Okutegeera Essomero ly’Omulimu n’Omuze gw’Okozesa

Electoral College ye nkola eya Lynoloji e United States ekozesa okulonda pulezidenti waayo era omumyuka wa prezidenti. Mu kifo ky'okulonda obululu obutereevu, enkola eno yeesigama ku kakiiko k'abalonda abakuba obululu okuzuula oyo eyawangula. Abavvunsi bangi bayinza okuwulira nti tekikyetaaga kubanguyira, naye era bategeera engeri ekitongole kino gye kiyambamu okulaba engeri enkola y'okulondamu mu ggwanga. Ekitundu kino gye kinnyonnyola emirala gy'ekola, era n'ekenneenya ebiva mu byafaayo byaakyo ku kkampeera, n'ebyo ebiva mu kifo kyayo mu demokulasenti ya demokulase.

Engeri Essomero lya Electoral gye Likolamu

Ku kigero kya waggulu, Electoral College kye kibinja kya 538 abalonda abagabanyizidwa mu bitundu 50 ne disitulikiti ya Columbia. Buli ggwanga lifuna abalonde bangi abalinga abali mu kakwate akaalyo akakiikirirwa bonna awamu mu kakiiko akatuula ku Nnyumba y'ababaka, nga kimu nga kiriko ebitundu bibiri ebikolera ku balonde. Olusenyi lwa Columbia luweebwa abalonde basatu wansi w'Emmende 23.

Bw'okubalanga pulezidenti mu Noovemba, tolonda muntu butereevu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, oba olonda olukalala lw'abo abalondebwa okuwagira omunyabiina. Abalonda bano balondebwa ebibiina bya bufuzi mu nkuŋŋaana ennene oba obukiiko bw'ekibiina. Mu magatte mangi, omuteesi awangula akalulu ku lunaku olw'okulonda olugattiddwa olw'obulango, afuna byonna ebiteebwa mu lukiiko olwo. Kino kimanyiddwa nga omuvuzi wa sisitemu ey'okuwangula. Gavumenti bbiri bwokka nga jjuuntanta y'ebitundu.

Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga, abalonde basisinkana mu bikulu bya gavumenti yaabwe mu Lwakutaano olusooka nga Jjanwali. Mu kiseera ekyo, bakuba obululu obwa ba prezidenti era omumyuka wa prezidenti. Obululu buno obujulizi obujuliziddwa busindikibwa ku pulezidenti wa lukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga ku lukiiko lwa United States.[1] Abalabirizi abafuga ekibiina ekimu mu ttwale lya Jjanwali 20. Mu kiseera ekyo, abalonde babalibwa, era omuteesi atuuka ku bavvugibwa 2,70 baweebwa empagiro. Kubala kuno kukomekkereza kulaga nti omukulembeze w'eggwanga ku nkomerero y'ekibiina kya kakiiko akalondebwa ku United States.

Wadde abalonde abasinga obungi baasuubiza, "Abo abatagoberera nzikiriza" emirundi egimu balonda omunyabi omulala. Kkooti enkulu yawagidde nti eggwanga liyinza okwetaaza abalonde okugoberera ebilango byabwe, era gavumenti nnyingi zirina amateeka agakakasa kino. Ekiragiro kino kifugibwa amateeka ga U.S. era ne Electoral Count Act mu 1887, nga waakayita ekiseera kitono nnyo okukyusiza mu nkola y'obulagirizi mu Electoral Count Reform Act ekya 2022 okunnyonnyola obulombolombo obutuufu bw'amateeka agakwata ku nkola y'okubala.

Ensibuko y’Amateeka n’Ekigendererwa kyago

Electoral College yatandikibwawo ku Convention of Constitution eya 1787 ng'eyo aw'okutemya abayagalira ddala Conseil okulonda prezidenti n'abo abaali baagala okukuba akalulu. Abakola omusingi baatya okuwa kakiiko akafuzi obuyinza bungi oba omuntu ataasoma. Era baayolekagana n'obuzibu obw'amaanyi: okutegeeza amawulire amalungi mu ggwanga eriggya ebweru, era obwesigwa mu bitundu byasobola okutabangula obumu.

Enteekateeka eno yategekebwa okusobozesa obuwagizi mu magye amanene n'amanene. Nga bayitira mu kulonda okwesigamiziddwa ku ndagiriro n'ebigambo ebigattiddwa, gavumenti ntono zafuna obuyinza bungi nnyo mu bantu ab'omu nsi ezo. Enteekateeka eno yalimu kkomo lya nkola endala ennene eyadda mu kutegeeza obuddu n'okukiikirira ab'obuddu. Wadde nga gavumenti essatu ez'obusatu ez'obusatu ez'agossibwawo ziwandisizza obugattiddwawo obuwandike obuzi nga ze ziwandikidde ebitundu ebirala mu Nnyumba, era bwe kityo amavwooza g'obulango obwo obukola obuddu bwalwo ne busobola okubala abantu basatu abali mu bantu, enteekateeka eyo yagobeetaagobererwa oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lwa Civide oba olw'obukungu olw'obutundu 14.

Leero, Electoral College ekyeyongera okubaamu enkola ya prezidenti, era eno ye nsonga lwaki abantu bakyeyongera okukola enteekateeka ez’okulonda, okulonda, n’okulonda.

Ebyakwata ku Koola y'Omulimu gw'Obwannakyewa

Electoral College ekola ku ngeri obululu gye bukwatamu. Nga wansi wa nkola y'okulonda okwa bulijjo, buli kalulu kajja kubalira ddala eggwanga lyonna. Kyokka, wansi wa sisitemu eno, okulonda kwo kwekusobozesa nnyo mu ntegeka y'eggwanga. Mu nfuna ey'okuwangula - ssemazinga zonna, okulonda kwo kukuyamba okusalawo omunya w'obululu bwonna obuweebwa mu ntegeka y'eggwanga. Bw'obeera ng'oli mu ggwanga eririna kye bukkirizi erina okulonda, obululu bwo tebuyinza kuba na kye bukola kiva ku nkyukakyuka y'eggwanga lyonna kubanga okulonda kwa gavumenti kuyinza okuteeberezebwa bulungi. Wabula, bw'obeera ng'obeera mu n'obuvoolonda bwo, ekiragiro kiyinza okubaamu enkusobozesa okulonda.

Obukugu buno buvudde ku kuteeka essira ku ngeri eby'okulanga ebitongole ebikola kampeyini gye bikozesebwamu, okukyalira abantu, n'okubiwandiisa mu bifo ebirala gamba nga Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan, Arizona, Georgia, ne Nevada, mu nsi enkuumi, okusingira ddala abo abalondebwa mu bitundu nga California oba Texas.

Mu kulonda kwa mirundi ebiri ku mirundi omukaaga egyasembayo, pulezidenti [1]2000 ne 2016. Oyo eyawangula akalulu mu Electoral College yafiirwa obululu bwa Electoral College. Kino kyaleetawo okuwakana okw'amaanyi ku nkola y'obwannannyini n'obwenkanya. Abavvuoti mu bantu batono mu ggwanga lyonna abawagira omuwanguzi w'okulonda, enkola eno eyinza okusoberera. Abavvuzi abaganyulwa mu mu bivudde mu kulonda okw'e Electoral College, enteekateeka ya siteetera okulabika ng'ekuuma obunyigiriza bw'abasinga obungi era n'obuteekuukutaavu n'obuteekuuzi bw'ensi eno.

Kuno kwe kulonda kwo kwa njawulo wansi wa koli. Kikulu nnyo bw'oba oli omu ku kibiina ekiwangula obululu bw'eggwanga bwo, era nga kikulu nnyo naddala bw'oba oli mu mbeera ey'okuvuganya. Ne mu bitundu ebirongoofu, okulonda kuyinza okuleetawo enjawukana mu mawanga era n'okulaga nti ogenda kussa obukulembeze mu magatte ga gavumenti.

Obutakkaanya obwaliwo oba Obutakkiriziganya n’Essaawa Ebiri mu Kkolero

Enkaayana Ezisiimibwa

Abo abawagira ekitongole kya Electoral College bagamba nti kikuuma obukwasi mu bitundu ebitono ennyo ebibeeramu abantu abatono. Bwe kitaba bwe kityo, abo abaagala okugendayo bagezaako okuwanirira obutuuti bw'ebibuga ebinene, nga beewala ebifo eby'omu byalo ne mu bitundu ebitono. Enteekateeka era ekubiriza abo ababa bagenda okusemba ebisatu ebinene n'ebitono okukola ebisukka mu kimu okusobola okuwangula.

Ekirala ekikkirizibwa kiri nti e Electoral College erimu eky'enjawulo ekiyinza okukolebwa nga eteeka obukujju mu nkola obutategeeragana wakati w'enkankano wakati w'amawanga. Obuzibu mu by'amateeka bwe bubawo mu bitundu bitono ebiwakanya ebyo naye nga tebwetaaga kubalirirwa ggwanga. Okulonda okwali mu Florida kwa 2000 kyakulabirako kirungi: obukuubagano buno bwali busigiddwa gavumenti emu, era oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yagonjodde ensonga. Mu nkola y'okulonda okwa bulijjo, okulonda okw'amaanyi kwasobola okuleetawo obulango mu buli ggwanga, ne kireetawo akasatti.

Obutakkaanya Obuba Buzzeewo

Abawakanyi bagamba nti ekitongole kino kimenya enkola ya demokulase eya demokulase omuntu omu gy'abeera nayo, ng'omuvvunta omu. Obuzito bwa buli kalulu kalonda kasobola okukolebwa mu nsi eziwera obukadde nga 39. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omunonde mu Wyoming, alina obululu bwa mirundi esatu obukubiddwa abantu nga 5800,000, alina amaanyi ga n'okukubisaamu emirundi ena ag'omunonyi w'omunonda mu California, era nga 54 obukadde nga obuwumbi bw'abantu balonda abantu nga 39.

Abagoba bannabyabufuzi era bagamba nti omuteesiteesi asobola okuwangula obukulembeze ate nga yafiirwa olulu, gye bagamba nti efeebeza okunyooma omuwanguzi era n'okuleetera abantu okulekera awo okwesiga enkola ya pulogulamu. Okuwangula n'entegeka zonna mu masaza agasinga obungi kusobozesa abo abeetandiike okubuusa amaaso obusaabaze obw'obunene obw'ensi eno. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 2016, ebitundu bibiri mu kawere ebya kaweefube okulonda byakolebwa mu bitundu mukaaga byokka. Kino kiyinza okuleka ekivvuubibwa mu mawanga agatali gannaazo okusoosattu okusobola okugoba ekiba nga kyegattiddwa.

Ku nkomerero, abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezo bagamba nti Electoral College esobola okusobozesa obuvvuunulizi okunyigiriza gavumenti nga ziteekako amateeka ag’okuvoota agakugira ennyo.

Ekifo Ebitongole Ebifuga Obukulembeze mu Kulonda

Eggwanga eriyitibwa stave ``Spaw' oba'ewa kasooke=$'') ze zisinga okumanyibwa. Amasaza gano era gasikiriza abantu bangi okulanga kampeyini, okugenderako, n'okulambula.

Mmaapu y'e Electoral College ekyuka oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera ng'omuwendo gw'abantu n'ebyobufuzi bikyuka. Mu myaka 20 egiyise, ebitundu nga Colorado ne Virginia, ebitundu ebibadde bitambula byava mu lutalo ne bidda mu kifo eky'okudda entebe y'obufuzi ne bidda mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa, naye ebitundu nga Ohio ne Iowa bisensedde mu kifo kya Rust Belt ebisangibwa mu Michigan, Pennsylvania, ne Wisconsian; ebitundu bya Sun Belt eby'e Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, ne North Carolina; era ebiseera ebimu ne Minnesota ne New Hampreshi.

Kino kitadde essira ku nkola z'ensi ezimu ezikola ku bintu bingi. Abajulizi batera okusikiriza amatuuti gaabwe okulonda abangi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo nga batandika okukola obululu mu Rust Belt, eddembe ly'amazzi mu Southwest, n'obulungi bw'okusuza ebizimbe mu Nevada. Abasomi abali mu bitundu ebikuumibwa bategeera bulungi ebibeeraliikiriza kubanga obululu oba obumyufu obwa bulijjo tebubawagarizza nnyo kubanga obululu bwabwe bwamala okubuyingiza buleme kuyingira.

Abavota nga balonda mu bitundu ebitegekedwa, ekitongole ekimu ekiyitibwa Electoral College kibawa eddoboozi erisinga okukuba. Okulonda okumu mu mbeera ez'enjawulo kuyinza okuleetera omunyago okufuna obululu bwonna obwa kampuni y'eggwanga eryo. Eno ye nsonga lwaki kaweefube ow'amaanyi mu nsi zino, era lwaki abakuba akalulu bagoberere n'ebisibuka ku nsaanukuta eby'amaanyi.

Ebirowoozo by’Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka n’Ekakwate k’Eggwanga Ek’Abatuuze ab’Enzikiriza

Kubanga okuggyawo Electoral College kyetaagisa okutereeza etteeka eryali liragira okuzza obuvvuuzi bwa buli kikumi mu mayumba ga gavumenti ga mirundi esatu mu nsatu eza kampala n'okugootaanya ebitundu ebisatu mu masaza ago. Kyokka, okumalibwawo kwa gavumenti kuzibuwalidde mu by'obufuzi. Ebiteeso ebyo ebiwerako okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka biteekeddwa mu makomera ga mirundi esatu.

Ekimu ku ebyo ebisingira ewala okubeera eby'amaanyi kye National Popular Vote Interstate Company (NPVIC). Guno ndagaano wakati w'ebitundu ebigattiddwa okulonda bonna abalonde abo abawangula obululu mu ggwanga. Endagaano eyo ekola ka kibe ki ekivudde mu ggwanga lyabwe. Amasaza amatwale nga 270 gakoze olukalala nga gagasse wamu. Mu 2024, ebiwango nga 2024, ebiwandise ebirengo by'abavvuzi bitaddewo akakiiko akalonde. Singa omutikkero gutuuka, akalulu k'eggwanga akagazi k'eggwanga akajjukirwa kajja kuwangula obululu obutongole obutongole ekya Elctoral College, nga kituukiriza obululu obutongole obutongole obutongole obukola mu ggwanga awatali kulonda gavumenti.

Abawagizi bagamba nti omuteesi wa NPVIC ayinza okukkirizibwa okuwangula obukulembeze nga tewali poota etongole, okukakasa buli kalulu mu ggwanga lyonna ery'enjawulo, era n'okukola kaweefube mu mpaka za gavumenti 50 zonna. Abaziyiza bagamba nti akakiiko kayinza okwonoona omwoyo gwa gavumenti, kasobola okwolekagana n'okusoomooza mu mateeka, era kayinza okuteeka embeera mu kabi ak'entalo ez'ebyobufuzi singa gavumenti eyagadde okukivaako. Kkomyuniti tekebe nga kyenkanankanankanankanankana n'eky'okukuba kkooti, era n'enjawukana yaakwo esigala nga n'ensonga z'abayivugizza mateeka.

Ebiteeso ebirala ebikolebwa okuzza obulango ku nkyukakyuka zizingiramu okulonda abalonde okuva ku bukiiko bwa disiturikiti nga Maine ne Nebraska bwe bakola; okuteekawo essente eziba zigattiddwa; oba okwongera ku muwendo gw'abo abalonda okwongera ku nkyukakyuka mu muwendo gw'abantu. Ku kitongole, ab'ekibiina kya Consert bataddewo amateeka okuzikiririzaawo Electoral College, naye tewali n'omu kutuuse ku nkomerero.

Ekyo Kye Kitegeeza Okusalawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Electoral College ejja kweyongera okusobozesa okulonda ba pulezidenti mu biseera eby'omu maaso ebisuubirwa.Demographic n'okweyongera kw'abantu mu bukiika ddyo ne Bugwanjuba, bigenda bikyusa mmaapu y'abo abalonda. Eggwanga nga Texas ne Florida zifuna obutuuti obutegekebwa mu lukiiko oluyitibwa Rust Belt ne mu bukiika kkono obwa ntshona zigenda ziggwaawo. Kino kiyinza okukyusa enzivuunikidwa mu ntalo mu myaka eginaddako.

Mu nsi za Electoral College, okugattika eby'okunywa enviiri ku kyoto ne mu ngeri endala kiyinza okuleetera abavvuunuli okumanyira ddala ekinaava mu kaweefube ow'oku siteesitemu. Mu bitundu ebimu, singa balonda babaako kye bakolawo, basobola okukkaatiriza ennyo empaka z'okukuba obululu, ennyumba, ebigo ebikola ku ntegeka z'eggwanga, era ne ku b'abakulembedde. Okutegeera obulungi ekitongole kya Electoral College nakyo kisobola okuleetera abakulonda okutegeera engeri eno: ensonga lwaki abo abaagala okukyalira ebifo, ensonga ze bassa essira ku nsonga ezimu, era n'ensonga lwaki gavumenti ezimu tezirina kufiibwa.

Abavwoota abaagala eddoboozi lyabwe libe nga lya waggulu ku mateeka, nga basigala nga bamanyi embeera yaabwe eya bulijjo.[1] Era okulonda mu buli kalulu ke kalonda k'esinga okubaamu. Ekiragiro kino kizibu, naye nga tekikola mu ngeri nti tekisokratiro ekifuga ensi kye kisalawo omukulembeze waagwo.

Ensonga Enkulu Ekwata ku Kkolero Erimu Ebirala

  • Waliwo abalonde 538, nga balinga 435 abali ku Nnyumba, 100 abalondebwa, n’abalonde basatu ab’Olusenyi lwa Columbia.
  • Oyo agenda okulondebwa alina okulonda abantu 270 okusobola okufuna obukulembeze.
  • Mu nsi nnyingi, amannya gaabwe gasangibwa ku lupapula oluwandiikiddwa ku lupapula lw'akalulu oluli ku mukulembeze w'ekibiina.
  • Gavumenti 48 ne disiturikiti ey'omu Columbia bikozesa enkola eya buli omu okulonda alondebwe. Maine ne Nebraska bagoberera enkola eya disitulikiti ey'okulonda.
  • Enkola eyo eyogerwako mu Mateeka ga Amerika, naddala mu Katundu II, Ekitundu 1, okuwummuzibwa okw’omulundi ogwa 12, n’Emitemerezo 23.
  • Electoral Count Reform Act eya 2022 egoberera enkola ekoleddwa okusobola okubala obululu obukoleddwa, era n'esobozesa omumyuka wa prezidenti okuwakanya okulonda okwali mu lukiiko lwombi.
  • Abalonda awatali kukkiriza — abo abasala obululu mu ngeri gye batakkiriziganya na misango gyabwe − teri kya bulijjo, era Kkooti Enkulu ewagidde eddembe ly'amawanga ery'okukakasibwa n'okubonereza abo ababa bakoseddwa.
  • Electoral College ebadde emitwe ku nsonga ezisukka mu 700 eziteeseteese okuzza obuggya mu kkanisa, era tewali n’emu ku nsonga ebaddewo.
  • Mu kulonda okw’emirundi ebiri okwasembayo (2000 ne 2016), eyawangula Electoral College teyawangula kulonda okwakolebwa mu ggwanga lyonna.
  • Enkola eno yakolebwa mu ngeri emu nga yawukana wakati w'ebitongole ebinene n'ebitono mu Convention of Constitution mu 1787 ate ng’ekolamu n'ebitundu ebimu ng'okukakasa nti tewabaawo demokulase.

Okwogera n’Abatiini

Electoral College ekyakyakola mu ngeri ezitategeerekeka ezikolebwa mu Amereka. Eyongera amaanyi g'abavvuoti mu nsi eziba zifuga, ewa ebibiina ebitono amaanyi agasingawo era n'okukakasa nti abo ababa balondebwa bakuba pulezidenti balina okutandikawo obumu mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu. Kyokka era ereetawo obwawule mu kulonda, ne kisobozesa abanoonyereza okufiirwa obukulembeze, era n'ekampekero z'okukuba kampuni ne bateeka amaanyi mu k'entalo.

Abavozi kinnoomu, enkola eno kitegeeza nti ekiyinza okukolebwako mu kulonda kusinziira ku kifo ky'obeeramu. Ekyo tekitegeeza nti ovoota kwo tekuliiko kye kugasa; kitegeeza nti olonda kwo kukolera mu ntegeka y'eggwanga eteekeddwako obukwakulizo. Okutegeera engeri Electoral College gy'ekolamu yo kikuyamba okumanya w'okkirizibwa okulonda, lwaki kaweefube kikola nga bw'akola, era n'enkyukakyuka eziyinza okukyusa embeera. Sistemu eno esigala nga y'egguka oba n'ejjawo, omulimu omukulu ogw'okulonda gusigala ku musingi gwa demokulase.

Okuyiga ebisingawo, kebera ebinoonyezebwa mu Tterekero lya National 'Ssente eza Electoral College, soma Ekitongole ekikola ku nzivuunvuunvu ez'enyo ez'enkyukakyuka[, osobole okukebera ekitongole kya National Conference of State Legislatures's amateeka[[]. Ensobubonero zino ziwanjula obubaka ku nkola eya pulezidenti eya buli mulundi gwa pulezidenti.