Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Kitabo ky’Eddiini: Okusirika Obugole

Ekigambo “mu kusooka” kizingiramu enkola ez'enjawulo ezitatakkirizibwamu, wabula ezikozesebwa mu kunnyonnyola enjigiriza emu ey'ekika kya yo. Enjigiriza eyo munda mu kyuma egamba nti amakulu g'empandika ya kiwandiiko kino gaateekebwa mu buwandiike mu kiseera we kyawandikirwa. Wadde kiri nti mu weema eyo egazi, mujjamu amatabi abiri ag'omutindo mwe gaayimirizibwa: [[[FLT:] n'amakulu [[FLT:]] amakulu agasooka mu kyamatandiro aga bulijjo.

[[NKULULA]] Kino kitegeeza nti abasosoomooze baalina amakulu[[FOLT:1]]. Nga bayitira mu muwendo nga Attorney Edwin Meese III mu 1980, nga jjuuuzizo abo abagoberera enkola eno kye baatwala okuba nga baakirimu. Abakuutivu baanoonya ebizibu okuzuula amakulu agatali gamu agatewe n'abatuutivubuka, bangi ku bo baaleka empandiikibwamu. Kino kyaviirako okunyuma n'amakulu g'ebigambo , ebimanyiddwa ennyo nga bikwatagana ne Kko n'obusaze bwa Sayukaani. Mu ngeri eno, okunoonyereza kujja kw'omuntu mu kiseera eky'okumanyisaamu kuyinza okumanyisa ebigambo, ebinyuma. [5]

enjawulo eno ekulu nnyo eri mu buyinza. Okunoonyereza okwasooka kuyinza okuggyawo amabaluwa agaago okuva ku James Madison oba Alexander Hamilton okunoonyereza ku nnukuta za prezidenti. Empandika ez'enjawulo ezitegeeza abantu bonna, okuwumbawumbako, enkuluze, empapula, n'ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka okuva mu mwaka gwa 1780 ne 1790s okusobola okumanya engeri omuntu w'omu kiseera kino gye yanditegeddemu ebigambo nga “Owa buyinza obw'okutta,”“ Omufuzi mu Bukulu,” oba “Akuuma Amateeka ne gattibwa mu bwesigwa.”

Enjigiriza n’Ekitonde eky’Obuyinza

Akatundu II ak'Etteeka kalaga n'empeera enkyamu: “Obufuzi obwa nnamba bunaaweebwa Pulezidenti wa Amereka.” Abasosomi ba Baibuli ab'edda babadde bawakanya obanga okukkirizisa Claus kuno kukuwa obuyinza bungi (enjigiriza eyogerwako nga “omukulembeze w'ekibiina” oba nti alitwala Pulezidenti okuba omukungu anaakozesa amaanyi agaayogerwako mu kitundu.

Omulamuzi Scalia awakanya Morrison v. Olson (1988) kyeyoleka bulungi ensonga ey'okutandikirako obwannannyini. Yawawa obujulizi nti etteeka eryawula omukulembeze era ne likomyawo obuyinza obwa Prezidenti ku mukungu omu, lyamenya okutegeera okwasooka nti “manya gannaakyewa gonna gaafiibwa ku Mukulembeze.” Scalia yalondoola omusingi guno okuva ku bafuzi mu bungi bw'abalanzi nga Rukiiko lw'Abaruumi oba olukulu olw'enkanyi. Ekiwandiiko ekyasooka ekya “olw'obuyinza obwa nnannyini busibe, kyeyaleetera omukulembeze okulumizibwako n'okuggyawo abakungu aba wansi.[5]

Ng’ekyokulabirako, Profesa Michael Rappaport ow'e Yunivasite y'amateeka ey'e San Diego, agamba nti amakulu g'Akatundu II gakkiriza etteeka ekkulu ery'ekkomera ly'ettabi ly'omukulu, kasita Prezidenti asigala nga alina emirimu gya maanyi era nga n’obuyinza bwa magye.

Okufaayo ku katonda ka Claus ng’Omukugu mu Kutonda

Attake Claus() “yakukakasa nti Amateeka gattirwawo n'obwesigwa”[1] kye kirala .Mu kulamula okwa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton, abanoonyereza ku byafaayo baawakanya oba nga“okuttibwa okw'obwesigwa” kwategeeza omulimu ogw'okugobererwa oba okuwa Pulezidenti okusalawo okulwawo oba okubuusa amaaso amateeka agamu. Clinton-era enk'akyewatulira ddala amateeka, agaavuunikkulwa mu , gaali gamaze okulaga oba nga omukulembeze wa Kristo yalina okutereeza ensonga mu ngeri zombi.

Gye buvuddeko awo, abakugu mu by'enjigiriza y'ekibya Oluyonaani bekenneenyezza ebigambo bya Claus mu Lungereza ne mu Amereka ebyasooka. Bawaanya ku bukuubagano obwa 1790 obukwata ku Prezidenti Washington bwe yalangirira nti teyetongodde mu lutalo wakati wa Bufalansa ne Great Britain. “Pacificus-Helvidius” enkambirira wakati wa Alexander Hamilton (yali mu Lungereza) ne James Madison (yawandiikibwa nga Helvidius) be baawula butereevu amakulu g'obuyinza obwa waggulu. Hamilton yawagidde obuwagizi obwannaanyirinzi okusobola okukulembera ebiva mu mawanga ebitali byannannyini; Mandy yasinziira ku ku ku ku kukakasizaamu omukulembeze w'obuyinza mu ggwanga omulala. Abalamuzi ab'enkola ku bulombolombo n'abasa abanoonyereza ku njigiriza ab'enzikiriza n'okutandika okuwakanya enjigiriza za Prezidenti.

Obuzibu Obwali mu Lufuluma lwa Kristo

Ekitabo Ssestown Appendix Tube Co v. Sawyer (1952) – Steel Seizere Case Case

Ekiragiro kya kkooti enkulu ekola ku by'obukulembeze mu Korea, bwe kyakuba kakiiko akafuzi akaatta omukulembeze Truman mu kiseera kya Ssematalo Korea, kye kitongole ekimanyi obulungi. Endowooza y'omulamuzi Hugo Black abasinga obungi gye baalina yatwala enkola ey'okuwandiika ebigambo: Omukulembeze teyalina mateeka oba gavumenti ey'okutwala ebintu ebyamaguzi, ate era n'Akakiiko aka Taft-Hartley kaak'ateekawo ekikireetera okuzza ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka. Endowooza ya Balack teyatwala linnya mu nnukuta, naye yalaga nti omukulembeze w'obuwabuzi yalina obuyinza obw'okubba ebintu ebyabwewatulwa.

Kyokka, omulamuzi Robert Jackson yatandikawo enkola y'okukkirizisaamu (eyali mu ttendekero, ekiwuubaalo, oba nga takyasobola kufuga) eyamanyika obulungi. Abakugu mu by'edda, batera okusiima Jackson olw'enkola ya kiwandiiko, esobozesa obukulembeze mu bigambo era n'enkolagana ez'enjawulo mu bantu, wadde nga bawakanya ekirowoozo kye nti okusirika okw'ekibiina kuyinza okugaziya obuyinza bwa gavumenti.

Ekiragiro ekyasalirwawo omu ku bonna abaalagira Pulezidenti Nixon okufulumya kaseti eyo kyali kisinziira ku musingi nti tewali muntu yenna, wadde Prezidenti, ali waggulu ku mateeka. Endowooza y'Omulamuzi Omukulu Burger yakkiriza obutongole bw'amagye n'ensonga ez'enjawulo [1] enkizo gye yasimba mu kwawula obufuzi obwawula amawanga . Naye yakitwala nti omuntu yenna alina obwannannyini mu kyamaaso si y'asinga okukibuulira mu nkola esaanira n'ensonga ez'omusango.

Abo abawaayiriza ebyafaayo bawa obukakafu ku ekyo ekyabatuukako nga batuukana n'okugaana obusika obwannannyini obwali buteekeddwawo. Bakyetegerezza bulungi nti abo abaagula ebiwandikiro baasalawo okuggya mu Article II ekitegeeza nti Prezidenti yali asobola obutawa bujulizi bwonna mu kulamuzi. NUNIxon[ mu ndowooza eno, baagobereranga mu bujjuvu amakulu g'omukulembeze erisooka ag'okutuukiriza obukwasingiro bwe obwa Pulezidenti, obwa “Manyiikiriza okuttibwa mu bwesigwa."

Trump . Hawaii (2018) – The Bal Bank Case

Oboolyawo okuteesa kwa maanyi okwali kukwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti mu kiseera kino kwaleetawo okusoomooza Pulezidenti Trump okuwera eŋŋendo ze. Gavumenti yawagira okulangirira okwo ng'okukkirizibwa okw'obuyinza obunene obwa ba prezidenti ku bukuumi bw'eggwanga n'obuva mu ggwanga, ng'ejuliza United States ex rel. Knauffy v. Shaugcy [1950] n'enjigiriza y'obuyinza obwa Centreesaacle Case(889). Abavugiwakanyanga nti okuwerebwa kwalibwa kwa Bunnakyewa w'obuyinza obwa waggulu.

Omulamuzi Thomas yagamba nti obuyinza bwa Prezidenti okusalako abagwira mu kifo ekyo bwali “bunaatera okubukyusa kuyitiramu era nga wansi w'amakulu g'Akatundu II ne Naturation Act mu 1790. Omulamuzi Sotomayotor, naye nga takkiriziganyizibwa, ng'awakanya enjigiriza ezaasooka ezikontana: engeri omulembe gye gwatandikamu okugezesaamu n'okulayira mu by'eddiini, byalaga nti okulondebwa kwa Classione okw'obuyinza okwesigamiziddwa ku ddiini, ka kibe nga kuliko ennyiriri eziriraanye.

Okusookera Ddala mu Gavumenti

Ekimu ku bintu ebyaviirako enkola eyo okukozesebwa ennyo kwe kuba nti enkyuuka y'obuyinza obwa bulijjo kye kimu ku ntegeka y'ebitundu ebikola amateeka, ebifuga, era n'ebitongole ebisala emisango. Abakugu bannasayansi ab'eddaga bagamba nti programu za New Deal ne Great Society zaaleetawo “ettabi ery'okuna” erya gavumenti eritakkiriziganya na nfugengo z'amateeka. Enjigiriza ezitakkiriza kugoberera mateeka ga gavumenti [, eziziyiza enteekateeka z'amateeka okuwa ppatitikkulu n'obuyinza obufuga amateeka gaalyo, ze zireese essira lyako.

Mu Goundy v. United States (2029), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti kkooti ya gavumenti yatongoza ekiragiro eky'okutongoza obuwandiisi mu by'okwetaba nga yatongoza obuyinza bw'enkan'enkola n'essawa mu Attorney Gwen. Omulamuzi Gorth, nga yeegattiddwa Omulamuzi Omukulu w'Akaawula Roberts ne Justice Thomas, teyakkiriziganya ku ku ku kusalawo kwa abasinga obungi okw'okuwagira abatuuze. Endowooza ye, yasibuka ku makulu agasooka, ng'eraga omusingi ogutali mukiikiikiikika okuva eri John Locke okuyitira mu kuwanjulwa kwa Claus Claus, kyeyavaako, ne “ababaka abalonde mu kibiina ekiggyulula entegeka endala” baleetera“ obuyinza obw'okuteekawo obwa “ubwenkola.

Enjawulo ng'eyo efuuse okukubiriza okuwaliriza abafuzi abanoonya obukulembeze okukomya obukwasi mu nkola ya prezidenti ku by'okufuga, okulagira obukwasisa n'okugaana ebitongole. Singa enjigiriza ezitawagira buwambe zizzibwawo, obusobozi bwa Prezidenti obw'okukulembera abawagizi okugoberera ebiragiro ebippya oba okugobererwa ennyo obukodyo obw'okukulembereza obujjanjabibwa. Nkumbula y'obuyinza obuva mu kifo ekisooka. Ebiwandiiko bya kkooti bwe bitasikirinako etteeka erifuga enfuga enfuga ezitali bakkiriza. Naye okupikirizibwa okw'eby'enjigiriza kuyinza okuba nga kukendedde ku buyinza obuweereddwa mu kifo ekisooka.

Enjigiriza y’Ekibiina n’Ekitongole Ekiramuzi mu Kyasa 21

Enjigiriza y'obukulembeze bw'ekitongole kino egamba nti Prezidenti alina obuyinza ku bakungu bonna abafuga emirimu gy'ensi nga mw'otwalidde n'obuyinza obubamalawo mu kigendererwa. Abakugu mu nnukuta ez'edda batera okulwanirira UET nga basonga ku 1789 “Okutuukirizibwa kwa 1789,” mu ngeri nti, Consert eyasooka yakkiriza obuyinza bw'omukulembeze w'ekitongole ekifuga amawanga amalala, Ssentensika, ne kirwawo mu Nnyumba. James Madison, eyaliko olumu ku lukiiko lwa kampuni, yalaga nti enteekateeka y'amateeka eyo yali yeetaagisa okuggibwako obuyinza mu Mukulembeze w'ekitundu kya“Eddembe ky'obuyinza obwalimu.”

Ebyafaayo bino bingi nnyo ebiwandiikiddwa ku nsonga eno: Adifa Bamzai owa University of Virginia, abeekenneenya abamu abaasooka bagamba nti okusalawo kwakolebwa mu kiseera kino era nti bakkiriziganyizza ekibiina ekikyewagidde abantu okufuna obwetwaze obwakyawukanira ddala nga Profesa Steven Calabrasi ow'omu Bukiika kkono ow'ebugwanjuba w'Amerika. Enkaayana zino ziwa obukakafu nti okusoomooza okulina mu ntandikwa y'enzikiriza eyo kwalina ekigendererwa: ng'enkyukakyuka mu kutandikawo nkyukakyuka y'enkyukakyuka, ekiwandiiko ki ekirinaaleetawo enkyusa y'amakulu?

Enjigiriza n’Etteeka erikwata ku Buyinza

Ekintu ekikulu ennyo mu kutandika n'enkola ey'okunoonyereza ku nkula y'enkola y'okuwandiika ebigambo mu buwandiike kiri nti, ebigambo bya 'Gystitution' tebisobola kugonjoola bibuuzo bingi ebiriwo mu kiseera kino. Amaanyi amangi aga'okutta” gategeeza kiva ku kiseera kino eky'okulabirako n'okukuba obusaale mu ssimu, oba okugoonyaabooza? Abakugunjufu bagamba nti ebigambo ebiri mu kitabo kino bennyini bye bikola: Abakozaazaamu ebigambo mu bugenderevu okuwa Prezidenti obuyinza obwamalako ebiteeso nga bwetaanyizza ebiteebereberye ebirebwawo (Conforell, tration, assemb, assemb'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'ebyasa).

Abakugu mu by'amateeka bagamba nti, okuva ku olwo, amakulu g'enkola eya demokulase galina okukyuka butuuka ku bintu ebippya mu ntegeka ne mu bya tekinologiya. Omulamuzi Stephen Breyer, mu kitabo kye Active Liberty[, yawakananga nti obuyinza bw'enfuga bulina okutataputa mu nkola ya demokulase era n'ebiragiro eby'okufuga mu ngeri eyolekaganye n'enkola ya demokulase. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amaanyi ga Prezidenti ya National Emerdituation Act(ekiragibwa kya 1976] ekitabangawo n'obubaka bwa n'obubaka bwa nngangalankulembedde (obumu n'obwe obw'okugoberera enkola ya demokula okuva ku bunnalyo) oba okusobozesa okulagira abafuzi b'eggwanga okuvunnaanya.

Abakugu mu by'ennono bagamba nti abalamuzi bakkirizibwa okukakaatika abalamuzi amateeka gaabwe nga bannyonnyola amakulu gaago. Omulamuzi Scalia yagamba nti “Ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka si kinnamu; kifudde, era kifudde.” Mu nsonga ezikwata ku buyinza, abakugu mu byafaayo ebyasooka balabula nti enkola “eba mulamu” yandirese Prezidenti okugaziya obuyinza bwe emirembe gyonna, nga tasinziira ku mpandiika ya nnyiriri eziba ziteekeddwako.

Okunoonyereza ku Bikwata ku Bulamu bw’Omu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso n’Okunoonyereza ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Amaanyi ga Prezidenti Agakwata ku Buzibu

Ekyatula kya Pulezidenti Trump eky'eggwanga okusobola okuwagira obusobozi obw'oku nsalo za bbugwe kyaleetawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi.National Emertitution Act, nga kw'ogasse n'Ebitongole bya Budderd Barriers ebikoleddwa mu 10 U.S.C. . . . . . 2888, abawandiisi abamu ba Baibuli baagamba nti ekirangiriro ekyo kyali kisukka ku buyinza obwa waggulu era nti Consertmentation yali tewadde bigambo ebitongoza Prezidenti okuwa Pulezidenti ensa ssente ez'okwekereza. Abalala, nga Profesa John Yoo, yalwanirira okukitegeera nti olutalo lwa Prezidanti n'eby'obuwayinjabi obwali nga bukola mu kiseera kya Ssemase.

Programu y’Okusonyiwa Omuyizi wa Pulezidenti Biden

Mu 2003, abafuga Biden bagezaako okusazaamu amabanja g'abayizi agaweza doola obuwumbi bunamba obuwumbi 400 mu kasawo akaaweeta wansi w'omulembe gw'essomero oguyitibwa HEROES Act mu 2003. ] Biden v. Nebraska [2002]), kkooti enkulu((oba) era nga buli omu ku abo abaweresezza ebbanja lya bassente nga 6-3 obuwumbi obuwumbi taano obutaano obunene mu lukusa olukalala olw'abasososokero olusooka) olw'ensonga ezisukkako. Abakkosezza omusango omukulu Roberts, baateeka mu “enjigiriza ezisinga obungi, era nga zeetaagisa kampuni okuba ne kakiiko akakulu okutegeeza abakkirizisaamu amateeka ga gavumenti.

Abakugu mu by'enddala bagamba nti enjigiriza enkulu ereetebwawo eky'okuzaala omusingi ogutali gwa lubeerera, era nti omulembe ogwandiyingiziddwa gwandibadde gwetaagisa okuwa abafuzi olukusa okusobola okukola omulimu ogwo ogw'amaanyi, naddala nga guzingiramu okusaasaanya obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bwa doola.

Regents ow’omu yunivasite y’e California (2020)

Enteekateeka ya Kkooti enkulu ey'okusalawo okugaana abatuuze ba Trump okuzza enkyuuka kw'abalaze mu nviiri za abaana (DACA) yakyusa programu ku Administration Procedure Act (Apa), so si mu nkola ya mu nkyusa ya mateeka. Omulamuzi Kavahaugh, mu ndowooza eyawukana ku y'abaana, yagamba nti okuzzaawo enzivumbo za nnamba tekusaanira era nti Kkooti Kkooti terina kutwala bukulu bwa mulundi gwa kuyingira mu ggwanga nateesiteesi. Ekifo kya Mukungu kyalaga nti obukulembeze w'obutuuze obwasooka, tekisaanidde era nti Kkootikko tekisaanidde kutuukiriza nkyukakyuka mu ku bikwata ku ku kutwala munnaakirimu. Mufuzi w'eggwanga oyo asinziira ku ku ku ku ku ku nkola y'obukkirimu, Thomas, ayongera okusuubira nti, mu ku ekyo era ayongera okukyuza musingi w'obuyinza bw'obuyinza bw'obuyinza obw'omukulembeze w'omukulembeze w'omukulembeze w'omulemberryuganda, arner

Endowooza y’Obwannaddiini ey’Omu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso ku Buyinza

Nga basinziira ku nkola eya waggulu ennyo mu kkooti enkulu ey'omulembe era nga bagoberera enkola eya bulijjo, nga bano be bantu abasooka abasooka abawerako.) Obulyi bw'amateeka obw'ekikaafiiri obuwerako buyitibwa Thomas, Gormoth, Kavanaugh, ne Barrett(orrist) endowooza z'abasinga obunene zijja kweyongera okugobererwa ku b'obuyinza bwa prezidenti. Kkooti eyo yalaga dda nti ekyetaagisa okuggyawo amaanyi, enjigiriza ezitaali zaawukanya, n'enjigiriza enkulu.

Kyokka, enjigiriza egamba nti Katonda yasooka kukolebwa mu nnukuta esooka, era n'etaagibwako. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga eyo bagamba nti okusobola okukomyawo obuyinza obwa 18 mu nkyusa eyasooka, kyali tekikyasoboka.

Lowooza ku kuwakanya ebitongole ebikola ku buwangwa. Bannasayansi abamu bagamba nti amakulu g'Akatundu II mu kusooka gagaana ekitongole kyonna ekiba kiteekeddwawo omutwe gw'omuntu nga takkirizibwa kumalirira. Abalala bagamba nti kye basazeewo mu 1789 tekitegeerekeka era nti omulembe ogwatandikibwawo gwagumiikiriza engeri ezimu ez'obwetwaze (nga Banka ey'okusooka ey'omu Amerika, nga badayirekita baago baawe ebiragiro ebyago). Empanyi ezo zisobola okuganyula ekitongole kya Federal Reserve, Sceturation and Exchangentication Commission, ne Federal Trace , Stock Office Trace Commentsmmentssssssssssssss.

Ekitundu eky'Ebitongole Ebyafaayo n’Eby’Okuddamu Okubaawo

Kkooti esalawo okuggyawo emitwe gy'endwadde. Mu Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Overst Board (2010), kkooti yakuba ebiwandiiko bya desensiyo olw'ebiwandiiko bibiri olw'okulabula abawandiisi b'omulimu, nga ekakasa nti omukulembeze alina obuyinza obumala ku bakungu abafuga. Endowooza y'omukungu wa gavumenti Roberts yeesigamya nnyo ku nyinja ebyasookera awo, nga mw'otwalidde ne Federation Papers ne projectives. Muteeroodoossawa w'okunoonyereza ku Ppart Resource Resource, okuwakanya enkola ya Brectory, ey'okuyita mu Prece-New Agement ne mu kutegeera eby'okunoonyereza.

Gye buvuddeko awo, mu [[FL:0] Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau[FL:1] [2020], kkooti yawa endowooza nti ensonga esobozesa omukwanaganya w'ekitongole ekimu okuggyawo obukuumi obwa CFPB. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts yaddamu okuwandiikira abangi, ng'alangirira nti Prezida w'obuyinza obwa Ssenkule “amaanyi agava mu kuggyawo” ku bakungu abakulu b'ebitongole, okuggyako ab'ebitongole ebibangi ebirina ebiba biwandikiddwa mu kifo eky'okuggyawo. Endowooza eyo yagifuula enkola ey'okutandikawo tekkirizibwa mu bukulembeze, n'okumanyisa obutuufu obw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku ku Lawribujalansi, era n'okugattirawo aka KGanion, Sotoodooll Soto, Zamukuyita mu bujulizikkulembedde mu byafaayo.

Okusalawo kuno kulaga nti enjigiriza ey'okutandikirawo si nkola ya kuteebereza obuteebereza; elagira butereevu obuyinza Prezidenti bw'asobola okukozesa entegeka.Kooti bw'eyongera mu maaso n'enteekateeka eno, eyinza okuzza obuggya gavumenti yonna ey'ensi, ng'eteeka essira ku buyinza mu White House(ogw, olwewuudo, oluyitiba, okukendeeza ku busobozi bw'omukungu oyo obw'okwekolera mu bibiina nga kigendererwa nti Consert yeemalirira okwekolera yekka.

Enjigiriza n’Emboozi Ebikwata ku Bitundu Ebitali Bimu: Omusingi Ogutaliiko Bbala

Okwekenneenya eby'obufuzi bw'amawanga kuwakanyizibwa nnyo olw'okuba Amateeka tegayogera bingi ku kukolagana mu ngeri ey'emirembe, okukola emikono, n'enkola ey'entalo. Akatundu II kawambiza Pulezidenti ne “Maanyi agasala” era ne kamufuula Omukungu mu Bukulu ate nga tamenyawo byannaggwanga eby'omu nsi endala. Ku mulundi guno, abafuzi bawayiraanyi ne productal obuyinza obw'enjawulo. Era bagabanyizawo ekibiina kya Claus'omulembedde mu kifo kya Chungaa station mu nsonga za bannaggwanga oba mu mawanga amalala. [B]

Sutherland kye yayogera nga John Marshall ayogera era n'enjigiriza ya “obufuzi obw'omu nfuga n'olw'omulembe guno, kyewuunyonyonyonyonyolwa nnyo abayivu mu by'obufuzi olw'okukola enfuze mu byafaayo. Controny] Controns-wrign[, kkooti yawagira obukiiko bw'obuyinza eri omukulembeze okugaana okutunda eby'okulwanyisa mu nsi, naye Sutherland yeeyongera okusuubira nti ensonga za Prezida w'eby'amawanga tezikoma ku kufuga bukulu. Jakko, mu [FGULT:] [[FLT:]] , ebiba byagaanibwa, ne bigaana endowooza eyo, nga bigamba nti “enjigiriza“ ey'obuyinza obwa waggulu ekyayalina eyinza okufuula ensibuko y'obuyinza obwa bulijjo."Genearsonsonson

Engeri abanoonyereza ku bya nsibuko y'enkola eno gye banaagonjoolamu okukajjana kuno, amateeka agafuga endagaano nga n'enkola ya nukiriya mu Iran, endagaano ez'okukyusa embeera z'obudde, era n'okukozesa amaanyi g'abazannyi abatali ba ggwanga. Era kikomya obusobozi bwa Prezidenti obw'okumanya gavumenti z'amawanga, amaanyi kkooti enkulu gye yawandiikidde Zivofsky v. Kerry (20). Mu ngeri eyo, omulamuzi yawakanya era n'akwata ku nti omukulembeze w'ekikaasooka ye yekka ateekwa okuwakanya nti Prezidenti y'alina obuyinza obwakaanyi obwakaanyiikibwa [[FLT:] Zivotskyky ne mu kkubo ery'enjawulo (eyo mu Buyonaani).

Mafundikira: Okutandiika mu Lutalo

Enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku nkuta n'eyo mu kusooka ereesezza enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu ngeri enkiiko, abakugu, era n'abantu bonna gye balowooza ku buyinza. Ewawula ku nkola y'amateeka era n'ebiruubirirwa by'omu mateeka, bwe kityo ewaliriza kampagi n'ebiwandiiko eby'edda. Enkola eyo tesobozesa bannakyewa kuddamu bufunze. Engeri Judge Scalia gye yakozesa okuwakanya nnamba z'omukungu afuga eyinza okukyuka n'okuwaliriza okufuna obusobozi obwa pulezidenti obwa pulanti obwabali nga buteekeddwawo.

Ekiragiro kino tekijja kukyusa ngeri gye kyategekebwamu mu biseera eby'omu maaso nga kigoberera enkola y'okussaawo enkola ey'okufuga mu butongole obwa bulijjo. Munnaakyekenneenya Kagan yakikakasa mu Seila Law[ Seila] okukontana, “abantu ba tekinologiya tebayinza kukozesa enkola za tekinologiya ezangu okujjanjaba ebireeteebwawo ebya 18 ne 19, mu bizibu bya 21 era ne bigiteeka mu nkola eb'enkola y'obufuzi.” Abaasooka baddamu nti emisingi gya 1787 gisigala nga gikyakola bulungi oba nga nedda. Okussa mu mateeka ga Amereka amatuufu, geenyirimu. Enkola yago ze ziba ku maanyi g'amatabi ne ku matabi amangi.[=5]

Okusoma Okw’Edda

  • [[ALT:0]Antonin Scalia, [[[FULT:1] Kitaamanya Ku makulu ga Nnukuta: Kooti ezifuga enfuga n'Amateeka (1997) – Empandika ey'amakulu ag'ekika kya yo
  • G. Calabrasi, “Ebigambo ebya Claus bitegeeza amaanyi ga Claus,” 103 Michigan Law Review[ 1350 (2005] – Argues ku mufuzi w'ekitongole ogyesigama ku ku kusoma ekitundu II.
  • [[NKUMBO] .Rappaport, “Amakulu ag'Amaanyi ag'Okuzzaawo,” 105 [[FOL:1]]Law Review [ 1453 [2020] – Mazibuno agamu agasooka gakkiriza okugyawo olukumbo.
  • Adixa Bamzai ne Saikrishna B. Prakash, “Amaanyi Agafuga Obukulembeze,” 136 Harvard Law Review [[] 1291 [2023] – Okunoonyereza okukwata ku ku kuggyawo ebyafaayo ne bye yasooka okumanyibwa.
  • [[Act:0] Castiam Baude, “Enjigiriza y'ekika kya bulijjo Amateeka ga Fractal?,” 115 [[NKT:1]] Calmbia Law Review [ 2349 (2015) + – akeezesa ek'enjigiriza eriwo kati eyoleka eb'ebiwandiiko ebyasookera ddala ebya Katonda.