Okutandika

Amagye ga poliisi gakolera ku bifo awateekebwa obulagirizi obwa bulijjo, nga gakola omulimu omuzibu ogw'okukuuma obutebenkevu ate nga gassa ekitiibwa mu ntegeka enkulu. "obukiiko obw'enjawulo n'obutayagala mateeka" kabe akakuubagano oba okugoonyezebwa kw'abantu kweyoleka oba okukalubya ab'obuyinza bwa poliisi.[1] Enkola ezifuga tezangu era tezikola nga bwe zikola; zigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti, amateeka, amateeka, amateeka, amateeka, n'enkola, n'enkola z'enkola z'abantu mu nsi yonna. Okutegeera enteekateeka zino tezirina makulu eri abakwasisa amateeka kyokka, naye era n'eri abafuzi b'abakungu ab'eby'amateeka, n'abatuuze abaagala okuvunaanyizibwa. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola emisingi gya poliisi mu kukola ebimenyamenya amateeka n'okwejjukanya, era n'enkola za poliisi mu ngeri egoolekawokkana ku ku ddembe ly'empala.

Ekisinziirwako mu by’Etteeka ku Bikolwa bya Poliisi

Ebitundu bino biraga ddi poliisi lw'eyinza okuyingira mu nsonga, amaanyi ge eyinza okukozesa, era na ngeri ki z'eba yiriseemu.Enkola zetaagibwa mu mateeka, naye nga zizingiramu amateeka, enjigiriza ezigattiddwa, n'amateeka agakkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Amateeka

Amawanga mangi gataddewo amateeka agafuga poliisi mu ngeri nti gasobola okuddukanya ebisobozese. Mu United Kingdom, Produc Ordern Act 1986 (nga bwe kigikomya). Gawanyisa [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [[2] n'okusobozesa abawagizi okubuuka oba enjawulo okukola emirimu egimenya amateeka okusobola okuleetawo emirembe), [[FLT:] obutategeeragana] olukyayiritise , era [[FLT:] era [[FLT:]] [FLT] [FL:] [FLT] [7]. [E] Akabonero kano era kakireetera abapoliisi okuteekawo amaanyi mu ku kutegeka ebigenda mu ntambula ne mu bibiina.[5]

Mu Amerika, tewabaawo mateeka ga gavumenti; mu kifo ky'ekyo, ewawulamu amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitundu kya Penal ekitundu 404-406 kinnyonnyola olukuŋŋaana olutali lwa mu mateeka (abantu babiri oba n'okusingawo abakuŋŋaana okwenyigira mu kikolwa eky'ekikolwa eky'ekimenyamenya oba okukola ekikkirizibwa) era tekikkirizibwa mu buGgwagwagwa, era tekiba kiba kiba kiba nga kigambo (gakoze nga bakozesa amaanyi oba ettemu mu bantu babiri oba n'abasinga obungi okutaatawanyisa emirembe gya bantu. Amagatte mangi galina n'empaka [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FFLT:1] [e], gakkiriza abakungu abo abafuga okulagira okugoba n'okukwata abo abasigadde. [FFret] Ekiwandiiko ekyo kye kiragiddwa mu mateeka ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa mu mateeka.[5][5]

Amateeka era galina engeri gye gafugamu amagye. Amateeka mangi agafuga enkola za poliisi gakkiriza okukozesa eby'okulwanyisa (mu kiseera kya ppeesa lya bbomu, bbomu, kaloka) mu kiseera we bikoma okukolebwa, ebiba bisobola okweyimirizaamu oba okulemesa omulimu gw'okugukola. Amagavumenti agamu, nga Bugirimaani ne U.S., galina okulabula abapoliisi nga tebannakozesa maanyi okusaasaanya olukuŋŋaana.

Emisingi Egikwata ku Mateeka

Amateeka aga bulijjo, naddala mu nsi ezaasikirwawo obulombolombo bw'omu Bungereza, gawa emisingi egikwatagana n'amateeka. Endowooza ey'edda eya enkuŋŋaaniro ekkirizibwa mu biseera eby'omumasekkati, ebisooka okukomya enkuŋŋaana ezaali ziko emirembe gya Kabaka. Mu mateeka aga bulijjo, ekibiina kiba kimenyawo singa abantu basatu oba n'abasinga obungi basisinkana nga bagenderedde okumenya amateeka. Era amateeka gaamanyibwa nti ekika kya [[[FLT:] era gaatwala obutuuti ekika ekimu ekiyinza okuteeka omu ku mirembe gya Kabaka mu kabi. [[FLT:] (era, n'ekitongole ekitongole) okukomya ekiva mu ngeri y'ekikolwa ekya leero ekikolebwa mu ngeri y'ekikolwa ekikyamu.[Ft:][5]

Amateeka aga bulijjo era gaateekawo [[[NT:0] era, ekisobozesa abapoliisi okukozesa amaanyi amangi okwewala akabi ak'omumaseera ag'omutu gw'obutujju. Mu jjeemu, omusingi guno gusemba ebikolwa ebyandibadde bimenya amateeka (g.g., okuyingira mu bintu ebiremesa abantu kinnoomu) kasita baba bakyayinza kutuukibwako akabi. Amateeka g'Olungereza, nga Thomas v. Sawns[[FLT:]], gagamba nti, polisi yandisobodde okuyingira mu n'akakwate okulemesa okumenya emirembe. Kyokka, enkiiko z'amateeka zig'omulembedde zigye ziteekwa okuziganya amateeka agatali gamu; bateekwa okuteekawo eddembe eri wakati w'obuyinza obumu n'obutuufu.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Ddembe ly’Omuntu

Oboolyawo okukugira okukugira okukugira kwa poliisi okuva ku mateeka okusobola okukolagana n'okwogera. Mu Amerika, olukalala lw'ebiragiro lukakasa obwannannyini okukuŋŋaana awamu. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu ewa obukakafu nti gavumenti esobola okussaawo ekiseera, ekifo, enkola. Abapoliisi bayinza obutasaasaanya empalana olw'obubaka obugirimu; balina okuba n'obujulizi obw'okutuukiriza ekikolwa eky'obwannamumu oba obulumbaganyi. Omusango oguba ku kkooti enkulu gulina okuteekawo obudde mu kifo ekimu, obuwanvu, obuba busobola okuteekawo ekiseera ekimalako. Branburg v. [1969]]

Mu United Kingdom, akakwakkulizo ka 'Human Rights Act 1998 kabaamu endagaano ya Bulaaya ku ntegeka za bantu (ECHR). Akatundu 11 kakuuma eddembe ly'okukuŋŋaana n'okukolagana, ate Akatundu 10 ne kakuuma eddembe ery'okulabirako. Naye, bombi bakkirizibwa amateeka [ era n' [FLT] akkirizibwa mu nfuga eza demokulase olw'okuleetawo enzigo, okukikuuma obutebenkeze, n'okuziyiza okutaawereza oba obukuumi ku ddembe ly'abalala. Kkooti ebbooti endala ez'enkola ku nsonga 11 ezaawerebwa olw'okugaana okukubagattirawo akakwa k'ensonga ey'eby'amazima. [[FLLD] Zilibergberg. v[FFFD5] [200]], kkooti eyinza okulagira ddala ekyo ekitongole ekimenyeddwa ku Kkootirootirootiddwako ekyo ekimenyeddwa olw'ensonga eya ]

Mu nsi yonna, [[NKULULA] International Rights Parvenment on Civil and Politikition Rights (ICCPR) era ewa eddembe ery'emirembe (Alucula 21) n'eddembe ery'okutandika (Awudiyo 19). Akakiiko ka ntegeka za Kibiina ntegeka ya Kintu kalina okuwa endowooza ennukuta ya bantu ennukuta ez'enjawulo enfu obulagirizi ku mateeka ku mateeka. [[FLT:]] Zirina okuba nga zikkirizibwa, nga zisaanira, era nga n'eddembe eritakyalimu [[FLT:]. Emirimu ereendwadde mu mateeka gaateekwa okutendeka obukwakuliriza obukwasimu obukwakuliriza n'okufuga ebitongole. [[FLD:][FFF][9][9][5]

Okutendekebwa n’Okukuumibwa mu by’Eby’Omu Mateeka

Wadde nga poliisi yandyagadde okukozesa amagezi mu mbeera enzibu, waliwo okukugira okukugira okuyisibwa obubi n'okukuuma amateeka.

Obuvunaanyizibwa era n’Okubeetaagisa

Emisingi gimu egy'okuteekamu [[NNYIRIRI] ne ' era ne] bitegeeza enkola yonna ekkirizibwa mu kukozesa amaanyi. Mu buli mateeka g'ensi yonna ne sistemu ezisinga obungi, poliisi eyinza okukozesa amaanyi singa kyetaagisa okutuukiriza ekigendererwa ekituufu, era nga n'ekyo tekikkirizibwa kutuukiriza kigendererwa ekyo. Kino kitegeeza nti enkola ezitakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna ziteekwa okusooka okukolebwa, era singa zikozesebwa, ziteekwa okuba ezo ezikkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'emirembe mu kusiba ebikolo oba okuyogeza okumenyagana okuggyako nga okukuŋŋaana okw'ekikolwa eky'obukambwe oba okuleeta akabi ak'amaanyi.

Mu Amerika, omusango gwa Ssekukkulu guwa obukakafu nti “obuteefu mu kkooti ey'oku ntikko gulina okusinziirwako“ omutemwa gwagwo. Omutemwa guno gukwata ku bunene bw'obumenyi, oba nga omuteeberezebwa aba aleeta ekika kya maanyi, era oba ng'abadde awakanya obukyayi. Graham wansi w'obuyinza ku kiragiro kya sipiidi enkalu, kkooti zigoberedde okuwa endowooza y'emu ku nsonga ez'ekibiina. Ekyokulabirako, mu Brosseaugen. [vFFF] [FF] [5] [20] [204], enkookkozi ezo zikoze ku buyinza obutuufu obw'okukwata ku nsonga ezimanyiddwa ku nsonga ezimenyebwa, oba okuzikyusiza mu ku ku ku ku kulabula okw'omusolo.

Eddembe ly’Obuntu Likwata ku Balala

Etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna liragiramu ebisaanyizo ebirala ebiyinza obutagobererwa ddala nga bagoberera amateeka g'omu maka. Kkooti ey'ebugwanjuba] ewandikiddwa olukiiko olw'etteeka olw'ensonga ku ba poliisi ezikwata ku kwekajja. Oya Ataman v. [200]] [200]], Kkooti gye yasobererwa Akatundu 11 akaayufu ne kankano keeyambisa okusiikiriza okusamba awyirobooya awatali kugezesa ku ttulukuka olw'obulungi obw'okukuŋŋaana. Kkootikko ekyo kyaggula nti n'ebiragiro biteekwa okukeebunvuusibwa mu ngeri y'emu mu [FFF.]

Ebibiina ebitegeka eddembe ly'obuntu biraze ebifo poliisi gye yakozesaamu obukujju okweyambisa empalana ey'olubala oba enkolagana n'eby'obufuzi eby'abasambajja. Akakiiko akakwata ku kumalawo oluvanyuma lw'enjawukana mu langi (CORD) kawagidde gavumenti okubaako bye zikola okulaba nti tezikkiriza kukugira bannaakyewa kufuga ekibiina. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu kiseera kya 2020 George Flod ekikalu mu United States, ebijulirwa okuva ku ACLU ne Human Rights Watch Watch, byalaga nti amateeka agaawula aba Blandu mu miwendo egya waggulu okusinga abo abeetabaganya abali mu mbeera ezifaanagana. Ebira nga ezo, okusoomooza okwawukana mu mateeka wansi w'obukwakulizi n'amawanga.

Obudde, Ekifo, n’Enkizo

N'enkuŋŋaana ennene ziyinza okukkirizibwa. Gavumenti ziyinza okussaawo ebisaanyizo ebikkiriza okukkirizibwa, ne zissaawo enziragiro mu bifo gye zisobola okubaamu okwekalakaasa, era ne zissaawo ekkomo erya "'''akawyiro'okwesamba'." singa ziteekebwawo ziremedwa, era singa zikkirizibwa okulekawo enzigi endala ez'empuliziganya. Kkooti enkulu mu n' v. Rock Against Rackust [ [19] Kino kikkiriza nti gavumenti esobola okutegeka ddoboozi eryagisingako ku mukolo nga temenyezza mu mu ku by'empewo ebitegekebwa.

Kyokka, singa okukugira kufuuka kuzibu nnyo oba nga kugobererwa ku ddembe ery'okukuŋŋaana. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abo abagaana okukigaana bayinza okukola nga bayitidwa olukusa okuva ku poliisi ewabudde olukusa olukalala olukkirizibwa okumenya amateeka agasooka (Laba [[FL:0]]] Shuttsworthworth v. Birmingham, 1969]). Mu UK, , ekiragiro ekifuga awatali kubuuza ku nsonga eziragiddwa kireme okumenya olukalala kireme okumenya amateeka agafuga ebizikubisibwa. Enkola eyo eteekwa okuba nga ye enzikiriza ey'amaanyi mu by'ebintu, oba mu bitundu ebirala ebibeera mu kifo eky'obulamu obwa bulijjo.

Enkola n’Okuvunaanibwa mu Mateeka

Abasirikale bwe baayisa obusobozi mu mateeka, baagezaako okusala abantu ku misango egitali gimu. Mu mateeka ga gavumenti, okuwonya abakungu ba gavumenti mu ngeri ezo mwe muli okusiba abantu mu makomera, okubakuba b'omululu, okubakuba bbaafu, okubavunaana oba okubatyolera obuwambe. Mu Amerika, .[FLT]][.C.[1998] mu mwaka gwa 1983, abantu bakkirizibwa okusemba eddembe lya gavumenti olw'okumenya etteeka eririna emitindo gya gavumenti mu langi. Etteeka lino likozeseddwa nnyo mu ku kkooti z'amateeka okumenya enkalu. Abakungu abo abalina ebisaanyizo bawagidde obukuumi okuva ku ddembe eribagwawo singa tewalimu, enkyukakyuka ezikoleddwa mu mateeka mu mawanga agabadde gazze mu langi. Ekkulemberwa mu nsi ezimu (g. Coloradorado, New York) bakyusizza eddembe lino.

Mu Bungereza, oyo eyeewandiisa ayinza okuleetera omuntu okusibibwa mu mateeka oba okusibibwa mu kkomera mu bukyamu, oba okusabibwa wansi w'Akakwa k'Eddembe ly'Eddembe ly'abantu 1998 olw'okumenya eddembe ly'enkago. Okugatta ku ekyo, abapoliisi bayinza okukkirizibwa mu Office for Police Police Agement (IOPC) okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi. IOPC kirina amaanyi ag'okusemba oba okutegeeza obujulizi obutongole bw'amateeka obuba bwa CHPUUC (C).

Obusolooza bw'amateeka butwaliramu okuvunaana abakungu kinnoomu olw'obulumbaganyi, bbaatule, oba okutta mu nsonga ez'amaanyi. Kyokka, emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka egivunaanibwa poliisi tegitera kuba gya maanyi nnyo olw'okuba abakungu ba poliisi basalawo obululu ate nga baswadde nnyo. Agumenti era gikola kinene nnyo mu kubonereza abakungu ba poliisi, naye abawakanya bawakanya enkola eno ne balaga nti tebalina kyebeekolera. Gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo obukiiko obukola ng'obukambi obunoonyereza obwa si bwa gavumenti obwa bulijjo obukola nga obukalumbi obugamba nti tebwewaze mu kiseera eky'okwekaabira okukaalira.

Okusoomooza n’Okukyuka

Kyokka, engeri ebintu gye bikolebwamu mu kiseera kino, n’engeri gye bigobererwamu, ereetera embeera z’eby’obufuzi okukyuka ne zikyuka.

Okukozesa Eby’okulwanyisa Ebitono

Okukozesebwa kwa b'enkusu okusaanyawo eby'okulwanyisa ng'ebyo (gasi w'omuyaga), kinetic assures (amasasi, bean saalus), ne kampuni ez'okukuba amaloboozi (LRADs) byekeberedde mu mateeka. Emirundi egimu kkooti zigamba nti ebyokulwanyisa ng'ebyo bikozesebwa okubunyigiriza abo abatawagguufu okumenya amateeka. [[FLY]]] Gatates v. Ekitongole kya Texas of Superly Trinda[[FLT:] [201], kkooti ya disitulikiti ekkiriza okulumiriza abo ababunya abo ababuutize mu Texas ne babbali nga tebaliiko nnyo olw'okusala abamenyi b'akaze. Kkomera mu ngeri y'emu, kkooti yannyonnyola nti amaanyi gaali ga b'ebitundu bya Bulaaya mu Bulaayaaya mu Bulaaya (2:2][20] era n'enzibuvugiromenti eya Bulabu) nga tegattise. Ekitongole ky'omu Ddobookita mu Bukiiko

Gavumenti ezimu ziwera oba ziwera ebyokulwanyisa ebimu ebitakoma ku byuma. Office y'omu United Kingdom ewa obulagirizi obulagira nti amasasi agakolera ku ntambula y'ekika kya pulassi galina kukozesebwa mu mbeera enzibu ennyo era nga ziweereddwa olukusa. Mu Amerika, ebibuga nga Portland, Oregon, gatuuni, gaawera okukozesa gaasi okukulukusa abantu okuggyako nga wazze wazzeewo akabenje. Kyokka, okusoomooza mu mateeka kweyongera, era n'ebibiina bya poliisi bitera okuwakanya obukwasifu bw'obusosoze.

Emikutu gy’Amasasi n’Ebigambo

Ebirango by'ensi eno bikola olukalala ku mikutu gya kompyuta egikola ku by'obwannalukalala era abasirikale beeyongedde okulambula obulango obukkirizibwa mu bifo ebitali bimu. Mu Amerika, ekiragiro eky'okufuga ekitongole kya sir 4 Amereka ekifuga enkola y'okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa embuyaga ez'enkalu. Kkooti ziwagidde nti okukebera ebifa ku bantu ku mikutu gy'ensi kikkirizibwa, naye okusobola okufuna obubaka obwa nnamaddala obuli mu kifo ekya bulijjo okuva mu bisenge bya bugo by'empandika by'ensi eyo kyetaagisa kkomo. K'oka K'ok'okwate K'okase 'Ekirango''''''''' K'olinawookkolerwamu Kko nga kisuubira obwamakwateekusigibwa obwa n'owuzi obwa n'obubugunjula bwa kompyuta. K'aweewandibwa K'Awumba K'Awundimu K''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Obuzibu obuva mu mateeka era butadde ku kukozesa tekinologiya ow'omu maaso mu kwekajjala. Ewards v. South Carolina (1963), kkooti yamanya eddembe okukuŋŋaana nga tewabadde kutya kwonna. Okuba nti kamera n'enkusu ezikozesebwa mu maaso ga gavumenti ziyinza okubaamu enkola ey'ekika kya waggulu. Mu Kkooti ya UK, Kkooti ey'oku Assepping in [[FLL:2]R [Bridgets] v. Omukulu wa gavumenti agaba nga tatiisekererererezza bujulizi bwa gavumenti.[FLD:]20] (20) yakitwala nti okukozesa ennyimba za poliisi okuzimanya ebibadde mu mateeka era n'okukugira ennyigo. Kino kikubiriza gavumenti okulagira obugunjawo ku kufuga eby'enkola ya gavumenti mu n'obunyiikivuzi.

Okuyungibwa n’Okuteegera

Okuyaayaana kw'oku okw'amaanyi kuleetawo era ne 'empandika ez'enjawulo.] Okukajjakukanya kuno nga "" nga 2011 . Ekiragiro kino kigezaako okuwakanya abategesi abateesa ku nsonga ez'enjawulo nga tewali mateeka. Ebibiina bwe bitandika okukalambira ku mateeka mu ngeri entegekebwawo, poliisi eyinza okugezaako okuteeka mu kifo, era n'okumenya amateeka awatali kugoberera enkola. Ebiragiro ebimu bikkiriza amateeka agakugira abapoliisi okugezaako okuggya obusoosa oba okukolagana n'okuteesa n'okubumbula mu byamalanga. Ekyokulabirako kya New York ewaawo: [FF:]

fundikira

Enkola z'amateeka ezifuga abapoliisi abafuga entegeka mu nkuŋŋaana enkyamu era n'obut'obutayagala mateeka si mateeka gokka; gakiikirira obumalirivu bw'abantu okutegeka obulungi embeera ya bantu n'eddembe ekkulu. Amakaanyi amanywevu gawa abapoliisi ekkomo, ne kikakasa nti bavunaanyizibwa olw'ensalo ezo bwe zisalibwawo, era n'obusobozi bw'abantu okugatta awamu n'okulongoosa ebibakwata ku nsonga. Emisingi n'okutaba na ku bwongo tebyawula ku mateeka biteekwa okugonjoola buli muntu okugonjoola ensonga z'okusalawo okusobola okuyingiza mu nkola ey'obukodyo n'ebyokulwanyisa. Tekino n'okuwakanya obukujjuzibwe ne kkooti ebiba biteekwa okweyongera okutereeza ebizingirwa mu mateeka era n'okulambulaamu ebigenda mu ngeri y'okunyweza obwesige mu bantu.

Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo:

  • [[AK'AWULA]] Ekitongole Ekiramuzi – ebiva mu Mpulizirwa eyasooka[[AK'AWULA]]
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti ey'ebugwanjuba ku Ddembe ly'abantu – Ekikuuti 11 (Eddembe ly'Enkuŋŋaana ennene)[[Akabonero:1]
  • [[Act:0]W Obuwayiro obwa bulijjo obukozesebwa ku ddembe ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu mu ngeri ey'emirembe n'okukolagana wakati w'abantu [[Akabonero:1]
  • [[AKIT:0]ACLU – Okumanya Entegeka Yo: Protester’s Rights[[AK'AWULA:1]
  • [[Act:0]UK orgunt Public Order Act 1986 (empandika.gov.uk)