Ennyanjula: Ekirangiriro kya Bayibuli

Ekivumeze eky'Obwetwaze tekikoma ku kuyita bantu ku ttuluba oba ku kyakulabirako eky'eby'obufuzi. Kye kiwandiikizo eky'amateeka ekyaviirako amatwale ga Amerika okwawukana ne Great Britain era ne kissaawo ekifirosoofo ekya enteekateeka empya eya gavumenti. Okusingira ddala kyakolebwa Thomas Jefferson era n'etongozebwa ekibiina ky'obufirosoofo obw'omu Bulaaya mu kiseera kya Jjulaayi 4, 1776, ekiwandiiko kino kibeera ekifo ekikulu eky'obufuzi bwa Amereka. Endowooza zaakyo ez'omu mateeka zikola ng'enkomerero mu ngeri y'okutegeera engeri enzikkiriza okw'obufuzi obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo, n'amateeka. Okutegeera endowooza zaago zino ez'enkomeredde mu ngeri y'ensonga ey'obufuzi obwa Independeemu, era n'obweyalibwa obwa Buyinza okuleetawo enkawukana ne ku mateeka ga Amerika, era n'amateeka agafuga amateeka.

Ekiwandiiko kino kitandika n'ebigambo eby'amateeka ebiragiddwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka. Kitandika n'ebigambo bya Kabaka George III, era kikomekkereza n'ekirango nti ensi ezo zirina enkyuka empya. Ekiragiro kino kiraga akalombolombo aka bulijjo ak'okuwooza ku nsonga: okuwa amateeka, okugateeka mu nkola, era n'okugasaba okugonjoolera ddala. Nga bakwata empaka zonna ng'eyagalidde mu mateeka, abatandikawo baatandikawo obwewagguzi ne bafuuka bawakanya "Ofiisi z'abantu ab'ensi eno, era nga bagoberera enzikkiriza enjigiriza enkulu ez'omu mateeka, era ne bakebera ebiwandiiko eby'obugezi eby'okukwata ku mateeka ga Amerika.

Emisingi Egikwata ku Ddembe ly’Enfuna

Ennyiriri ezimanyiddwa ennyo ziwa obukakafu nti abantu bonna baalondebwa Omutonzi waabwe ne Ddembe nga bano, era nti mu bano mulimu Obulamu, eddembe n'okunoonya essanyu. Kino tekikwatagana butereevu n'obulombolombo obwakolebwa abafirosoofo gamba nga John Locke, Hugo Grotius, ne Samuel von Puffendf. Mu mateeka gano, eddembe terikkirizibwa gavumenti oba buyinza bwa bantu; era nga terinnatandikibwawo bannabyabufuzi. Bweyawulibwawo, ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti eddembe lino abantu lye balina okuliko nga bannalyoka bannaalyawulibwa. Ekirango kino kitegeeza nti eddembe lino eritakkirizibwa kutwalibwa, oba okutwalibwa, oba okutwalibwa mu gavumenti y'abantu.

Jefferson kye yalondawo "Okufuna Essanyu" mu kifo kya Locke'" kyali kya mu bugenderevu era kikulu. Ekintu ekyatwalibwanga nga kikulu nnyo mu kutwala ekigambo kino nga Locke' SECONDS RESESPAUIS of Gavumenti[[[[FLL:1]], naye Jefferson yanoonya ekigambo ekisingawo obunene, ekikyasingidde mu buli kifo eky'okubeeramu abantu abakulaakulana. Mu mateeka, ebigambo "Okufuna Essanyu" kinnyonnyonnyonnyoleddwa mu kkooti z'eby'eby'enfuna ng'empandika, obuteebbeeyi, n'ebiruubirirwa ebya bulijjo mu nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku ddembe, abaana okuzizza mu n'omutindo ogwa ddyo. [2]

Mu mateeka, etteeka lino lisobozesa okussaawo etteeka ekkakafu erisinziirwako okusalako eddembe ly'omuntu. Bwe kiba nti eddembe erya nnamaddala lyava mu bufunze era nga teriyinza kuliibwamu, olwo nno gavumenti yonna eba terina mateeka gaamulemesa kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwayo. Omusingi guno gwe musingi ogusinziirwako ennyo mu mateeka ga Amerika okussa essira ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu n'engeri ekyetaagisa okulonda n'engeri gye gandituukiriddwamu. Entegeka ya Ninthgerment, egamba nti okubalirirwa kw'eddembe erimu mu Mateeka tekulitwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abalala, kwe tteeka ery'obufirosoofo obutuufu obw'okutuukiriza obutuufu bw'amateeka.

Omukulembeze w’Enkolagana y’Abantu ne Gavumenti

Etteeka ery'okubiri ekkulu mu mateeka lirina nti gavumenti zifuna "obuyinza bwazo obw'obwenkanya okuva ku bufuge bwa gavumenti. Eno ye njigiriza egamba nti obufuzi obusinga obungi, nga yeesigamiziddwa ku nzikiriza z'abantu. Endagaano y'abantu, yakolebwa Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, ate oluvannyuma Jean-Jacques Rousseau, era nga zisalawo nti abantu bakkiriza okukola ekibiina kya bannabyabufuzi era ne bawaayo eddembe lyabwe ery'envuma okusobola okukendeezaako ku ddembe lyabwe erisigalawo. Gavumenti eyo y'eba nga eyateekebwawo ku buyinza bw'abantu so si ku bannannyini.

Ekirangiriro kino kissa kaati endowooza eno ku nfumbo eya bannaakyemalira: "Buli engeri yonna eya gavumenti bw'eyonoona ebiruubirirwa bino, eba Ddowa ly'abantu okukyusa oba okuggirawo ddala, era n'okuteekawo Gavumenti empya. Kino tekitegeeza nti eddembe ly'enkyukakyuka teriyinza kurwanirira ggwanga, naye kiyinza okugonjoolera ddala mu mateeka. K'ekwetaagisa nti gavumenti eyisa obubi abantu nga "etendekebwa obubenje era n'etwala obuwambe obukyamu obubanguyiribwa, obuba bulaga okukendeereza abantu baleme okukyusiza ddala abantu mu n'okugoberera obulombolombo obwa bulijjo."

Mu mateeka ga gavumenti ag'omu kiseera kino, omusingi oguli mu ndagaano y'okukolagana n'abantu gweyoleka mu tteeka nti ab'obuyinza bonna bateekwa okuteekebwa mu ssemateeka omuwansi omuwandikiro ogulaga ekyo abantu kye baagala. Ekiragiro kya ssemateeka etandika ne "Ffe Abantu," si "Ffe Gavumenti," ne "Ffe Gavumenti," ebitwalibwa mu nkuŋŋaana ezigattiddwa mu kifo ky'okussaawo amakampuliro. Kkooti enkulu ebadde ekakasa nti amateeka geesigamye ku mateeka agafuga ne tteeka ly'abantu, era nti gaayoleka endowooza y'abantu mu ngeri y'okwagala kwennyini. [FLT:] Akabonero kano kalina okubeera nga [[10] obusengeke bw'ensonga ez'omutindo. (118] era [F.[FLY][5][5][5][5]

Bigobererwa era n'Ekizibu eky'Okugaana

Emu ku mpaka ezitajjulukuka ezikwata ku ndagaano y'omulembe guno kwe kumanya obanga okukkiriza kuyinza okwogerwako mu bufunze. Abalagiro baakkiriza ddala obwetwaze, naye omulembe ogujja gugobererwa amateeka ge basikira. Amateeka ga Amerika gasalawo kino okuyitira mu "kukkiriza": nga basigala mu kitundu eky'enkambi era nga bafunye emiganyulo gya gavumenti, abantu batwalibwa okuba nga bakkirizza obuyinza bwayo. Kino kiteeka essira ku by'oteeka abantu bonna wansi w'obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Obukulembeze, nga mw'otwalidde n'abasenzeetwale, okugondera amateeka. Kyokka, ekiragiro kikozesebwa nga bakkiriziddwa abakkirizisa eddembe ery'okukuba akakwate n'okukuba amagoba oba okugooyawuliziganya, nga bakkiririza ddala ekyo ekikolebwa okuva ku abo abafugibwa.

Okutongoza Ekitongole ku Zyetongoozi: Olukalala lw’Ebigambo

Ekiwandiiko ekisingayo obunene mu kiwandiiko ekyo kye kiwa ebiwandiiko ebiraga nti Kabaka George III yali yeesasudde amateeka era nga yeekobaana ne Palamenti okulemesa eddembe ly’abatuuze abawagguufu okukola enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka.

Obubonero obukulu buzingiramu kabaka obutakkiriza mateeka amatuufu, okusaanyawo enkuŋŋaana enkulu ezikiikirira abakiikirira, okulemesa abalamuzi okukwata obwenkanya nga yeesigamiriza ku kusalawo kwe, okussaawo abajaanyi ab'omu magye nga takkiriza kussaawo musolo. Buli nsonga ekwatagana n'okumenya amateeka g'Abangereza, Magna Carta, oba tteeka lya Bungereza eritawandiikibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okwemulugunya ku "nportportss" nga atuteeyisa mu nnyanja nga tasoose kukkirizibwa, era nga yeegaana okuwozesebwa okw'ensonga ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezivunaanibwa mu kifo eky'okukkona olukiiko olukulu olw'omu kitundu. Okuvunaanawaanya okwa Magna kwa amagye amangi mu ggwanga mu lufuluma lw'ebwe wakati wakati wa KGRGBT, okwagaana abajaasi abasirikale mu maka gannannyini.

Okusinziira ku mateeka, ekirango kino kituukiriza emirimu ebiri. Ekisooka, kiraga nti abawagizi baagezaako okuzzaawo endagaano nga bakozesa entegeka z'amateeka.[1] era nga John Locke bwe yagezaako, ng'omufuzi agezaako okuggya ebintu oba obulamu mu nsi nga takkiriziganyizza na bantu, kino kye kikyetaagisa okusobola okukozesa obutuufu obw'enkyukakyuka. Ekyokubiri, kitandikawo empisa za Kabaka eyamenya endagaano y'enkola.

Okunoonyereza okukwata ku nsonga ezo kukyali kwa muganyulo. Okuyisa obubi okuwera amagye awatali lukunkumuli lw'amateeka, okweyingiza mu by'amateeka, okwesamba omusango, n'okugaana abalamuzi okuwozesebwa kw'abalamuzi, era n'okuwerebwa kwa ba Habeas corpus(kweyoleka bulungi enkola gavumenti y'Amerika gye yakolanga nga egoberera amateeka. Okukugira kw'abayeekera kwa Sandes mu mayumba agabwe.

Ebyakwata ku Mateeka n’Obufuzi bw’Amerika

Ekiwandiiko kino kyatongozebwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti empya era ne kitongozebwa ne kampuni y'eggwanga. Mu kulangirira amatwale ga gavumenti "Eddembe ne Independent State," ekiwandiiko kyasaanyawo byonna ebyali bigattiddwa ne Bungereza, nga mw'otwalidde n'obuyinza bwa Palamenti ne kookolo. Buli kika ekyali kiwandikibwa kyalina okuzzaawo gavumenti yaakyo okusinziira ku musingi gwa gavumenti. Mu myezi mitono, gavumenti empya ezaatwala empandika ennukuta ez'enkwakwakwakwa ku ddembe ly'obutonde obwa bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiwandiiko ekyo kyatandika okugattika amateeka ga Buddaakibwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga nga kigattiddwawo abantu bonna, nga ba ddembe okuteekawo eddembe ery'obutonde era nga balina eddembe ery'okwesalirawo.

Empandika y'okulagirira ekirangiriro terina kakwate konna naye nga ya kkulu nnyo. Ekiragiro kino tekiddiramu lulimi olwa bulijjo oluyitibwa Declaration lwe kifuga, naye kiteekawo amaanyi agawambika, agawawula ku budde obwa bulijjo obwabangawo nga bukyaliwo. Ebiruubirirwa by'okutandikawo obwa bulijjo. Etteeka eryo likola enteekateeka y'okuteekawo obumu obutuukiridde, okusobola okugonjoola ensonga ez'amaka, okusobozesa ab'okwerinda, era litumbula entegeka y'enkizo, ne litumbula eddembe erifuga, era ne liwa omukisa enzikkirizo eririmu. Amateeka okusobola okuziyiza engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okuyisa ebimenyebwawo. Ekirango ekyo kye kikozesembyewo.

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okuyisa etteeka eryo mu ngeri eyoleka etteeka era nga ligobererwa mu 1791. Ekitongole ekifuga entegeka ya Kabaka kiwandiikiddwa mu 1791. Ekitongole eky'okutaano ekifuga olulimi, eky'okukuba empapula empapula, eky'okukuba empapula, okukuba eddiini, n'okusaba ebikolerwa abawagizi baakyo okusobola okuwakanya obufuzi bwa Bungereza. Etteeka ery'okubiri ery'okuyisa emmu etteeka ery'okusittala liddamu okulwanirira emmusomero za Kabaka. Entegeka y'okubiri ey'okutuuti ey'okukomyawo n'okuseenjola ku busosoze obusirikizi. Entegeka y'okubiri ey'okufuga esobola okulemesa abafuzi b'obusosoze obwa bulijjo n'okunoonya obukyamu mu maka.

Okunnyonnyola mu Ngeri ey’Okusalirako Omusango n’Ekirangiriro Ekinywevu mu by’Omu Mateeka

Wadde ng'Ekiwandiiko kino tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu ngeri nti kitandikawo amateeka ag'enkola, kkooti zakiwandiise okumala ebyasa bibiri nga kiyamba okufuna amakulu g'amateeka era n'okuwagira okumanyibwa kw'obusika obukulu. United States v. Cruikshank[[[FLT:] [184]], Kkooti eyo yayogera nti Ekirango kino kye "Omusingi gwa Constitution gye lirina.] mu kifo kya Yarbrough [[FL:] 18,84], Kkooti y'abantu okukuŋŋaana mu mirembe n'okusabira awamu n'okukwegayirira okuzzaawo eddembe ng'ebyo ebireetebwa mu ggwanga erigenda okukkeeyeeya mu Amerika.[5]

Ekirangiriro ekyo era kirina ekifo mu mateeka g'ensi yonna n'entegeka z'abantu.Emisingi gyaakyo gyakubirizibwanga abawandiisi b'amateeka agafuga yonna enteko z'abantu (1948) era ne beeyongera okukakaatika endagaano n'endagaano ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'ebyobufuzi.

Obulagirizi n’Ebikolwa eby’Eby’Eby’Amateeka

Wadde ng'ekiwandiiko ekyo kirina omusingi gwe kisimbye ku buwangwa, ekirango kino tekirina bukyamu mu mateeka na butaka. Ekirango ekyo eky'enjawukana y'ekyo: “Abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkanankana" ate nga ono eyakiwandiika Thomas Jefferson, yalina abantu abaali mu buddu era ekiwandiiko ekyo tekyaviirako baddu kuggibwawo. Obukalukubegano obwo kuba nga bukulu nnyo mu mateeka era ne mu byafaayo. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti emitindo gy'Erangibwa Kiwandiiko kino gyali gyali gya butonde era nti obuddu tegigoberera misingi gya mateeka. Abalala bagamba nti Abaatandikawo baagoba mu bugenderevu abantu mu nfumbo okusobola okulwanirira eddembe ly'enkola ya bulijjo.

Enjigiriza y'omu mateeka ekwata ku "entegeka eziteekwandu" era ereetawo ebibuuzo ebikola. Bwe kiba nti eddembe teriyinza kutwalibwa, liyinza okukoma mu mateeka? Court Sugner egamba nti eddembe ekkulu liyinza okuba wansi w'obuyinza singa gavumenti egoberera etteeka erisaanira era n'ekozesa engeri entonotono ezisukka ku busobozi obutono ennyo. Kino kitegeeza nti etteeka eryawula enjogera esaanidde okugattika n'ennimi ez'enkola ez'enjawulo.

Ekibuuzo ekirala mu mateeka kiri nti, ekirangiriro kino kissaawo obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amateeka obw'okusobozesa gavumenti okufuna "Espeed ”? Abakugu abamu mu by'amateeka bagambye nti ebigambo ebyo kitegeeza nti gavumenti y'eteekeddwa okukakasiza ddala embeera abantu mwe bayinza okufunira essanyu, nga mwe muli obuyigirize, obujjanjabi ku by'obulamu, n'obuddukiro mu by'enfuna. Kyokka, etteeka erya likola enkola y'amateeka terikkirizza nnyinyo kunnyonnyola eno, nga batwala Ekirangiriro nga ekkomo ku gavumenti so si kwe liba nga kkomo.

Ekirango eky'Eby'Ebyamateeka Ekyeyongera mu maaso

Leero, ekirangiriro ky'amateeka eky'okwefuga kikyali kikulu nnyo mu buyigirize obw'omu mateeka. Buli muyizi mu Amerika akkiriziganya nakyo mu masomero g'amateeka, nga si nsibuko ya mateeka aga bulijjo, naye ng'obuyigirize obw'amagezi mu mateeka gonna agali mu Amerika bwe buli. Okutegeera ekiwandiiko kino kiyamba bannamateeka okutegeera obufirosoofo bw'amateeka: nti gavumenti y'ekolebwa abantu okuweereza bye baagala, era nti bwe bilemererwa, abantu basigala n'obuyinza okugikyusa.

Era abawi b'amateeka banoonyereza ekiwandiiko ekiraga nti empandika ekkirizibwa nga tegobereddwa. Ekiwandiiko kino kigenda mu ngeri eyoleka ebyangoberebwa ebituufu nga kitandikira ku kulangirira obutuufu bw'enkwaso. Ekyasawo kino kiraga engeri amateeka gye gaagobererwamu mu mpandika n'endowooza ez'omu kiseera kino. Enkola eya "bidill of annots" ngeri emanyiddwa mu buli muntu gye yeetaazaamu. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kisikiriza "omanya amateeka g'abantu" okulaga enkola y'okukaayawuluzaamu okusinziira ku mateeka aga bulijjo.

Okugatta ku ekyo, ekiragiro ekyo kiwa obulagirizi ebibiina by'abantu ebinoonya okugaziya eddembe ly'omu mateeka. Abagoba b'enguzi, abatuuti, n'abakkirizi, n'abakkirizi ba ddembe ly'abantu, era n'abawagizi ba LGBTQ+ kyenkana. Ekiwandiiko kya Kkooti esinga obukulu kisalawo mu BN v. Akakiiko ka Enjigiriza [[[FLLT:1] [1954] tekyogera butereevu ku Kiwandiiko ekyo, naye nga ke kaakakasizza nti ekiwandikiro eky'eggwanga kimenya oba ekigobeeyambibwa Clauslee, era nti abantu bonna batondebwa. Mazima ddala, Dr. Martin Luther Jr.

Ekibuuzo ekisembayo: Ekiwandiiko Ekimanyiddwa mu by’Eby’Eby’Omu By’Omu Mateeka

Ekiwandiiko ky'Obwetwaze kitera okunnyonnyolwa ng'ekiwandiiko eky'eby'obufuzi, naye nga ekiwandiiko ekikulu ennyo kiwa ekifaananyi eky'amateeka. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kiwa endowooza nti gavumenti tezirina mateeka ga nkomeredde, era nti zigoberera eddembe ly'enkalakkalira, naye era nti zirina enkola eya bulijjo mu mateeka ga Amerika. Ekirangiriro kino tekiteekeddwa mu mateeka ga bulijjo, naye emitindo gyaakyo giteekeddwa mu Mateeka, Bill of Rights, era n'ebisalibwawo mu kkooti z'amateeka. Ebiragiro byayo bikwatagana mu milembe gya Amereka nga buli muwaka okukaayakana n'enkola y'enkyukakyuka, n'enkyukakyuka mu maanyi g'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Okutegeera enzivumizibwamu y'amateeka tekusinziira ku ku ku ku kutegeera kw'amateeka agamu; emitindo gya Amerika tegitegeera bulungi ensonga enkulu; emitindo gyayo egikwata ku mateeka agafuga obulamu bw'ensi.

Ekiragiro kino kiyongera okuwandika ebikwata ku kiwandiiko ekiraga ebifa ku lukalala lw'ebiwandikiro ebya bulijjo n'embalirira endala. Ekiwandiiko kya kakiiko akaateekebwawo amateeka[ kiwandikiro ekiva mu nkola y'okuteekamu eby'okuwandiika ebiwandikiro n'ebiwandiiko ebiva mu nkola y'okubiwandikiro. Okusobola okubuuka mu nyingizi mu by'obufiro bw'omu mateeka, laba [[FLT:]]