Etteeka erikwata ku Bufuzi bw’Eby’Eby’Enfuna

Constitution y'Amerika si kiwandiiko kya bya bufuzi kyokka; y'egobererwa ekkomo ekizimbe ekkomo ly'enkola y'eby'enfuna mu nsi yonna we eri. Nga yawula amatwale ga gavumenti, n'ebiwandiiko by'obuyinza bwa gavumenti, era n'eb'enkungo enkulu, Ekiragiro kyateekawo amateeka ageetaagisa mu by'obusuubuzi, okusobola okumanyisa obulungi ebizimbe, n'okuyingiza ebitongole bya gavumenti. Okuva ku kakiiko akasooka mu Ssenkuuni y'eggwanga mu Ssaza lya Philadelphia, okulwanirira obuyimba ku by'obusuubuzi, enteekateeka z'eby'eby'obusuubuzi, era n'eby'ebyenfuna by'ensimbirira mu ku kutegeera engeri y'obukoddisi mu Amereka.

Ekitongole Ekiramuzi Eky’Obusuubuzi: Egunjibwa w’Abafuzi

Ekiragiro ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Classic esangibwa mu katundu ka 8, Ekitundu 8, Classia 3, kiwa Congress obuyinza "okufuga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga amagwira, era ne mu mawanga agawerako. Ekiragiro kino ekirabika ng'ekyangu kireeseewo okujjuzaamu era ne kigaziya amaanyi g'ensi n'okusinga agamu gonna mu mateeka. Mu kiseera eky'okumenya amateeka, etteeka eryagendererwa okukomya entalo mu ntalo z'eby'obusuubuzi ne enzibe. Eggwanga liba likwasizza emirimu eminene ku ku kugabanaawula ensalo zaabwe, era nga n'okusobozesa okuvaamu okukulaakulana okumanyisattululwa kw'eby'eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna.

Okunnyonnyola Ebintu mu Maaso ne Kkooti y’e Marshall

John Marshall yasigira ddala omusango gwa Claus Claus ku ngeri y'okukwatamu ennukuta. Ekiragiro ekyo kyaleetera omutemu omunene okutandikawo olutalo olwo. Omulamuzi omukulu ayitibwa John Marshall yakikkiriza nti "comce" tekwali kusaasaanya bintu byokka naye era n'okukutwala enjawulo zonna ez'eby'obusuubuzi. Ekyo kyasalawo nti amaanyi g'ensi mu by'obusuubuzi gaayimirizibwamu gandibadde ga plema era gaayimirizibwawo mu kakiiko akamenti y'ebitundu bya New York bwe kaabasuubuzi nga kasalawo okukola.

Mu kyasa ekya 19, Kkooti y'Abasuubuzi era yakozesebwanga okuggyawo ensalo wakati w'obusuubuzi n'obusuubuzi. Wabula yakozesebwanga okuwa ekiragiro eky'okutegeka amateeka g'ensi okuzibya ebikozesebwa mu kukola. United States v. C. Nightnight Co. (1995] [1895] Kkooti enkulu], yayawulamu enkola y'obusuubuzi n'ey'okuyiiya ebizi, era n'eraga nti Sherman Anti- Treact teyandiyinzeeko nkola ya kukebera bya sukaali mu ggwanga kubanga okukola project yali nkola ya mu kitundu. Endowooza eno ekkirizibwa okumanyibwa ennyo okutuusa bwewandikkuttuludde okw'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi.

Ekikolwa Ekippya n’Okugaziwa kwa Gavumenti

Akabenje mu by'enfuna mu 1930 kaaleetera Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, programu eza New Deal, ezaagaziya nnyo amateeka g'ensi. Mu kusooka, kkooti enkulu yateekawo amateeka agafuga eby'obusuubuzi. Kyokka, oluvannyuma lw'okuteekawo amateeka agaagoonya enkola y'eby'obusuubuzi. Ekitongole kya National Industrial Recoveration Act mu Schechter Poult. United States[FLT] v [1935] [1937], nga kifuga nti amateeka gaafuga eby'obusuubuzi. Kyokka, oluvannyuma lw'okutabangula ekiragiro kya "OKKOMENT", kkooti egenda mu nsonga nga [FLT]. Jones & Lauglin Splate.[FFFF:3] (1977]), yawagira obukyawunjula bw'ego ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'ebyuma ebitongole ebikola bya propuleesaalwa mu by'eggwanga".

Kino "byavaamu ebitali bya bulijjo" kyafuuka ekipimo ekippya, ekyasobozesa Congress okutegeka omulimu gwonna ogwali gulina kye guyinza okukola ku nteeko z'eggwanga. Oluvannyuma kkooti yagaziya ku bulimi (Wickard v. Filburn[[[FLL:1]], 1942]), gye yafuga nti omulimi alima eŋŋaano mu nsegeso ye kennyini akyasobola okukibalirirwa olw'okuba agula emmere yennyini, bwe yayingira mu ggwanga.

Enkongo z’Ekkolero lya Claus ery’Eby’Obusuubuzi: Lopez, Morrison, ne NFIB

Mu mwaka gwa 1990, kkooti enkulu yatandika okussaawo essomero eririna obukwasi mu kifo kya Ssekukkulu eryali liteekeddwawo. United States v. Lopez (1995]), kkooti yakuba olukumbo lwa bannaakyewa olw'okuba okuba nga baalina emmundu okumpi n'essomero tekwali mulimu gwa kukola gwa busuubuzi era tegireka nnyo kitongole kya bannakyewa. Eno yali eyo ye nsonga esooka mu myaka 60 olusooka kkooti emaze ng'emaze okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti olw'obuyinza obwa waggulu obwa Claus Claus. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Amerika.[20000]

Kkomo lya waggulu lyali mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202). Kkooti gye yatwala ekkomo lya Affordal Care Act okuba nga limu ku mateeka. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts, nga awandiikira abasinga obungi, yakkiriza nti Kkanisaante tekkiriza bantu kugula insuwalensi eya kkansanti y'obulamu. Amaanyi ag'okufuga eby'obusuubuzi tegatwaliramu buyinza bwa kukaka bantu kukola bya busuubuzi mu katale. Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo nti Kko assembante tesobola kukozesa mukolo gwa Claus okuyingiza ebitongole eby'obusuubuzi ebiyinza okugula ebitalabika.

Endowooza n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu ku Buyinza bw’Eby’Enfuna

Entegeka ya Kkonkula y'eggwanga ewa obuyinza bungi ku nsonga z'eby'enfuna ez'omu kitundu, nga mw'otwalidde n'eby'obusuubuzi, okusasula emisolo, okukozesa ettaka, n'okuyingiza emirimu. Ekiragiro eky'ekkumi ekirango ekikola ku magatte gonna agataweebwa Amerika. Emyaka egisukka mu bikumi bibiri, enjawukana eno ereeteewo obuzibu mu by'enfuna ku buli mukitundu.

Kinooneeri wa Busuubuzi

Ne bwe kiba nti kkaasa k'abakkirize, ekitongole ky'eby'obufuzi kiyinza okuba nga kirina "demant" mu nkola egaana amateeka g'ensi agasosola oba agalagira obuttuttuka mu nsi za Busuubuzi. Enjigiriza eno eyakolebwa abalamuzi egaana amateeka agakugira okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku bukuumi mu magye ag'ensi emu agakkiriza bizineesi mu magattiddwa mu magye ga ssaza. Kino kitegeeza nti mu kibuga kya Philadelphiaw [New Jersey[FLT][1288]), kkooti enkulu yakkiriza okuyingiza etteeka eriri mu New Jersey ekkomo erisinga okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okutakkirizibwa mu makya n'okugaagwo, kubanga gavumenti teyinza na kusosolamu bya n'eby'obusuubuzi ebigifuga. Mu ngeri y'emu, kkooti yagobeetaa tteeka eri mu New York ery'esudde ssente nnyingi okusobola okuzuula ebizinesi ebizitooteeba ebizito.

Ekitongole kya Dorment Commerce Claus kikyali kya maanyi nnyo mu kukozesa bannabizineesi okulemesa gavumenti okumanya amateeka agatali gamu mu nsi. Mu mitendera egyakayita, gavumenti yateekamu okuteeka amannya ku bintu ebikolebwa ente, okukugira ku mikutu gy'enteego ku Internet okujjuza abantu nga balanga ebiteesiteesi. E-commerce bwe yeeyongera okweyongera, ekitongole kya Dormant Commerce kijja kuba kitundu ekikulu eky'okusalawo obanga gavumenti ziyinza okuteerawo kampuni ezikola ku mateeka ga njawulo ku ngeri gye zikolamu mu mikutu gya gavumenti.

Obulagirizi bw’Okusolooza Omusolo

Ekiragiro era kisigira ab'obuyinza ab'obuyinza mu masaza ga gavumenti n'ag'omusolo. Emisolo egisaasaanyizibwa mu ggwanga lyonna girina kuba nga gikola kimu (Kati 1, , Ekitundu 8 Claus 1), era etteeka erya nnannyini misolo girina okugabanyizibwamu okusinziira ku bantu abali mu nsi nga(a) ekisaanyizo ekyaviirako okutongozebwa kw'omulembe gw'ensolo ogw'ekkumi n'omukaaga mu 1913, ekyakkiriza omusolo gwa gavumenti okuguwa. Ate, Amerika, girebwawo okusasula emisolo egiva mu nsi endala nga tegibaddekosebwa oba okugobererwa awatali kkomolereza (Ol Lear Leace 10, Ekiragiro Claus 2) era n'emirimu egikolebwa ku bibyabiro ebiyingira mu mawanika gaago.

Kkooti enkulu ya 'FLT' esalawo nti okukuŋŋaanya obusolo mu ssemazinga' mu South Dakota v. Wayfair , Inc. (208) kye kyakyusa nnyo omusolo gw'ensi n'empandika. Kkooti yakikkiriza nti eyinza kuwaliriza buwayiti bwa gavumenti okukuŋŋaanya obuguzi mu ggwanga. Naye mu Wayfair, Kkooti ewayusizza emitindo egyo, nga etegeera nti obufuzi obwa kompyuta obwa kompyuta bwawanjula obutereevu obwawagibwa buwagisa obutereevu obutereevu obutereevu obutereevu ku maduuka ga n'amaduuka. Kati kabega koodi y'esobozesa ebitongole ebitongole ebibutundamu okukuŋŋaanya emisolo n'ebibugulwa okuva mu nsi ebikolerwa, ne mu mbeera y'ego y'ego egibagirwamu.

Eddembe ly’Ebifo, Enkyukakyuka Eziba Zikoleddwa

Ekiragiro ekifuga etteeka erikuuma obuvunaanyizibwa bw'abantu n'endagaano ziremeseza bulungi ebizimbe ebikolerwamu bizineesi n'eby'obusuubuzi.Emitemere ey'okutaano egaana omuntu okuwa ettaka nga tamaze kukozesa bintu bya bantu bonna awatali kusasula.

Omuntu Ayitibwa Claus

Akatundu I, Ekigaba 10, ekya Ekiragiro Claus 1 kigaana okutaasaamula amakooti. Mu lupartema olwasooka, ebigambo bino byali bikulu nnyo okukuuma abo ababanja okuva ku mateeka ga gavumenti agaagezaako okuweerera ababanja. Kyokka, kooti enkulu yakkiriza okuteekawo amateeka agaagoonoona embeera z'eby'enfuna, era agaatabangula obulamu bwa bantu mu kiseera kya ddobo, nga geetaago mu kukuuma obubenje n'obutebenkenke. (1934), kkooti ya Minnesovis ewagidde amateeka agatali ga ntuufu mu by'obumenyi bw'eby'eby'enfuna, era egamba nti amaanyi g'eggwanga okulwanirira ebbeeyimizibwa mu kifo ekigo. obuvunaanyizibwa buno tebulina kye bukola mu kukkaaweeteeka mu n'ewandikiro. obuvunaanyizibwa buno bwo: Contra Claisellas obukus obukola ewandikiddwawo ebitongole bya bantu banna

Okwewala Obubi n’Okugonjoola Ebizibu by’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga

Okutwala erinnya Claus kwetaagisa gavumenti okusasula ebibye mu bwayo. Naye amateeka agakendeeza ku muwendo gw'ebintu gayinza okuba nga "gavumenti" singa gagendera wala. Pennsyvania Coal. v. Mahon [1922] [1922], Omulamuzi Holmes yagamba nti singa amateeka gayonoona obugagga, galina okusasulwa. [[FLT:][2][Kyylvanvanias Coal. Council [[FLT:]] [192]], ekiragiro kyakkiriza nti amateeka agayima ebintu byonna byewawawawa obugagga, gatuukiriza enkola y'okutwala ebintu ebiyinza okuganyula, okuggyako nga okugaana obukwanjula emitindo gy'amateeka agago. Empala engo n'amateeka aganene gassizza essirassssssssss'ebiragiro bya waggulu, ebitongole eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'enfuna eby'obusuubulibwa.

Emisingi gy’Etteeka mu Bufuzi bw’Eby’Eby’Enfuna

Ne leero, amateeka agafuga enkola z'eby’enfuna gakyeyongera okukolagana mu buli kika, okuva ku mitindo gy’emirimu egy’eby’enfuna okusobola okukuuma obutonde n'okukuuma obukolerwako ebyuma.

Okukozesa Obulungi Amateeka n’Eby’Omulimu

Ekiragiro ekifuga emirimu, nga mwe muli n'etteeka erikwata ku mulimu, era n'etteeka erikwata ku mulimu, era n'etteeka erikwata ku mulimu, era n'etteeka erigobererwa mu kitongole kya Centre Claus. Kkooti Esingirayo ddala yawagira amateeka gano ng'akkiriza enkola ya kakiiko k'obuyinza mu by'enfuna esobola okufuga ebiziina by'obusuubuzi. Kyokka, ebitongole era nga birina obuyinza ku mirimu, gamba nga insuwalansi y'abakozi, ensuwalensi, n'obutebenkenkezesenzi z'emirimu gy'abakozi mu bya gavumenti. Ekkomera ebyakasembye ku ggi-enomyuka z'abakozi (g. g., oba abagoba b'abawabuzi bannabizinesi ba gavumenti ba gavumenti y'eby'eby'ewatunzivu, era nga bwe bigobe nga mu mateeka ga California B agena ku by'omulembedde mu masaza gamu.

Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka mu Nsi

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ewa obuyinza obusinga ku bufuga enkola yayo okuva ku ttutumu ly'eby'obufuzi nga essaawa z'obusobe. EPA[FLT] trainss act. Econsole Air, Cleat Water, ne Endangereal Sce Act byonna biwaniziddwa wansi w'ebigezo ebya maanyi. Kyokka kkooti enkulu etaddewo ekkomo: mu Virginia v. EPA[FLT] [22] [202]), Kkooti ya EPA eteekawo emitindo gy'amaanyi mu bimera wansi w'enjigiriza "jor Empigi," gisaanidde okwogera mu ngeri enneeyagaza z'eby'eby'eby'enfuna. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti ng'obutengobeesitenzigwagwagwa bugazi bwa Clauslas, tegiyinza kugisaawumba bulungi mu ngeri enneebutebe z'eby'eby'eby'obuyinza ebifuga.

Eby’Obusuubuzi ne Internet

Internet kye kintu ekikolera ku ntegeka y'ensi mu by'obusuubuzi, era n'eky'okussaawo enkola y'ekitongole ky'eby'obufuzi ekya Ccolaus ewa obuyinza ku nkola eyo. Act y'ekitongole kya TeNternational eya 1996, eyabaamu Ekitundu 230 (okukuuma obutuuti obutabaako musango gwa bitundu bisatu ebirimu ebitundu bisatu), ekiwandikiro. Eggwanga ligezese okufuga engeri y'eby'enfuna, gamba nga ebitongole bya bannabizineempulizi ebya bannabizine, okusobola okusengeka ebika mu n'ebintu ebirala, naye nga wansi w'amateeka ga Dorment Commercistem Claus ewandikie singa amateeka gaabwe gaawula ebitongole eby'omu n'omutindo. Ng'omululu wa California, okikusobozesa okutandikawo enkyunzirondo za yunisita z'eby'eby'obusuubuzi okugobejja mu kibiina. Ng'okuteekawo amateeka, n'okuteekawo ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitegekedwa mu maduuka kya propu. produka, produsteci

Obujjanjabi era n'Engeri y'okwesasuza

NFIB v. Seberius okusalawo kwakoma ku kukugira omutemwa gwa Claus ow'obusuubuzi era ne kuleetawo nti okugaziwa kw'Akakwate ka Medicaid tekuyinza kukakasibwa ku gavumenti nga kuliko aw'entengo eziriwo. Kkooti ya gavumenti ya Leeteero yali teyinza kutwala "musibe ya muwaatwa" okusobola okugazisa obuwandise bwayo. Ekiragiro kino kikozesebwawo programu z'eby'obulamu bw'abaana nga mw'otwalidde ne Eddala ku nkola y'eby'eby'obulamu bw'abaana. Era kinyweza omusingi ogugamba nti enteekateeka y'eby'eby'eby'obuwabugagga tesobola kuddamu kubaako olukiiko lwayo aw'amazima.

Emisango Emikulu Egikyusa Obusuubuzi

  • [[AGUMENTI][[FLT]] Gibbons v. Ogden (124): ebikolebwako n'obusuubuzi mu ntegeka z'ensi n'ebuganya ebitegekedwa.
  • [[AWULA:0][FLT]] Wickard v. Filburn (1942): Amateeka agafuga envirogooza enkola y'ekika kya IStyle nga agikolako.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[FLT:][1] Kino kitegeeza ebigambo ebya Atlanta Motel, Inc. v'Amerika (1964): Omutwe II mu Kiragiro kya Kitongole Ekikola ku Ddekukko kya Kitundu Claus, era ne kigaana obusosoze mu bifo ebya lukale.
  • [[AWULA:0][[AWULA][.1]United States v. Lopez (1995): Amaanyi agakwanjudde mu by'obusuubuzi Claus nga atta Omutemwa gwa Gun-Free School Ssaawo Act.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[FLT]] South Dakota [1] '. Wayfair , Inc. (2017): yakyusa etteeka ery'okutumbula emisolo egya bulijjo.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[FLT]]Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012): Kino kyateeka ekkomo ku buyinza bwa Claus obw'okulagira ebikolebwa mu by'enfuna.

Okufundikira: Okugondera Obukulembeze mu Bufuzi bw’Obusuubuzi

Constitution y'Amerika ekyakola ekiwandiiko eky'okusimbye ekiwandiiko eky'enkola y'eby'enfuna. Ek'obutunzi bwa gavumenti y'ensi y'emu, entegeka yaayo ey'eby'enfuna n'obukwasiro, biwa obulagirizi ku ngeri y'eby'enfuna y'eggwanga okuva ku kulembedde obutongole obwa bulijjo, era n'obusosoze ku ngeri enzivuunula y'eby'eby'enfuna gye biddukanyizibwamu. Enkakaalo ezibakwata ku by'obuwandisi, eddembe ly'eby'obufuzi, eddembe ly'eggwanga, n'enkola ku n'obukwakulizo obwa Internet.

Omuntu bw'aba omuyizi wa by'enfuna, amateeka, n'amateeka, by'oteekateego bino by'oteekako. Ekiragiro tekilagira bya bugagga okubaawo, naye kissaawo amateeka ku mizannyo abazannyi b'eby'enfuna gye bakolera. Tekinologiya empya n'okusoomooza okw'ensi yonna bwe bijja okubaawo, enkola y'obuwandike bw'eby'obukugu n'empandika ez'eby'eby'enfuna bijja kukyusibwa nga bikozesa ennukuta empya. Okukubaganya kw'amatabi g'ensigalira g'eggwanga nga(* ne wakati wa Washington ne kasajjalamenti y'eggwanga, kweyongera kuteeka Amateeka amalamu mu nkola y'eby'obusuubuzi n'eby'enfuna.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera era kikebera mu bumpigi bw'amakulu g'eby'amakulu agafuga ennyimpiro ez'eby'amateeka mu kibiina kya Claus'okuvumbula engeri y'obutonyeze bw'amakulu bwa Claus,Project for the Court of the Super Court stance [], ne Constitution's Constitution []