Okulondebwa n’Okukolera ku Busobozi Bwabwe obw’Okuyingira Eggwanga

Endagaano wakati wa gavumenti enkuumi n'obuyinza ku ntegeka y'eggwanga ku kuyingira mu ggwanga ebadde ewayitidde mu mateeka ga Amerika. Ku mutima gwa kino, enjigiriza ya ennombo ezilondebwa okuba wakati wa ', kampuni ekkirizibwa okuva ku bukulembeze bwa gavumenti z'entegeka okutuuka ku buwangwa bwa gavumenti okuyitira mu mu muteeso gw'ekitongole ekya 14 ekitegekebwa. Abasenzeewo, abalina ekifo kye babateekako mu kifo eky'okubuyungiza obwa gavumenti ne gavumenti, ekiwandikiro ekibaawulamu ekiwandiikibwa obululu oba obutuluzi nga kiwandikiddwa eky'ensonga ez'amaanyi, kiwaze okuba nga kiwa bukuumibwa eri abantu bonna mu United States. Okutegeera ensonga zino enkulu mu mateeka esobozesa abantu okumanyisa amateeka n'okuleetawo eddembe ery'eddembe eri abantu kinnoomu, era ne kkooti z'olukiiko lw'amateeka g'abantu kinnoomu.

Ensibuko y’Okusalawo

Etteeka eryo si lye litongoza, wabula etteeka ery'okusala emisango eryakuzibwa mu kkooti esinga obukulu mu myaka. Lyava mu kumanyibwa nti Bill of Rights, eyalina ekigendererwa eky'okukoma ku kukugira buyinza bwa gavumenti, era n'ebyuma bya gavumenti. Eddembe lino okugattika gavumenti ze zirina okugaziwa lye [[[FL:0]] Entegeka ey'eky'eky'omusasaze, ekkiriziddwa mu 1868, egaana eddembe erifuga obulamu, oba ekintu awatali mateeka era ekikakasa obukuumi bwenkana wansi w'amateeka.

Ebyafaayo Ebiraga nti Ebintu Byajjawo Byokka

Enkola eno yatandika mu kyasa ekya 20. Mu [FLT]Gitlow v. New York (1925), kkooti enkulu yatandika okuwa amagezi nti okusumulula okwasooka okw'okwogera ku ddembe lyayo kusobola okukozesebwa mu masaza. Mu myaka egyakayita, Kkooti yatongodde okuba n'eddembe ly'okukuba ebikubisibwa buli omu: eddembe ly'okukuba ekitongole, erya ddyo okukuŋŋaana awamu, obuwagizi obutagwa, obwa ddyo okubugaana okubutereeza, n'enkimanjo mu kufuga, era n'enkizo eziba ezitawanyirizaamu endala zonna zikola ku ddembe. Ekkulembedde mu myaka egyaxina ekyaddirira, enkola y'ongerimu ereetebwa mu mateeka mu mateeka. obuvunaanyizibwa obwo tebulina kalonda buli omutuufu okubaamu erinnya lya Kkootikko:

Enjigiriza eyo yeesigamye ku nnyinnyonnyola enkulu ennyo eya Admyment of Description of Jenux Claus. Mu kifo ky'okuyingiza obutundu bwonna obwandigobereddwa mu Lukiiko Olukulu olw'Eddembe erya 142. Kkooti eyo yasalawo okulumiriza obusosoze mu nkolagana y'enkalo. Kino kisobozesa etteeka lino okusobozesa abatuuze abali mu ggwanga okufuna eddembe eririna okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga eryo. Okugabana kwa njawulo kwa maanyi kubanga gavumenti eririna obuyinza obwa n'okuva mu ggwanga okusenguka, kyokka abanoonyi b'abagwira babeerawo babeerawo babeerawo babeerawo ne gavumenti z'ensi yonna. Nkusinziira ku ku ku ku kusalawo nti, tekusobola kuziyiza ddembe oba okuteekawo emitindo egya bulijjo egy'okwefuga ku bantu abatali bannayo.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri mu Kibiina guwa Abagenda Okutwalibwa mu Nsi Endala Embi Obukuumi

Olulimi olukozesebwa mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena, lukulu nnyo. Olulimi olwo lwogera ku , si muntu yenna ali mu Amerika. Ekiragiro kino eky'okuteeka obutuuze bwonna obugyamu kiwandiikidde okusobola okukuuma abasenze. Kkooti enkulu ebaddeko enzijjuvu, era nga kyeyoleka bulungi nti enkola ya Cesaze ya buli muntu abeerawo mu United States, k'eba nga tasinziira ku n'obuyinza bwe buttuuze. , gavumenti zireeseewo ekkomo eriko ebbeetwale eriko ebbee yaaweezo eri nti, obusobozi bw'obusobozi obuva mu ggwanga, obusosoze, era n'okulagira obukwakuliriza mu nkola ezikolebwa.

Engeri Enkola ya Yakuwa ey’Okukwata Obulungi gy’Ebakuubo

[[NKULU:0] Omutemwa ogw'enkomeredde gukakasa nti tewali muntu n'omu aliba asussizza obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga taweereddwa mateeka. Mu kulondebwa n'okulondebwa, ekisuubizo kino kitwaliramu n'eky'okuyisa abagwira mu nnyinza. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abo abatali bamu abatwalibwa balina eddembe okutwalibwa mu nsi endala okukakasibwa, nga baweebwa obujulizi, era n'obukabonero obw'okukiikiikirirwa mu ngeri esaanira. Wadde nga okubuteekako okubuwabula mu mateeka tekukkiriza kugattirwamu mu bujjuvu mu kuyingira mu ggwanga, enkola ey'okugazi eremedwa okuva mu ku ku kugoba oba okugoba bantu awatali nkola enkola ya bwenkanya.

Okusalawo okukwata ku kabonero k'omukutu kunywezezza obukuumi buno. Mathews v. Diaw[196] Kkooti yakitegeera nti abagwira balina obuyinza obw'okukituukiriza nga ka 'Hulumente' bwe kiba nga kirina obuyinza bungi ku nkola y'okuyingira mu ggwanga. Kkooti eyo yateekawo ekigezo ekigezesa obupimya okwetaanya okw'okwemalibwa, akabi ak'okuva ku nkola z'abavuzi ez'ekitongole kya gavumenti ez'ekika kya gavumenti, n'ebbeebbeeyi z'ebyo ebikolebwako, era n'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti bissesse obungi okulaba oba nga biteekeddwawo okuteeka mu nkola ng'okuyingira mu by'obubudamu.

Okukuuma Obwesigwa: Weewale Okusosola mu Balala

[[NKULA] Omutemwa ogw'ennamba gwakozesebwa nnyo mu kulondoola etteeka eriwakanya ennyo obusosoze mu nsi ya munnaggwanga. Kkooti enkulu ekozesezza okulaba amateeka agaawula abagwira okusinziira ku ntambula y'eggwanga, nga gategeeza nti amateeka ng'ago galina okuba nga gasikiriza gavumenti era nga gayinza okusobozesa abantu okufuna ensonga eyo. Omusingi guno ogweyongera okukyusiza mu nkola enzivu mu kkooti gulaga nti abanoonyi bannagyo bagwanga bagwana obukuumi obw'amaanyi eri gavumenti.

Kkooti emu ku nsonga ez'okwerinda ezenkanankana y'eyo ey'okubiri n'ey'okubiri. Doe (1982). Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Texas bwe yasattuka etteeka eryagaana okuyigiriza abaana nga tebeetebwako buwagizi. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti etteeka lyamenya amateeka agateeyambisibwa ne kiremesa abaana okubawa obukuumi obwa bulijjo kubanga lyateeka etteeka eriragira obulamu obw'enkomeredde ku baana abalungi abeesigamizibwa ku nkyukakyuka ya bazadde baabwe. Kkooti eyo bwe yagezaako okukebera ebinnyonyookebwa, yateekako essazese mu nkola eya bulijjo, ne kiviirako gavumenti obutakkiriza bukakafu kukwekennenyezebwa kwa mu ku bikwata ku ddembe lya bannaggwanga.

Okulondebwa mu Kukyusa Ebitundu

Ebitongole ebimu bitaddewo amateeka agakugira abanoonyi b'obubudamu okugenda mu nsi endala nga biyitira mu kukakasa obulagizi obw'emirimu, okukugira amaka, n'okukolagana n'ab'obuyinza ababeera mu nsi ezo.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okubuulirira mu Gavumenti

[[NKULA:0] Emperamyamyawo ey'ekika ewa obukakafu obw'okubuulirira mu kusibawo ebyamasaza, era eddembe lino ligattiddwa ku gavumenti. Wadde nga okugoba gavumenti kuba mutuluzi, so si mumenyi wa mateeka, kkooti enkulu emanyi nti okusibibwa n'okuggibwa mu kkomera birina ebiyinza okuvaamu. Padilla v. (2010]), kkooti ekkiriza nti okuwozesemba amateeka ga gavumenti e mukaaga geetaagisa abamenyi b'amateeka okutegeeza ababa bannannyini gavumenti bye baba basazeewo ku nsonga ezitabaganya. Kino kyayongera ababunnyonyoosezza amagezi okusobola okuyamba abava mu nsi envanjufu, era n'okukyusizaamu mu ggwanga erina mu ggwanga eriyinza okumanyisaamu. Kati kabonero akalaga okubuzaabuza gavumenti z'abamu

Okwekuuma Okunoonyereza okw’Obusiru

[[NKULA:0] Olukalala olw'eby'obufuzi lukuutira okukugira obusaze obw'enkukunala n'ekangalaze, era bugattiddwa ku gavumenti. Obukuumi buno bw'abakuumi obw'amaanyi singa gavumenti n'amateeka g'omu kitundu byenyigira mu mirimu egikwataganyizibwa n'okuyingira mu ggwanga. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti eggwanga oba ensibuko y'eggwanga tesobola kuwanirira kuyimirira oba kukwatibwa, era nti okusibibwa okw'ekiseera ekiwanvu okwesigamiziddwa ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu ggwanga kyetaagisa okuteebereza. Abakungu ba gavumenti abenyigasse mu ku ku kuteeka ababunyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu kifo eky'okuwummuzibwa mu kifo ekyo, era okusobola okukakasa nti abanoonyi b'okuva mu ggwanga tebabaliisibwa mu kifo eky'okwewala ekituufu.

Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Okukolagana n’Abantu

Omuteende ogusooka era n'eddembe ery'okwogera, okukuŋŋaana awamu, biteekebwa ku ntegeka. Obukuumi buno butwaliramu n'abagwira, nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abatali mu mateeka. Abava mu ggwanga balina eddembe okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi, okwegatta ku bibiina by'abantu, era n'okwogera ku mateeka agakwata ku by'obujanjabi awatali kutya kuwoolera ggwanga. Gayinza bwe gagezaako okubonereza eddembe ly'abagwira oba okukugira obusobozi bw'abava mu ggwanga okwenyigira mu mulimu gw'okubugattiza, kkooti ziyingira mu nsonga ez'okutuutira ebikolerwamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amateeka agafuga obukyamu gandireetedde abantu okubeeranga abantu ab'ennyiikinnyinyi.

Okusalawo Okusobola Okukyusa Endembe z’Abantu Ababundabunda

Obubonero obuwerako bulaga engeri enkola eyo gy’egobererwamu mu mateeka.

Yock Wo v. Hopkins (1886)

Wadde nga kyasalibwawo mu kiseera kino nga tewannabaawo mukitundu, YIKY] Wo yassaawo ekiteeso kya. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, ekiragiro eky'okukwata anti Kkooti Ekirala kikwata ku bantu bonna, so si ku bantu bokka. Omusango ogwa San Francisco gwayisibwanga mu ngeri ey'obusosoze eri Abakyayina abaava mu Bukyayina abaddukanyaze gye baddukanyanga ebitebenkevu. Kkooti z'amateeka gaamenya ekiragiro eky'okuvaako obukiikakko. Omusingi guno gugamba nti, teguyinza kuteeka ku bantu abava mu ggwanga nga tebabalimu. Omusingi guno gulina kubaako oludda olumu olumu olumu oluba olw'okutuukiriza obusosososo.

Plyler n’omuvubuka ayitibwa Doe (1982)

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, [[NT:0] yasattulula etteeka lya gavumenti erigaana abaana okufuna obuyigirize bwa gavumenti obwa bwereere. Kkooti yaggumiza obutakola bw'abaana era n'obuzibu obw'enkalakkalira mu kwegaana obuyigirize. Wadde nga okusalawo okwo tekusobozesa kukebera mu bujjuvu amateeka gonna agafuga abasenze, kwalaga nti gavumenti ziteekwa okuba nga ziwagira okuggyawo ebizitoowerebwa okuva ku miganyulo gya gavumenti. Plyler[

Padilla . Kentucky (2010)

Kkooti yasalawo nti mu kusamba olukusa olw'omukaaga, abakungu bannamateeka okusobola okutegeeza bakasitoma baabwe nti okusobola okugoba abantu mu maaso ga gavumenti, abagwira tebasaanidde kusumululwa mu mateeka era nti emisango egisalibwawo gissa ekitiibwa mu bannakyewa abawaabirwa.

Arizona v.

Mu musango guno omukulu, kkooti enkulu yasaanyawo enteekateeka ez'enjawulo eza S.B. 1070, etteeka lya gavumenti eryategekebwa okulemesa abatuuze okuva mu kifo ekyo nga tekkiriziddwa. Wadde nga gwateeka essira ku kununula abatuuze mu ggwanga okutongoza etteeka ly'eggwanga erifuga okutongoza amateeka g'eggwanga, n'etteeka eryali lirina okukaka obukwasiro n'obukuumi bwa gavumenti. Endowooza yalina okukitegeera nti okusibibwa kw'ekitongole kya gavumenti okusobola okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga kusobola okukikuuma, tekukkiriza nti okukkirizibwa okw'obutebenkeze olw'entebe ey'ekinnyanja kuyinza okumenya amateeka agaba g'okuva mu ggwanga, era n'abakunguzi bannaakyekero n'okuba nti okusitta abantu nga baasinziira ku ddembe ery'okumenya amateeka. kikakasa nti okugoba eddembe ly'okuva mu mateeka obutongole obutongole obunywigirimu ku mateeka kya gavumenti.

Ebizibu n’Obunafu mu Kiseera Kino

Wadde nga kiyinza okubeetaagisiza, abo ababa basalawo okuyingiza abanoonyi b'obubudamo baleetawo obutakkaanya. Abawaka baawakanya nti enjigiriza eno eyinza okuleetawo obutakkaanya wakati w'obufuzi bw'eggwanga n'obusobozi bw'okuyingira mu ggwanga. Abakungu abamu mu gavumenti bagamba nti okugatta ku ddembe ly'okuyingira mu ggwanga erimu, eddembe lyabwe libakugira okubaako kye likolawo nga basinziira ku Kkanisa n'ebitongole kya gavumenti ekiraze. Abalala bagamba nti eddembe ly'abagwira lirina okunnyonnyolebwa nga basinziira ku ngeri y'okuyisamu amateeka agakwata ku ku ku ku ku nteekateeka eya 1450 ey'enze ku mateeka.

Federal Supremacy n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti

Ekiragiro okulondebwa kye kifuga amatwale ga gavumenti. Eggwanga bwe ligezaako okukomya enkola y'okusengukira mu nsi endala, gavumenti ziyinza okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti agaazo. Kkooti esingayo okuba nga tekontana na mateeka ga gavumenti, era nga n'etteeka erifuga terikontana butereevu na mateeka ga gavumenti. Kino kiyinza okuviirako obutamanya obanga abakungu ba gavumenti balina okuddukanya amateeka ga gavumenti agafuga okuyingiza abantu mu nsi gye bali. Kkooti enkulu esalawo ku nsonga za gavumenti mu . Arizona b'avuunika b'amateeka.

Ebifo Abantu Abatabeeramu mu Bizimbe Bwo Bye Bayinza Okukuuma

Wadde nga mu Coumenti Florence Claus kikwata ku bantu bonna, enkola ya Kkooti ey'oku ntikko ya Sukkulu ekimanyidde ddala nti gavumenti esobola okuyisa abagwira mu ngeri eyawukana okusinziira ku nkyukakyuka gye bakkirizibwa okubeeramu nga tesoose kukakasibwa kuba n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi mu ggwanga. Ku kigero ekyo, kkooti ekakasa nti amateeka agasosola mu bannaggwanga gasaze gaddamu bunyoomi, ate nga gavumenti tekkiriza kusosola bannagyo. Abawakanya eky'okusosola mu ggwanga gaawulamu gakola bukyamu. Abawakanya eky'enjjulukuukuuka bagamba nti okwawukana kw'enjigiriza kuyinza okuleetawo enjawukana mu nsonga eyo era nti abanoonyinyisi tewali bukuumi bwonna busobola kulekebwawo singa gavumenti ekola ebintu eby'obukambwe. Kino kituukiriza ekyo nga gavumenti tegigaana kuyisa mu nkola ya ggwanga, era tegigaana kuyisa mu ngeri y'enjawulo.

Okusalawo mu Ngeri y’Obumenyi bw’amateeka n’Okweyawulamu

Ennamba nnyingi ezifunzidwa okuwakanya gavumenti, gamba ng'eddembe ery'okubuulirira n'okukukuuma abo abanoonya mu ngeri etali ya magezi, zasibuka mu nnyiriri eziba zaawulibwamu. Okukakanyala okugoba omuntu mu ggwanga kuba kutwalibwa mu mateeka, naye kuzingiramu okusibibwa mu kkomera, okubuuzibwa, n'okubonerezebwa ebifaanankana ebibonerezo. Kkooti zifubye okuzuula eddembe erizikwata ku ddembe erizikwata ku bantu nga bannannyini gavumenti oba obuyinza obubawambiddwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abo abatatwalibwa mu ggwanga mu ggwanga nga tebalina mateeka, tebalina buyinza kuteekawo kuwa magezi mu mateeka, wadde nga Enze okugobererwa okw'Essibwawo n'obukuumi kusobola okuteeka amagezi mu nsonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Olubala olw'okugoba olukujjuzi olw'ensonga zikkirizibwa mu bantu abo abagoba gavumenti z'abamenyi b'amateeka.

Okunoonyereza n’Ekkubo Ebiri mu Kiseera Kino

Omulimu ogw'okulondamu obukulembedde amateeka g'abanoonyi b'okuyingira mu ggwanga gukyakola nga kyeyongera mu nkola eya pulogulamu. Ekiragiro ekyakayita ekifuga abasenze nga banoonya abasenze. Era nga mw'otwalidde n'amateeka agakugira okufuna ennyumba, emirimu, n'emiganyulo nga bino, kiviiriddeko okuwandiisa olukusa oluwendo lw'obutebenkevu mu nteekateeka eno eya 14. Kkootis'etongodde mu kkooti okumanyibwa kw'obuyinza obwa gavumenti n'obukuumi obuva ku abo abatakkiriza kuyingira mu ggwanga eryo. [[FLT:]] Etteeka erifuga etteeka erifuga enjjulukuufu] ] Litera okuba n'obukuumi obutuufu. [fitmentimentifit [[]]]

Emiganyulo n’Kalayisensi Zisobola Okufunibwa gavumenti

Gavumenti eziwerako zigezezzaako okukugira abatuuze obutawa buwandiike ku kufuna layisensi za bannakyewa, layisensi z'okuvuga emmotoka, oba ebiwandiiko ebiwera. Abakungu ba gavumenti bawagidde okukugira kuno mu nkola y'enkola ya Cume Estem Protection Claus, nga bagamba nti bannabyabufuzi abamu baagezaako okusala olukunkumuli lwonna ku mateeka ng'ago nga basinziira ku ngeri gye gagobererwamu, era nga n'ebiruubirirwa byayo bwe bisinziira ku ngeri gye gagobererwamu. Ebyo kkooti gye zikosebwamu, bye bisinziira ku kuba nga zisinziira ku kuba nti amateeka gaawula okusinziira ku kuba bannaggwanga abagwira oba okunoonyereza ku mbeera y'abakyala mu nsi. Ate era ne ku ku nsonga y'obutebenkenkenkenkenke.

Obukuubagano mu Kusibuka enjawulo n’Eddala ly’Eggwanga

Ekiragiro kino kiwa obukakafu nti enkola eyo eremesezza abatuuze okuva mu matwale ga gavumenti okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu kifo ekyo era nti emenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Kyokka, enkola ez'ekika ekyo zikwata ku buyinza bwa poliisi era zikuumibwa ku ntegeka za gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde ne Amereka ey'eky'enkumi. Wadde nga okugobererwa tekuleetawo buzibu mu nkaayaago zino, eddembe ly'omu mateeka ly'abatuuze mu bifo ebya bulijjo linywezebwako obwegattisiddwako emisingi gya 147 enzivu. Gavumenti ezigaana okusiikiriza abantu kinnoomu ku n'okukwata abatuuze mu nsi, obukuumi obuteekebwako mu nkola egobeego, era n'obukuumi obw'engeri y'emu tebukwata ku ku ku nsonga zino, era terimu ne kutandikawo mu kussaawo olukalala lw'empalaago, eddembe eri wakati w'ebyaweego n'eggwanga.

Enkola z’Omusango n’Obulagirizi Obunaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Kkooti enkulu ekola ku b'obuyinza n'etteeka erikwata ku bannaggwanga ab'eggwanga erwokka. Abalamuzi abamu babuusabuusa enkozesa y'amateeka g'okuva mu ggwanga nga bali 1450 Amereka okukoma ku buyinza bw'eggwanga ku b'obutuuze mu nsi endala, ate abalala bo ne baddiramu ebiwandiiko bya SSELinux Procession and Ecutection Clauses. Buli lukumbo basabye okusala obanga amateeka agafuga obusaze ga gavumenti gamenya eddembe ly'okugenda mu ggwanga, era n'ebivamu bye bikyukakyuka okusinziira ku ngeri gye gaatambulamu. Enjigiriza y'okuva ku gavumenti empya bwe gitandika, enjigiriza ey'okulonda ennongooso esigalamu esobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu bonna abali mu Amerika.

fundikira

Okussaawo enkolagana wakati w'abagwira ne gavumenti z'ensi kikutte ku nkolagana esaanidde wakati w'okussaawo enkolagana wakati wa Bill of Rights ne gavumenti. Nga bagoberera eddembe ekkulu okuva ku Bill of Rights okutuuka ku masaza okuyitira mu kkampulizo ery'ekkumi n'enaana, kkooti enkulu ekakasa nti abagwira tebalekebwawo ku busaasizi bwa macala ga gavumenti awatali kugonjoolwa gavumenti. Obukuumi obw'enkola, obuteeyambi obw'enkalamya, obuteeyambi obw'okunoonyereza ekisukkiridde, era n'okuteesa kwetongoza ebbeesobyo byonna bibadde bikulu nnyo mu ku nsonga eziva ku butabanguko mu n'okuvaawo kwenkana. Ekiragiro, amateeka bwe gawandisizza enkola y'eby'amateeka okusobozesa abantu okusumula mu n'okuva mu nsi enneenkanya. tteeka liba nga liba nga ligobesesezza amateeka, era ne likuuma abantu bonna, wadde embeera y'abava mu mateeka okumanyibwa.

Okumanya ebisingawo, laba ekiwandise Enzivvuunula ya [[FLT] eya Leagn Information Institute ey'okugiwandikamu, kye kya Plyler v. Doe, n'ekiwandikiro [[FLT:]SCUSULK'OKKCHCHCHY],