Okutandika: Okutegeera Engeri Bipaasa gye Bifuukamu Amateeka

Enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya demokulase y'enkola ya demokulase, okukyusa endowooza z'abantu zifuuke amateeka agakkirizibwa. Wadde ng'olugendo okuva ku musingi ogwangu okukolera okutuuka ku mateeka amatuufu luyinza okuba oluwanvu era nga luzibu, okusoma ku ssente eziyinza okusobozesa amasambuwa okulabika obulungi, okuvumbula enkola, okusoosa, n'okwesamba etteeka eriba liba libi ku kkomo eriggya amateeka agafuga entegeka. Abasomesa, n'abayizi abeenyigira mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'obujulirwa obw'ensi kuganyula, okumanyisanya okugattiŋŋana, n'okufumba amateeka. Ekitundu kino ekyagaziyinjaakula kinnyonnyola ebina mu byafaayo by'omutindo gwabwe, nga bikontana n'emisingi leero.

Buli kunoonyereza kulaga engeri enkola ey'okussaawo amateeka gye kikolebwamu: okuwandiika n'okutandikawo enkola y'okutandikawo enkola y'amateeka: okujjuzaamu enzivuunula y'akakiiko, okwejjukanya obulango, okukuba obuvwoozesa obusaze ku ttaka, ne "w'okuyisa obukulembeze" nga biyisibwa ku wombi ttuluba(/'obukulembeze). Bwe twekenneenya ebikolebwa mu ngeri eno, tulaba engeri enfuze gye zikola mu kizimbe kya kakiiko akategekebwa akakiiko akategekeddwa akatuula akatuula akakiiko akatuula akatuula akatuula akatuula akamenti.

Empamya Empanvu Egifuga Edda

Nga tonnabbira mu misomo gy'ebibamba, oba nga tonnaba kunoonyereza, osobola okubalagirira akakubo akalaga obunene bw'embalirira nga tonnaba kugikwata.

  • [[NKULU]] Okuzza empandika ku & Sponsorship: Omuwi wa mateeka awandiika etteeka, nga emirundi egisinga ava eri abakugu, ebitongole by'amatabi oba ebitongole ebikola ku by'obukwasi oba eby'obukwafu.
  • [[Akakiiko:0] Conmmettee Referral: Akulira akakiiko akamu oba emirundi mingi kakiikirira etteeka erikwata ku nsonga gye kalina. Obukiiko bufuga ensonga. Obukaadi bufuga okusambibwa, okukyusizaamu, n'okulonda obanga anaalipoota y'etteeka mu kisenge ekijjuvu.
  • [[NKULA][[KA] Bw'oweebwa amawulire, ebbanga ligenda likulaakulanyizibwa, okutereeza ebiba bitegekeddwa, n'okulonda okuddiriŋŋana. Etteeka erigobererwa mu lukiiko olwo l'olw'okukuba akakiiko akategekedde, ate olukiiko olukulu lukkiriza okukuba empaka n'okukuba akalulu.
  • [[NKULULA] Ekiragiro olukalala olw'ebisenge:[ Olupapula olwo lusalawo okugenda mu kisenge ekirala, omulimu we guyimirizibwa. Enjawulo wakati w'enkyusa za nnyumba n'ez'Olukiiko zigonjoolwa mu kakiiko akategekedde, oluvannyuma obusawo bwombi obwa akasawo ku nkyusa ey'okwesamba olusembayo.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Act:[ Etteeka ligenda kussa omukono ku mateeka, ne ligaleka okuba tteeka nga teritaddeko siginaako nnukuta mulala oba nga wayiseewo ennaku kkumi (Singa Palamenti eri mu lukalala olutegekeddwa mu nkola y'ekibiina).

Wadde nga kirabika ng'ekitegeerekeka obulungi, kyesigama ku by’obufuzi, okupikirizibwa kwa bantu, n’etteeka ekkulu ennyo erivuganya.

Ekiwandiiko eky’Olw’Obwannakyewa 1: Akakwakkulizo ka Kkooti y’Eddembe ly’Omulembe Ogwa 1964

K'obe nga etteeka erisinga okukyusa amateeka g'omu maka mu kyasa ekya 20, akaaweefube w'enkola eya Civil Rights aka 1964, lyagaana okusosolwa okwesigamiziddwa ku langi, langi, eddiini, okwetaba, oba ensibuko y'eggwanga.

Ebyafaayo n’Ebiragiro

Prezidenti John F. Kennedy yasooka okutegeeza ab'obuyinza etteeka ery'entegeka y'abantu mu Jjuuni 1963, nga bagoberera kaweefube ow'entegeka ya Birmingham awamu n'enkola ey'amaanyi ey'okukwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu. Oluvannyuma lw'okutemulwa kwa Kennedy mu Noovemba 1963, Prezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson yateeka ebiwandiiko bye ebikulu. Johnson, omuteesi w'olukiiko olukulu mu myaka gye nga Semprity Monerity Monity, yakolera wamu ne Attney Grount Robert F. Kennedydy awamu n'anyi entegeka y'ogezi okulongoosa. Emagence Cempereel Ceter (D-NY) n'omu Bukiiko bwa Senator Mikesfield (D-M).

Okwejjukanya n’Okugattulula Akakiiko

Ebbaasa eyo yatwalibwanga ku Kakiiko k'Akawummudde akayitibwa Juiman Celler gye kaakoleranga obulungi ennaku 13 nga kafunze. Akakiiko ako kaayongeramu enkola ey'okusosola abantu ku mirimu (Tit VII) era ne kanyweza ebifo ebya lukale. Ku lukiiko olukulu, ebiwandiiko byaweebwa akakiiko ka Judiary naye oluvannyuma ne bisubwa akakiiko akaakoleramu enkola ey'okukiwandiisa. Johnson ne Mansfield baasalawo okukiteeka ku lukalala lwa kkooti okusobola okwewala okumenya empagi'obumenyi. Kino kyayoleka nti ab'obuyinza ku lukujjuso olw'okutumbula amateeka agakwata ku by'omusolo.

Okukaayana n’Ebirombe

Mu lukiiko olwo, ebbaasa yalina ennaku 75 nga balunyisibwa Senator Richard Russell (D-GA) era n'ebitundu by'omu bukiika ddyo bwa Democrates. Mu kiseera ekyo, omufuzi wa fribuster yasobola okumalibwawo nga abakessi ababiri mu buwambi. Abakulu b'empaka ne bannaawe abaafuga nga Geoth Wighert Hubert Humberphrey baakola nnyo okukuŋŋaanya obululu obwetaagisa. Mu Jjuuni 10, 1964, Olukiiko olukulu lwalina akakwakuliro 71. Olukiiko olwo lwasaze 71.29 lwalina kye lwavaako. Kino kyali kiseera nga kyeyasooka okukibwawo ku lubalwa w'amateeka. Olukiiko olusembayo lwali ku byamateeka byali 73272. Olukiiko lw'okukwata oluwatuuti lwayisa enkyusa lwayo lwalibwawo lwali nga lwe lwalibwawo olupya lwali 21910.

Okuteeka Omutawaana ku Nkuŋŋaana n’Okussa Omusango ku Prezidenti

Olw'okuba enkyusa z'Ennyumba n'Olukiiko Olukulu zaawukanamu kantu katono (nga ku kakwate kannakwo akakwata ku nkola y'okugootaanya enkola), akakiiko akatuula ku lukuŋŋaana lwa wiiki ssatu okusobola okutabagana n'okuzzaawo emirembe. Etteeka eryasembayo lyakkirizibwa mu bitongole byombi nga Jjulaayi 2, 1964. Akawungeezi ako keko, Prezidenti Johnson yassa omukono ku Kiragiro kya Civil Rights Act nga kagamba nti, “Tusobodde.” Ekiragiro ekyo kyakyusa embeera y'ensi era kyafuuka kkulu mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu.

Bye Tuyigira ku Kikolwa ky’Eddembe ly’Omulimu gwa Kitulukiro

  • Emitwe gy'obukulembeze obusooka girina kukolebwa Johnson. Obukugu n'obukugu mu kussaawo amateeka byago mu kuvvuunuka enkonge ezigobera ddala.
  • Okupikirizibwa kuyinza okulemesa empaka ez'ebyobufuzi: Maaki ku Washington era ne mu ggwanga lyonna okwekalakaasa ne kiremesa abantu obutabaako kye bakola mu by'obufuzi.
  • [[AK'OKUKOLA] FILIBUSITA ziyinza okuwangulwa bwe wabaawo okukolagana wakati w'eggwanga: Obubonero bwetaagisa obululu okuva ku buli bantu bombi, nga kiraga nti n'ensonga ez'amaanyi ezireeta enjawukana zisobola okugonjoolebwa singa ensonga ezo zitegeerekeka bulungi.

Okunoonyereza ku 2: Act Afford Care Act (2010)

Ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Obamacare ekya Amerika kyawa abalwadde amagezi agakwata ku by'obujjanjabi okuva ku kiseera kya Medicare ne Medicaid. Eky'enkola ekyo kyayiiya mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga olw'empandiika, ne mu ngeri ezeewuunyisa okwekkiriranya.

Omulimu gw’Okulwanyisa Obukulembeze n’Ogw’Akakiiko

Pulezidenti Barack Obama yakolawo ekisuubizo ku kaweefube ow'okujjanjaba abalwadde. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda mu 2008, omukwanaganya we Max Baucus (D-MT) yayambako obutebe obukulu ku by'enfuna, omutwazi Ted Kennedy (D-MA) ku by'obulamu, Enjigiriza, Labor and Penssions (HELP), era n'Omubaka Henry Waxman (D-CA) ku Energy and Commerce. Ekiragiro House pas reaunt (H.R. 3962) kyayisa ebikompoosa bisatu nga tannatuuka wansi. Olukiiko oluwandikiro (H. 35.90, olusooka, oluwandikiro lw'amayumba (H.T.T.

Floor ne “Cornhuker Kickback”

Ennyumba yayisa akavvuunulibwa mu Noovemba 2009 nga bakuba akalulu akaawerera ddala nga 220-220215, nga kalimu abakungu 39 abayitibwa Democrates abaziyiza. Palamenti ya Ssemaketa eyo yasoosa nnyo okukuba ku kasoomooze ku bannasayansi 60 abaali beetaaga okuwangula akalulu akayitibwa numericster Reid, nga mwe mwali ne “Cornshuker Kicbackck" ku Nebraskaa, akaago akaasembayo. Olukiiko lwayisibwa mu Primenti yayisa ebbaasa 60-439 nga Ddesemba 24, 2009.

Engeri y’Okutabaganamu

Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Senator Kennedy era n'omuddira mu kifo kye ekya Republican, Democrates yafiirwa enzivuunula yabwe. Okusobola okutabagana n'enkyusa za nnyanjula n'enkiiko, olukusa olumu lwayisa essomero terunnakyuka. Omutemu ono Obama yassa omukono ku lukalala olw'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi.

Bye Tuyigira ku Aka

  • [[Akawayiro:0] Akawayiro ak'okubunkola kalina okuleetawo okusoomooza mu ngeri gye kaleetera ekiragiro okukaayana mu ngeri ey'okutabagana n'abalala. Enkola ey'okutabagana yasoberwa naye ne kikkiriza ebbanga eryo okuyitawo wadde nga bafiiriddwa obunene bw'ebiragiro.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Ebisaanyizo by'oteekateesiteesi oba Tteeka birina okuddiriŋŋana:[ Empandika eza “Louisiana Purchase” ne kampuni endala eza fayiro zonna nazo ziggumiza amateeka.
  • [[NKULA]] Obubonero obukozesebwa okulemesa abantu okumanyiira n'okukolagana wakati w'ebivaamu buleetera okuziyizibwa okw'amaanyi:

Okunoonyereza ku Kulwadde 3: Abaamereka Abalina Obulema Omutendera (1990)

Aba Amereka abalina obulema Act (ADA) baayisa bulungi nnyo eddembe ly'obwannamalala, nga bagaana obusosoze mu mirimu, mu bifo ebya lukale, mu ntambula, ne mu ngeri ez'empuliziganya.

Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa by’Omuntu n’Enkaayana Ze Bimu

ENTEENDE EKY'OKULABA n'omubaka akiikirira Tony Coelho (D-CA), ebyakolebwanga mu biseera ebyasooka nga mu kiseera kya 1988 nga mw'otwalidde ne akakiiko akayitibwa Fair House Act era ne Educape for All Handicawid Children Act. Olulimi lwakolebwa okusobola okuweza emitindo gy'obulema n'emitindo egy'ekika ekya waggulu.

Okuteekateeka Akakiiko n’Okuwagira Obukiiko Obukulu

Kkooti eyo yaweebwa obukiiko bwa Kominti bw'Abaddu ab'Emirimu, akakiiko k'Enjigiriza n'Eby'emirimu mu Nnyumba, n'akakiiko akayitibwa House Judiciary. Ebiwandiiko byawa obujulizi obw'amaanyi okuva ku bantu abaliko obulemu nga mw'otwalidde abaana n'abalwanyi abaalwanyi, obwayamba okugonjoola ensonga eno.

Obuwayiro obwa Flority n'okuteekako Omusaayi

Olukiiko olukulu lwayisa mu nsalo ADA nga Ssebutemba 7, 1989, nga bakuba akalulu 76-8. Ennyumba yaddako nga Maayi 22, 1990, nga bakuba akalulu 403-20. Akakiiko kaayisa ensalo ezisembayo ne kayisaamu ennyimba zombi ez'amaanyi. Mu Prezidenti George H. W. Bush yateeka omukono ADA mu mateeka nga Jjulaayi 26, 1990, ku ttabi ly'omu South Lawn of White House, nga keetooloddwa abawandikiro.

Bye Tuyigamu

  • Engero ezikyusa ebirondebwa: Engero z'abantu abaliko obulemu zisobola okuleetera abalala okulumirirwa bannaabwe era ne kikendeeza okuziyizibwa kwe baafuna.
  • [[AK:0] Bipartishast esobola okufunibwa: AD yafunibwa obuwagizi okuva eri abawi b'amateeka abaatwala ng'obutuukirivu obw'ennono n'obukalu era abagoberera enkola zaazo.
  • Ebibinja ebikola ng'enkola eya Disability Education and Defense Fund, ebikola nga 'FOLT' bisobola okuwanirira empewo ez'eby'obufuzi. Bibinja ebikola ng'ebyo ebikola nga Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund ebikozeseddwa okumala emyaka mingi nga biyigiriza abalandisi n'abalaasa oba abantu bonna.

Okunoonyereza ku 4: Omusango gwa 1990 gwaggibwa mu bbanga ne guggibwawo

Amateeka g’obutonde gatera okuziyizibwa ennyo amakolero, naye era enziji z'amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'obutonde ziraga engeri enzivuunula ya 1990 Cleese Air Act gye ziyinza okuvvuunukamu okugattika kwa sayansi, obukulembeze bwa prezidenti, n'eby'enfuna.

Okufuba n’Okufuba

Ekirango ekya Ceahla Air Act kyayisibwa mu 1970 ne kikyusibwamu mu 1977. Omwaka gwa 1980 we gwatuukira, enkuba ya asidi yafuuka ensonga enkulu mu mbeera y'obudde ne mu by'obufuzi, naddala mu bukiika kkono bw'obuvanjuba bwa Buvanjuba bwa Buvanjuba ne Canada. Omukulembeze wa gavumenti George H. Bush, wadde ng'akawerenti ke ke akakwate ke akawero ke kaateekako essira ku ku kurongoosa empewo mu 1988. Yawandiika ensaze mu 1989, eyawandiikibwa EPARENT William Reilly ne ba Whilless.

Akakiiko n’Eby’Okulongoosa

Ssaawa y'omu Nnyumba (H. 3030) yabunyisibwa abakiikirira John Dingell (D-MI) ne Henry Waxman, eyalina obutategeeragana n'emitindo egikwata ku mwenge gwa sistemu. Olukiiko olukulu olwa Ssematalo George Mitchell (D-ME) yawagirwa omusolo ogw'okukozesa eby'omutale, nga mu ngeri ey'okuyita mu nfugeko ya musulo. Olukalala luno (S. 1630) lwakubirizibwa omutemwa gw'omulembe gwa Master George Mitchell (D-ME). Ebiwandiiko ebyo byatandikamu kukozesa bya kkoyiromenti, nga 401.1211 ku Mayi 23, 1990.

Akakiiko Akatuula ku Kibiina n’Essaawa Esembayo

Akakiiko akatuula ku lukuŋŋaana kaatwala emyezi egiwerako okugonjoola obutakkaanya, naddala ku nkola za mmotoka n'enkola z'okugobererwa. Awo waakulaakulana ekiseera John Sununu, omukulu w'abakozi ba Bush bwe yakkiriza okukuba obululu. Etteeka eryasembayo lyakkirizibwa ku mikutu gyombi nga Noovemba 27, 1990.

Mu 1990, okukyuka kwaleetawo okukendeeza okw'amaanyi ku dioxide mu kyenyi ekiva mu mukka ogwo era ne kyakulabirako ku nteekateeka y'obudde ey'oluvannyuma. Okumanya ebisingawo, laba EPA] Ebbanga ku ngeri gye yakmanyaamu ebizingirwa mu 1990 ebirengo nga.

Bye Tuyigira ku Mitendera egy’Okukwata Omunnyo Omuyonjo

  • Enkola ez'ekika kya Kabonero kayinza okukkirizibwa: Ebiwandiiko ebikkirizibwa okusumulula ekiwandiiko ekiraga enkola ya budde ne bituuka ku biruubirirwa eby'okulaga obutonde bwe bibeera.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obwegassi obufuga enkola za gavumenti bweyongera:[['Akatabo:1] Obukyayi obwabuteeka ku ddiba ly'ebyobufuzi.
  • Obujulizi obw'enkukunala buteekwa okuwa butegeerekeka bulungi: Enkuba eya asidi yasaasaana bulungi nga banoonyereza ku nsonga ezireetebwawo.

Okuyigiriza Abantu Ebiva mu Bibiina Ebituuka ku Buwanguzi

Ng’obusosoze buli emu bw’erina okuba, emiguwa egimu gitandika.

Ekitongole Ekirala Kikkiriza Obuwumbi n’Obuwumbi bw’Ebifaananyi by’Abafu

Buli lukusa olw'ensonga zino olw'ebbeeyi, lwalina okuyambibwa abantu ab'ebiti ebitali bimu abaali bagoberera enkola eyo. ADA yasikirizanga abasososoofo abassa ekitiibwa mu mulala. Ssente ezikozesebwa mu kunoonyereza ku nkola y'ekitebe kya Air zaakozesebwa mu kukola kampuni. Okukola ekibanja nga "" so si nga anti y'ebisinga obunene.

Obuvunaanyizibwa Obuva mu Kwetaba n’Ekimu ku Buweereza

Akakiiko akayitibwa ADA kaategeeza abantu aba bulijjo amateeka agayinza okubawa amaanyi mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Obuwombeefu n’Obukulembeze

Enteekateeka y'okwewala okuyomba awamu n'ekirango kya Civil Rights Act ekiraga nti okussaawo embalirira tekyetaagisa kukwata busimba. Abakulembeze abategeera amateeka, n'ekiseera eky'okugobera, biba bya muwendo nnyo. Wadde nga emirundi mingi akakiiko akakola ku ntegeka za gavumenti kassomero (kalina okugoosa) era nga kalina okugoberamu.

Okukyusaamu n’Okukyusaamu

Tewaliwo musolo mu kakiiko kantdde. Okugattika ebiwambe kusobola okunyweza ebbaago (nga bwe kiba nga kiri mu Mutemwa VII mu kakwato ka Civil Rights) oba okulonda okw'amaanyi (nga bwe kiba nga kuli ku biyingizibwa mu ACA). Obwetegefu okuteesa n'okukkiriza enkyusa zabyo ezitatuukiridde y'emu ku ngeri y'okussaawomu amateeka amatuufu. Okusobola okwekenneenya engeri obukiiko obukola ebizingirwamu gye bukolamu, kyalira Conforgist.gov Constigation arlation akawayiro[]

Okufundikira: Okunoonyereza ku Case

Okusoma engeri ssente gye zifuukamu amateeka si kye kintu ekikolebwa mu buyigirize obwa bulijjo. Ebyo bye tuyiga okuva ku kakwate ka ddembe lya Civil Rights, akalaga engeri gye lirinamu obulema mu Amerika, era n'akakwakkulizo aka Ceoc Air Act, n'akakwakkulizo aka Cecreat kayamba abawagizi, abawi b'amateeka n'abatuuze abeetaagisa okugattibwa. Ekyawuka kyonna kiraga nti amateeka gasobola okugobererwa bulungi wadde nga wabaddewo ebizibu bingi.

Abayigiriza basobola okukozesa ebyokulabirako bino okulaga nti gavumenti si kyuma ekitakyukakyuka naye si nkola ya nkola ekola nga bayize. Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku nkola y'enkola n'ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo, ekitongole ekiwandikiddwa ' National Archives Center for Legistrative Archives[ kiwa ebiwandiiko ebikulu, era n'empandika y'ekitongole egoberera amateeka ku lupapula[FLT]] ewandiika ekiwandiiko ekya 'wiragiro, esobozesa okuteekawo ekiwandiiko kino mu nkola eya demokulase'.