Rooe[[6] ne [[FTLT] [[5] Kino kitegeeza nti, oba okunoonyereza okw'obugolokofu okw'eby’obufuzi. [[5] Kino kiyinza okuleetera ekiragiro ekyo ekireetera abavumivumivumivumivumu okunoonyereza ku nsonga eyo.[5][5][5][5][9]

Etteeka Ekkakafu Ekkulu Ekkulu ery’Oku Kkasa

Abalwanirira Amateeka bagamba nti, tekisoboka bannassaayansi okumanyiira ebizibu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino. Abakola enzikkiriza teyinza kusuubira nti abalamuzi bateekwa okuteeka mu nkola ebigambo ebikozesebwa mu nkola eya kompyuta oba ebyuma. Omulamuzi ayinza okuzibuwalirwa okukozesa ebiwandikiro ebifuga enkola eyo okusobola okwewala "obuseeguzi oba obukwatibwa obukwatibwa obuggya" mu nsi gye batalowooza nti si waali. Abakola eby'amateeka bagamba nti abalamuzi balina okusala emisango ku nsonga za mateeka nga bakozesa emitindo gy'enkola eya bulijjo. Enjigiriza z'obusobozi ziyinza okuzikwata ku ngeri ebigambo gye bitegeerekekamu. Abakobayita "bumanyifunze" era nti abalamuzi basobola okukozesa mu bugenderevu okunnyonnyola amakulu gaabyo mu ngeri eya bulijjo nga tebakyusizza mu nkola ebya tekinologiya empya.

Enkaayana ez’Omunda mu Baasooka Okuzikkiririzaamu

Abakkiririza mu njigiriza z'eddiini teboogerera ddala ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezisookerwako. Ekimu ku ebyo kiraba nti okufaananako Scalia, abakkiririza mu mateeka bagamba nti amakulu g'amateeka oluusi gavaamu ebiva mu kussaawo ebiwandiiko byago. Era ne kiviirako okusoomooza kuno.[1] Okussaawo a denderstation tekisuubirwa nti, abafuzi bagoberera enkola ya Claus ab'abakazi wadde nga baali tebagenderedde ekyo ekivudde mu ku musingi guno. Abalala nga Thomas, bawagidde enkola eya bulijjo eyinza okukendeezaako ebintu ebimu ebiyinza okubakugira obukuumi. Enkaayaanyi endala ezingiramu "omukono ogufudde" lwaki twandibadde n'endowooza ey'abafiiri abangi ababeera mu bantu ababeera mu ttuluguwa ne mu bantu abatatuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa obw'obuddu? Abasosoze bakkirizi bakkirizibwa okuva mu ku ku ku ku ebyo ebikolebwa "Werst", sofulumess, so ku ku ku ekyo ekigamba ku nsonga ezigamba ku nsonga ez'eby'empisa ez'edda.

Okuvumirira Okuva ku Ku kkono n’Ku ddyo

Abasomi ba Baibuli bagamba nti enzijjuvu: 'FLT' eba nnukuta esobola okuyamba ebiva mu kugoberera enkola egoberera enkola eyo. Balaga ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa nga . era ] Kitimagins United v. FEC [2010]], ekyavaamu ebintu ebikwatagana n'ebiragiro ebisookebwako. Abasomyo bagamba nti enkola eyo etera okuvaamu obukyayinja naye nti enkola yennyini terina ludda. Abasosoozesezza ku mateeka, nga "omufuzi w'amateeka aga bulijjo" J. Harvie Wilkinson, bagamba nti endowooza eyo tetegeerekeka era efeeyisawo akakiiko k'omulamuzi.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Obunnabbi n’Eby’Okufuga Omuntu

Emyaka Ebiri Okuva Edda ku Nsi

Nga basala emisango mukaaga ku kkooti ey'oku ntikisikisi, obufirosoofo buno bulagira abantu abasinga obungi. Kino tekitegeeza nti abanoonyereza bonna bakkiriziganya ku buli nsonga.[1]ufansor bye basalawo nabyo tebitera kubaawo. Wabula kitegeeza nti endowooza ya olubereberye erina obunene obw'amaanyi. Omulamuzi Barrett yawandiika nti enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku ntandikwa tesaanidde kuba nfumo ate nga esobola okugoberera engero n'obulombolombo obusooka. Omulamuzi Kavanuughism naye aggumiza obukulu bw'obutebenkevu ng'enywerera ku ebyafaayo. Ekiwandiiko kino eky'okusooka eky'okusinzira ku nsonga kiyinza okunnyonnyola engeri y'okugoberera enfunze mu mu mulembe oguddako.

Okusookera Ddala mu Kuwuliriza Okuganzi

Obukulembeze bwa ddiini busobodde okuggya enzivuunula y'amateeka mu nsonga z'eby'obufuzi ezitategeerekeka ne zitandika n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi. Abasawo kati basaba abalamuzi obanga beegatta ku njigiriza z'obulombolombo. Abakulembeze batwala obufirosoofo mu kaweefube. Amasomero g'amateeka gawa amasomero agatendekeddwa enkola ez'okusibya amateeka. Enkuŋŋaana z'abantu zisikiriza okuwuliriza eby'okulaala eby'amakutu, era ebitabo byago bijulizibwa abalamuzi n'abalandisi b'amateeka. Okunoonyereza kuno ku nsonga z'obulombolombo kukakasa nti endowooza ya Kristo esigala nga y'obuyinza obw'omulembedde kawa k'amateeka ga Amereka.

Baasigala Basobedde

Enjigiriza y'obulombolombo eyoleka okugezesebwa okw'amaanyi. Kkooti eno okunoonyereza okw'ebyafaayo era n'okugoberera okunoonyereza okw'ebyafaayo by'abantu okwetaaga abalamuzi okufuuka bannabyafaayo, era nga kino kye basinga okwetaaga. Abavumirira enneeyisa z'abantu abeeraliikirira nti enkozesabukakafu obw'ebyafaayo. Mu kiseera kino, aba Federalist Society bennyini balina ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kifo kyayo mu ssaayansi. Amakubo bwe gagenda geeyongera bwegatikkula, nga geekenneenya essente ze, enkolagana gye galina n'abo abagaba bawagidde mu by'obufuzi.

Wadde nga waliwo okusoomoozebwa kuno, ekifo ky'eddiini mu mateeka ga Amereka kirabika nga kinywevu mu biseera eby'omu maaso ebisuubirwa. Ekiragiro kino kizimbyewo ebizingirwamu.[1] scholary, ennyunzi ez'okusiikusifu, ennyingo, ebisengeke ebikola ku nkalala z'ebiragiro, ne kisobozesa abafuzi okuteebereza nti enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi zibaawo. Omuntu yenna bw'atwala endowooza nti ensibuko y'enkola ezza buggya ku misingi gya mateeka oba nti omuntu agoberera enkola y'obufirosoofoomufuko bwa Federation socialism, tekiyinza kubuwakanya. Abantu baatwala ng'enkyukakyuka entono ennyo mu n'enjigiriza y'enkyukakyuka mu Amerika. Ekyo kijja kukola kino kijja kukola ku mateeka mu Amerika okumala emyaka mingi.