Table of Contents

Okutegeera Ebitundu Ebibaamu Okulondebwa kwa Bannabyabufuzi mu Amerika

Mabaluwa ga Federalist galimu ebitundu 85 ebyawandiikibwa Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay nga bagoberera enfuze eya "Publius" okutumbula enzivuunula z'amateeka g'omu Amerika. Ebiwandiiko bino bye bimu ku ebyo ebisingirayo ddala okuleetera abatuuze okubaako kye bakola mu byafaayo by'ebyobufuzi mu Amereka, nga bireetera bayingira mu birowoozo bya Bataata abaago abaazuulibwa n'emisingi egyakyusa emitindo gy'ensi.

Abatuuze ab'omu kiseera kino, okutegeera obuyigirize, tekiri nti bayigirizibwa buyigirize. Ebyo bye bawandiise bikyalina kye bikola ku nnyinnyonnyola eya gravity, okuwa emboozi ezikwata ku kifo kya gavumenti, era n'okulaga ekifo ekituufu n'obuvunaanyizibwa obulaga ekifo ekizingirwamu mu Amerika okusobola okutegeera obusika bw'eggwanga. K'obe ng'oli muyizi, omusomesa, mukugufu mu mateeka, oba omutuuze eyeeteeseteeseteese, empagibwawo, empandiika y'enkola ennuŋŋamu, amateeka ga gavumenti, n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga kinnoomu, n'entegeka.

Ebyafaayo: Eggwanga Eriri ku Musaalaba

Embeera mu Biseera eby’Okusensera

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi empandiika z'eggwanga eriggya, tuteekwa okusooka okutegeera akabi akayinza okujjawo mu Amerika omuto mu myaka gya 1780. Ebiwandiiko bya Amereka ebifuga ebyasooka, tebyalabika ng'ebimala okuddukanya emirimu gy'eggwanga eriggya. Gavumenti eyo yalina amaanyi amangi ag'okutumbula ssente, okutegeka obulungi emirimu gy'eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi ez'ensi eyo.

Obunafu bw'enteekateeka eno bweyoleka nnyo mu bintu nga Shays’s Reugner mu 1786-1787, abalimi b'omu Massachusetts bwe baagezaako okulwana n'ab'obuyinza mu mabanja ne mu misolo. Eky'okuba nti gavumenti yalemereddwa okukola ku bizibu ng'ebyo kyayoleka obwetaavu obw'amangu obw'okuteekawo enteekateeka ey'okufuga esingako.

Olukiiko olw’Eby’Amateeka n’Ebyaddirira

Ekyava mu lukuŋŋaana luno olw’amateeka tekwali ku nzivuunula ya Plains of Confederation, ng’abasinga obungi bwe baali basuubira, wabula kyali tteeka eriggya ddala eryateekebwawo enkola y’obufuzi ey’enjawulo.

Ekiragiro kyasemba okutandikawo enkaayana ez'amaanyi. Abalabirizi nga 39 bwe bassa omukono ku ndagaano y'Amateeka eyateebwa mu Ssebutemba 1787, ekiwandiiko kyagenda mu masaza okusobola okuyuzaamu, ne kireetawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi wakati wa "Abediafirist," eyawagira okukkirizibwa kw'Amateeka nga bwe kwawandiikibwa, ne "Antifederalist," eyawakanya amateeka era ne yeegaana okuwa gavumenti amaanyi.

Olutalo olw’e New York

Mu New York, okuziyizibwa kw'amateeka kwali kwa maanyi nnyo era kyatwalibwa ng'ekintu ekikulu ennyo. Enkola ya New York ey'eby'enfuna n'ey'obutunzi byayo byasobozesa obutuuze bwa New York okubeera obw'omuganyulo mu nkwata y'obugattiro obuppya. Mu ngeri eno Alexander Hamilton gye yateeberezaamu olukalala lw'empandiika okulwanirira Amateeka era n'okusendasenda New York okuwagira obuwagizi.

Abaawandiika: Abakugu Basatu Abalina Endowooza Essatu ku by’Okwesalirawo

Alexander Hamilton: Emirimu egivuga ekidduka

Alexander Hamilton, munnamateeka ow'omu New York era eyakamalako mu kuzimba yatwala George Washington mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'ekimuukirizo, ye yali omuyimbi omukulu era nga ye kaweefube omukulu mu mulimu gwa frederalipuls. Hamilton yawandiika ennamba 1,629, 1124,15-17, 2121, 59761, ne 65-85, era eyasinga okuwandiikanga ebigambo ebigwana n'ebipya.

Emboozi za Hamilton zassa essira ku bifo ebitali bimu ebikulu: obunafu bw'ebitundu ebiwaanyisa, obwetaavu bw'ettabi erya nnawookeera, obukulu bw'amakokko g'emisolo, n'enkola y'abalamuzi. Empandiika ye yali ya maanyi era butereevu, okulaga nti yali mwetegefu okutandikawo gavumenti ey'amaanyi esobola okuvuganya n'ensi yonna.

James Madison: Omuntu ye yasooka okukola ekiwandiiko ekyo n’alyoka asalawo ku nsonga eyo

James Madison, eyateranga okuyitibwa "Faawe w'amateeka" olw'ekifo kye ekikulu mu Convention of Constitution, yagasaawo emboozi 29 mu kukuŋŋaanyiza olukuŋŋaana olwo. Madison yawandiika ennamba 10, 14,18food20, 37.58, ne 62.63, essira okusingira ddala kwe kuba nti gavumenti egoberera amateeka ga gavumenti n'okugagoberera.

Mu ssente Madison ze yawaayo mwe mwali n'emboozi ezaasinga okukozesebwa mu kibiina. Okutegeera kwe okw'omunda okukwata ku njigiriza z'ebyobufuzi awamu n'ensonga z'omukago gwa Convention of Constitution, byaleetera ebyo bye yawa emboozi okuba eby'amaanyi. Oluvannyuma Madison yafuuka Pulezidenti wa United States era n'ayitibwa "Taata wa Ggwanga lya Ddeedegeera" olw'enkizo gye yakolanga mu kukola ekiwandiiko eky'enkola eya Kkommu kkumi ekyasooka.

John Jay: Alipoota y’Ebiruubirirwa by’Emizannyo mu Nsi Endala

Jay yawandiika ennamba 2-5 ne 64, nga zigattiddwa mu kukuŋŋaanya emboozi. Jay yalwala oluvannyuma lw'okuwandiika ebitundu bina mu ebyo ebiwandiikiddwa, ebivaako enjawulo wakati w'emboozi 5 ne 64. Wadde nga yalina byekubiira bingi, ebyo Jay bye yawandiika byali bya makulu, naddala mu kugonjoola ensonga ezitali za ggwanga n'emiganyulo egiva mu bufunze bw'eggwanga.

Jay yatuusa obumanyirivu mu kuzimba ekizimbe ekyo, ng’aweereza ng’omuweereza mu Spain era oluvannyuma n’afuuka Omulamuzi Omukulu ku Kkooti Esingira Ennyo mu Amerika.

Ekyama kya Publiyo

Yawandiikibwa Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay, Federalist Essays mu kusooka obutamanyibwa linnya lya Katonda. Abawandiisi abo baakwekebwa okutuusa Hamilton lwe yafa mu 1804. Ekiragiro kyasalawo nti Publius Valerius Publiolaola, eyatandikawo Rome Republic.

Era kyasobozesa ebigambo ebyo okusalirwa omusango okusinziira ku birungi bye byali biwandiikiddwa, ne kisobozesa abantu bonna okukkiriziganya ku ebyo bye baawandiika, nga bategeeza nti byali biva eri omuntu omu so si ku bantu basatu ab'enjawulo.

Okubunyisa n’Okugaba: Bituusa ku Bantu

Kaweefube w’Okukuba Emikutu gy’Enjiri

Ebiri enkumi n'omusanvu ebisooka ku ebyo bye byafulumira mu magazini eyitibwa Independent Journal, New York Packet, ne Daily Adversitor wakati wa Omwezi gwa 1787 ne Apuli 1788. Ebbaluwa ezo zafulumizibwa mu bitundu bingi nnyo mu wiiki emu yokka. Ekiragiro kino kyalaga nti okukuba akakaanyirizo ku by'enkalakkalira n'obumalirivu bw'abawandiisi b'okukyusa endowooza y'abantu mu lukuŋŋaana lwa New York.

Mu kyasa ekya 18, empapula z’amawulire ze zaasinganga okukozesebwa okwogera ku by’obufuzi, era okukuba ebitabo bingi kyakakasa nti ebitabo bino bikubibwa mu bungi.

Ebitundu eby’Okusoma

Ekitongole kya New York ekyafulumya ebiwandiiko J. McLean kyalangirira nti ebitabo 36 ebisooka byandifulumizza ng'ekitabo; ddoboozi eryo lyafulumizibwa nga Maaki 22, 1788, era ne liyitibwa The Federalist Omuzingo 1. Omuzingo ogw'okubiri gwafulumizibwa nga Maayi 28, nga gulina omutunzi Nos. 37977 n'ogwa Nos. 78-85 ezataakubibwa nga Nas.

Kyokka, omulimu gw’ababuulizi gwali gusuubira nti gwandigenze mu maaso ne guba mumpi nnyo okusinga emirundi esatu omuwendo gw’ebitabo ebyo gwe gwali gusuubirwa.

Emisingi n’Enkaayana

Okugaba Obuddukiro: Okugaba Obuyinza bw’Eggwanga n’Obwa Gavumenti

Emu ku mitwe emikulu egisibuka mu Federalist Papers kye kirowoozo kya gavumenti, nga(nzijjuvu) n'eky'okugabanya amaanyi agafuga gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Obudde obusooka bussaawo emisingi emikulu egy'obufuzi obwawula obufuzi, nga giteekeddwamu ebiruubirirwa ebireetebwa okuziyiza nnaakyemalira.

Abawandiisi baayo baawakanya nti Ekiragiro kya Ssande kyatandikawo enkola etaali ya ggwanga lyonna oba nga terikola ggwanga lyonna, naye nga zigattika wamu. Gavumenti y'eggwanga yandibadde n'obuyinza obusingirayo ddala mu bitundu ebimu ebibaliddwamu."

Gavumenti za Federalist Papers zaaggumiza nti enteekateeka eno esobola okukuuma eddembe nga ziteekawo ebifo eby'obuyinza ebiwerako. singa gavumenti z'eggwanga zaasukka ekkomo lyazo, gavumenti ne zikola nga bwe zityo.

Okwawukanya n’Obuyinza n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Omusingi ogw'okwawula amatabi ga gavumenti mu ngeri ez'enjawulo(*empandika, ettuuti, ne puligame() gwe mukulu mu nteekateeka y'amateeka. Mu Federalist No. 51. Madison yannyonnyola obwetaavu bw'okukeberera n'okuteekamu ekipimo wakati w'amatabi. Ekiwandiiko kino kirimu ekimu ku bitundu ebimanyiddwa ennyo mu bitabo bya Amereka: "Singa abantu baali bamalayika, tewandibaddewo gavumenti," Madison yawandiika bulungi mu 'Federalist'.'

Madison kye yayogera kyali kisibuka ku ndowooza entuufu abantu gye balina. Yali agamba nti, singa buli ttabi liba n'obuyinza era nga lirina n'ekigendererwa eky'okuziyiza ebitwaliriza, gavumenti yandirese okwefuga, kubanga abo abali mu buyinza bagezaako okwefunira obuyinza ku b'obuyinza mu ngeri y'okuteekawo gavumenti mu kifo ky'okwagala okussaawo gavumenti kisobozese okulemesa amalala okuba n'obusobozi bw'amatabi okukolagana n'okuziyiza ebiyinza okutwaliriza abalala.

Enkola eno ey'okukebera ebiwambe yalimu enkola gamba nga denaateur desirenti mu mateeka, okukakasa ekiwandiiko kya Ssemateeka okutongoza bapresidente awamu n'endagaano, okulambula amateeka n'obutongole, n'obuyinza bw'obukulu. Buli ttabi lyakulinda obuyinza bwalyo, era ne likola enteekateeka eziyinza okukuuma eddembe lyalyo nga lisobola okufuga obulungi.

Ekizibu Ekiri mu Mazima: Na.

Mu emu ku mboozi ezisinga okusinzeeyo okuwandiikibwa, "Federalist 10," Madison yagaana endowooza eyaliwo mu kiseera ekyo nti gavumenti z'eby'obufuzi zisobola okubaamu gavumenti entono zokka.Ekibuuzo kino kirabika kye kisinze okuba eky’amaanyi era ekyewulirwa ennyo mu buli kibiina kya Federalist Papers, nga kivumirira endowooza z'eby’obufuzi ezikwata ku bunene n'obuwagizi.

Madison yagamba nti okuba nti abantu bakkirizibwa okuba abatuuze abali mu kitundu kimu, tekirina kubalemesa kukola bintu ebyo byokka bye baagala oba okutwaliriza abantu mu kitundu.

Mu nsi nnyingi, abantu bazibuwalirwa okufuna obubenje n'obwenkanya.

Wadde ng’olulala kitwalibwa ng'okuwakanya amateeka agasinga obungi, mu butuufu emboozi eyo elwanirira abantu abangi, ab’eby’enfuna, n’abantu abafaanaganya ebintu.Madison yateebereza nti abantu bangi bajja kuwalirizibwa okukolagana era n'okwesamba emisingi gya Baibuli egikwata ku nsonga ezitali zimu, so si ku bantu abasinga obungi.

Obwetaavu bw’Okutabagana

Munnasayansi Federal Nos. 1-14 agamba nti okusobola okuwonawo kw'ekibiina kino kwesigamye ku gavumenti ey'amaanyi esobola okugonjoola ensonga gamba ng'obukuumi, eby'obusuubuzi, n'enkolagana wakati w'ensi n'ensi za gavumenti. Emboozi ezisooka mu mpandikano zino ze essira ku ngeri gye kirimu omuganyulo okukuuma eggwanga nga liri bumu mu kifo ky'okweyawulamu ne bafuuka amawanga agateeyagalidde.

Abawandiisi baawandiika nti okuba obumu kyasobozesa amawanga okutabangulwa, ng'eggwanga eriri obumu lisobola okukuuma amagye nga manywevu era nga libeerawo mu nsonga z'ensi yonna ez'amaanyi.

Ebibuuzo bino byali bikwatagana nnyo n'ebyo ebyagobererwa mu bya bufuzi mu kyasa ekya 18.

Ettabi ly'Akakiiko Akalabirira: Eddembe n'Okuvunaanibwa

Munnabyabufuzi No. 70 alaga obwetaavu bw'omukulu omu yekka akulira ekibiina okusobola okuvunaanyizibwa mu maaso ga gavumenti. Hamilton yagamba nti "okugaana abakungu ba gavumenti ennungi" kyali kikulu nnyo eri gavumenti, okusobola okukuuma abantu mu nsi okusobola obulumbaganyi bw'abagwira, okuddukanya amateeka, okukuuma ettaka, n'eddembe.

Omukungu omu yekka ye yasinziira ku ngeri gye yakulamu omutwe gw'omukungu omu mu kifo ky'okubuuza obulabirizi mu kifo ky'okusinziira ku ebyo bye yalabikira mu buwabuzi obw'enjawulo.

Hamilton yayogera ku ngeri abantu gye bayisibwamu nga bannakyewa nga ayogera ku kyekenneenye ky'obuyinza bwa pulezidenti: ekigambo ekitonotono ekyakozesebwa mu mulimu, obutakkirizibwa, etteeka erikwata ku nkiiko entongole n’endagaano, n'obuyinza ku kussaawo endagaano.

Olukiiko Olukola ku by’Essawa: Okukuuma Amateeka

Omukugu afuga olukiiko lwa diviiri Na. 78 annyonnyola ekifo kya judiary n'ensonga enkulu . Hamilton yagamba nti ettabi ly'abalamuzi lyandibadde lya kabi nnyo kubanga teryalina kitala (nga akulira mu kibiina) oba kasawo (nga siigooti), naye lyandibadde lisala busalizi musango.

Ekibuuzo kino kyassaawo omusingi ogw'okusala emisango ku nsonga eno, era nga ddala kkooti zisobola okuggyawo amateeka agakontana n'amateeka. Hamilton yagamba nti Amateeka ga ssemateeka gaali gakiikirira etteeka ekkulu eryateekebwawo abantu era nti amateeka aga bulijjo tegayinza kugafuga. Abalamuzi, nga balina obwetwaze era n'obukugu mu mateeka, baakwasibwa ekifo ekisingako obulungi okunnyonnyola tteeka era ne okukakasa nti amatabi amalala gasigala mu lukalala lw'amateeka.

Omusango ogwali guzingiramu obulamu obwa bulijjo obwali busobola okuganyula abalamuzi ab'eggwanga (abagondera empisa ennungi) era n'okukuuma empeera yaabwe okuva ku nzivuunula. Enteekateeka zino zaakuumanga abalamuzi obutatwalirizibwa kupikirizibwa kwa bya bufuzi era ne zibasobozesa okusalawo nga beesigamye ku mateeka n'Amateeka mu kifo ky'endowooza y'abantu oba ku ndowooza y'ebyobufuzi. Okwemalirira kuno kwalina akakwate n'omulimu gwa balamuzi okukebera amatabi amalala era n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu eritabaamu ku bufuge.

Endowooza nti Katonda y’Awandiisa Abantu: Ebyafaayo Tebyategeerekeka

Wadde nga kkakafu nti abawandiisi 73 ab’emboozi ze baawandiika, abakugu abamu bawakanya endowooza z’abo abaawandiika emboozi ekkumi n’ebbiri ezisigaddeyo.

Ekipande ekisooka Hamilton kye yawa emboozi ye, era mu nnaku ezaddirira nga tannatta Aaron Burr, yawa munnamateeka we olukalala olulaga eyawandiika ennamba. Madison teyayaw'okumenya olukalala lwa Hamilton, naye yateekawo olukalala lwe olwa Gidiyooni olwa The Federali mu 1818.

Okunoonyereza okukwata ku nkalala ezo kuleetedde abakugu okugezaako okuzigonjoola nga bakozesa engeri ez'enjawulo. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu kiseera kino, nga kw'otadde n'obwa Mosseller ne Wallace mu myaka gya 1960, kwekenneenya engeri gye baalondamu ebigambo n'engeri gye baawandiikamu ebigambo okusobola okumanya obanga bye baawandiika byawandiikibwa James Madison.

Wadde nga bannabyafaayo n’abayivu bawa endowooza za njawulo ku nsonga eno, ebyo bye bawandiika tebireetedde bannabyafaayo abo okulowooza nti gavumenti y’omu yawandiisa abantu kinnoomu, ka kibe nti baani abaawandiika ebintu ebitali bimu.

Ebyakwata ku Kugaba Ennyo: Ddala Ekitabo kyawangula?

Ebyo akakiiko kalina okuwandiika ku mpapula ku nsonga eyo, byafulumira mu byafaayo.

Buli kibiina kyawandiikirwa nga kyakatandika, era emboozi tezaddamu kukubibwa mu kyapa nga New York; era ekiseera we zaatuukira, amawanga amakulu agawerako gaali gamaze okukkiriziganyizza, ng’ekyokulabirako Pennsylvania nga Ddesemba 12.

Wadde nga Federalist Papers yawagira okugatta awamu empapula 30 okutuuka ku 27. Ku lukuŋŋaana olwali mu New York mu Jjuuni 1788 ne Jjulaayi 26 zaasemba okusobola okukkirizisa okuggyamu obukyayi mu bitundu 30 okutuuka ku 27. Wadde nga waaliwo ensonga endala ezaaliwo mu ekyo, nga mw'otwalidde n’obukulembezi bw'abafuzi abatutumufu n'obw'abafuzi abayitibwa Anti-Fedalies n'obutuufu mu by'obufuzi New York gye yali teyinza kusigala wabweru w'obuwanjubaane bwakyo obwali nga buzingiramu n'amawanga amalala.

Kyokka, okupima obuwanguzi bwa Federalist Papers olw'obuwanguzi bwe balina ku kulonda okwa bulijjo kyeyoleka bulungi obukulu bwabwe. Ebbaluwa ezo zaayamba nnyo mu kuleetawo okukaayana, ne zawa abawagizi b'amateeka amagezi era ne zikolawo olukunkumuli lw'enteekateeka empya eya Amereka eyandireese endowooza y'ebyobufuzi mu mirembe egyandizzewo mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Abaziyiza Bannamwandu

Abayigi ba poliisi abaziyiza etteeka lya Katonda, era baaleetawo emboozi n'obiwandiiko ebiwakanya amateeka, nga baleetawo ebibuuzo ebyandibadde bya maanyi nnyo mu kukyusa ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku ddembe n'enkalo eziba zizzeewo ku buyinza bw'eggwanga.

Abawandiisi abo baakozesa ebigambo eby'enjawulo nga "Brutus," "Fedus," nga bagamba nti, Amateeka ga Bumanda gaateekawo gavumenti ey'amaanyi ennyo era nga tegali kitundu kya bantu. Beeraliikirira nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo yali tesobola kutuukiriza bisaanyizo bya gavumenti era nti singa tewabaawo mateeka ga ddembe agafuga abantu, gavumenti yandibalemesezza okuba nga gamu.

Era abakugu mu by'obufuzi babuusabuusa obanga waliwo gavumenti emu eyandisobodde okufuga ekitundu ekinene ennyo eky'enjawulo. Baatyanga nti omusingi oguli mu mateeka era n'obuyinza obwagobererwa byandisobozesezza gavumenti okufuna mpolampola obuyinza obwalekebwa gavumenti z'ensi za Bumeedi. Abawaanyi bangi abaziyiza enkola za Bumeedi ne Bannaafiridiya baasalawo okussaawo endagaano eyandigoberezza obufuzi era ne kikuuma gavumenti okubeera okumpi n'abantu.

Wadde nga bannasayansi abaziyiza obukiika kkono baafiirwa olutalo olw'okumenya etteeka, ebyabeeraliikiriza byakyusa etteeka lya Amereka. Okusuubiza okugatta ekiwandiiko ky'eddembe kyali kikulu nnyo mu kukuuma eddembe mu bitundu ebitali bimu, era n'obufuzi obw'Ekkumi obutereevu obwaweebwa gavumenti ne gavumenti tebwaweebwa gavumenti. Obukaanyisingivu obuli wakati wa Federalist ne Anti-Federalist bukyayongera okuleetawo enkaayano eziriwo en'enkaanyi ezikwata ku ddembe n'eddembe ly'eggwanga.

Okubeera mu Kifo Ekigo Kyonna: E mpapula z’Abafuzi mu Amerika ey’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Okunnyonnyola Amateeka n’Enkooti

Magazi ga Federalist zitera okukozesebwa leero okutegeera ebiruubirirwa by'abo abassaawo Amateeka. Mu ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 19, olukalala lw'abawandiisi ba division Papers lwafuna ettuttumu ennyo olw'okumanyibwa ennyo Amateeka. Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yazijuliza mu nnyiriri ezibakwatako mu buwandiike gamba nga Marbury v. Madison (1803) ne McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

Kkooti ezikola ku bukulembeze ne gavumenti zeyongera okwogera ku mpagi z'amateeka nga zinnyonnyola amateeka. Abalamuzi okuva mu bitundu byonna eby'enjawulo bajuliza ebyo ebiwandiikiddwa ng'obujulizi obulaga nti ebiwandiiko bya Bayibuli ebyasookera ddala okutegeerwa.

Kyokka, abakugu abamu babuusabuusa obanga endowooza z'abantu basatu, nga bawandiika ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu abasatu nga baagala okuzinnyonnyola mu ngeri etali ya kubaako ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi, zirina okutwalibwa ng'enkulu mu kusalawo ebiwandiiko ebigendera ku mateeka. Mu bbaluwa gye yawandiikira Thomas Ritchie mu 1821, James Madison yayogera ku Mateeka nti "amakulu gennyini ag'Ebitabo galina okuggibwa mu nnyiriri zennyini; oba singa ekisumuluzo ekikulu kiba kyagala okunoonyezebwa awalala, kirina kusinziira ku ndowooza oba ku nsonga z'Ebiina bye kyateeseteeseteeseteesenti & Constitution, naye nga bigendera ku ngeri abantu mu Nkuŋŋaana zaabwe gye baddamu okubeera.

Wadde nga wabaddewo okuwakana mu ngeri zino, empapula zisobola okukozesebwa okutegeera amateeka, era ziwa kalonda yenna akwata ku mateeka, ziraga ebyaziviirako okusalawo ku ngeri y’okuzizimba, era ziraga n'engeri abo abaali bagoberera enkola y’obukulembeze gye baali bategeeramu enkola y'amateeka.

Endowooza y’Eby’obufuzi n’Endowooza ya Demokulase

Ne leero, abantu bonna abanoonyereza ku mateeka oba ku by’obufuzi mu Amerika balina okusomera ebitabo ebyo.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole kya Federalist Papers kikyasobola okutegeera obubiina bw'eby'obufuzi n'eby'okwegwanyiza ebiwayirizibwa ebiriwo mu nsi. Okwekenneenya Madison kwe yateekawo mu Federalist No. 10 kwalaga engeri nnyingi ez'obufuzi obwa demokulase gye buvuganya era gye bwawukana ku nkola ya bantu. Ebibuuzo ebyo binnyonnyola obuwandiisi, obwewagguzi, n'akabi akava mu ku kujookaanya kwa demokulase.

Empaka ezo era ziwa endowooza ez'omuganyulo ku bunene n'ekigero ebituufu ebya gavumenti. enkaayana ezikwata ku gavumenti za Amerika zikyali za mugaso kubanga Amerika zeeyongera okukuba empaka ku njawukana ezisaanira ez'obuyinza mu gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Ebikwata ku buyinza bwa bannakyewa zireetebwawo nnyo okubunyigiriza mu nkaayana ezigenda zibaawo ku bapresidenti, naddala mu bifo gamba nga ku bannaakyewa, enkizo ey'okufuga, n'ebitongole ebifuga.

Obuyigirize Obw’Omulimu n’Obutuuze

Omuntu ayagala okutegeera gavumenti ye n'ekifo ky’ebweru, empapula ziwa obuyigirize obw'omuwendo. Ziwa okumanya ekigendererwa ky'abo abakola ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti n'ekizibu ekiyinza okusobozesa abantu okufuna eddembe eritali lya nvuma. Okusoma emboozi zino kiyamba abantu okutegeera ekirowoozo eky'okussaawo amagatte ga gavumenti z'Amerika n'emitindo egigoberera teyokulase egya demokulase.

Olupapula lwa division Papers lulaga nti Amateeka tegaateekebwa ku bwa waggulu naye gaavanga mu mpaka za bonna. Ebyo bye bawandiisanga byali ng'emboozi z'ebyobufuzi eziteeberezebwa obuteesigamiziddwa ku misingi era ezikwata ku bulungi bwa bantu. Mu kiseera ekitera okubaamu eby'obufuzi eby'amaloboozi n'obusosoze obw'enjawulo, abatunzi ba Federalist Paper batujjukiza nti kisoboka okuba n'okugattika obukabavu n'ensonga enkulu mu ku bikwata ku bufuzi.

Okutegeera akapapula ka Federal Paper era kiyamba abatuuze okutegeera nti Amateeka gaamu gateekamu emisingi eminywevu naye nga gasobola okutuukana n'embeera ezikyukakyuka.

Okupikirizibwa

Eby'obufuzi n'eby'obufuzi bya Amereka birina kinene kye bikola ku ngeri y'okukwatamu ensonga. Amawanga okwetooloola ensi yonna bwe gabadde nga gabuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku mateeka, bangi babaddenga banoonya obulagirizi mu mpagi z'eggwanga. Ebbaluwa z'obukungu bwa gavumenti zikutte nnyo ku nsi ezilowooza ku nkola za gavumenti.

Ekiragiro kino kinoonyereza engeri y'okussaawomu gavumenti ey'okufugamu era ne kisobozesa okufuga obulungi. Ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kukeberebwa n'okugwa mu mpawuka ezizzeewo mu nkola za demokulase birina amakulu mangi nnyo ku bafuzi abagezaako okuziyiza okunyigirizibwa n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu.

Okunoonyereza kuno tekulaga bukulu bwa byafaayo by'ebyafaayo bya Bamerika kyokka, naye era n'ensonga enkulu lwaki kikwata ku bantu ab'eddembe nga beefuga bokka mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya.

Buli Mutuuze Alina Okumanya

Wadde nga byonna 85 bye byogerako biyamba mu kulwanirira Amateeka, empapula ezimu zaayoleka nnyo obukulu bwazo:

Ebituufu ne Gavumenti

Ekibuuzo kino kyawandiikibwa James Madison era kiraga nti olukalala lw'ebiwayi ebikontana lusobola okugonjoolebwa okusinga olutono olusobola okufuga ebinaavaamu. Kiwa endowooza eno ey'enneekusifu eya demokulase mu bya bufuzi ne mu mateeka agafuga enneyisa ya bannabyabufuzi. Ekibuuzo kino kiraga engeri enkola y'enkola ey'okusikati n'etteeka gye eyinza okusobozesa abantu okukola obulungi ebintu nga basinziira ku nkola ya demokulase.

Omulango gw’Okufuukirawo K. 51: Ebyekebeesaawo n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Ekitabo kino era kiraga engeri gavumenti gye zitwalamu abantu n’ensonga lwaki gavumenti zisobola okuzisobozesa okuba n’essuubi eribaawo mu maaso g’abantu.

Omukuŋŋaanya w’Ebitongole Na. 78: Olukiiko Oluyitibwa Luudi

Hamilton alwanirira obwetwaze bw'emisango n'ennyinnyonnyola y'okusala emisango mu Amerika, emisingi egisookerwako obusaze mu kkooti z'amateeka. Ekiwandiiko kiwa obukakafu nti kkooti ziteekwa okuba nga zetongodde okusobola okukuuma etteeka erikwata ku mateeka era n'eddembe ly'abantu erikwata ku bannakyewa.

Omutereezero N. 70: Ogufugafuga

Hamilton annyonnyola ensonga lwaki nnannyini kakiiko k'akulira omu alina okuweebwa obukulembeze bwa muntu omu mu kifo ky'okuweebwa akakiiko oba akakiiko. Emboozi eyo eyogera ku kujoogebwa kwa bannakyewa nga bw'egamba nti okufuga okw'omuganyulo kwetaagisa omukulembeze omu. Empaka zaakwo zikwata ku kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku buyinza bwa prezidenti n'okuvunaanyizibwa.

Omukuŋŋaanya Omwesigwa Na. 39: Ekiruubirirwa kya Republican

Madison bwe yeekenneenya ekifuula gavumenti y'eggwanga era n'engeri Amateeka gye gateekamu emisingi egigobererwa mu kugonjoola ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku bufuzi n'obufuzi bw'omubaka. Ekibuuzo kino kinnyonnyola bulungi engeri enkola y'eggwanga n'ey'eggwanga gye bikwataganamu.

Engeri y’Okusomamu Ebitundu Ebitegekebwa Okufuga Obukafu Leero

Engeri y’Okukwatamu Ekiwandiiko

Okusoma empapula kiyinza okuba ekizibu eri abasomi b'omu kiseera kino. Emboozi ezo zaawandiikibwa mu ngeri eya bulijjo mu kwogera kw'ebyobufuzi okw'obwa 18, nga zirimu ebigambo ebiwanvu, ebigambo ebisemba ebikadde, n'enjigiriza z'ebyobufuzi. Kyokka, n'obugumiikiriza era n'engeri entuufu ey'okuzigoberera, emboozi zino zisigala nga zisaanira era nga ziganyula.

Ekiragiro kino kitandika n'emboozi ezisinga okumanyibwa era ezirina obuyinza ku bantu.[1] Bwe kiba nga tekinnaba kusoma buli kimu mu mpapula, ebyo bye kisooka okubisoma biyamba omuntu okutegeera ensonga enkulu ezizingirwamu.

Ng’ekyokulabirako, lowooza ku ebyo ebyafulumira mu mboozi ku ofiisi y’ettabi oba ebyo ebiwandiikiddwa eri abo abawa emboozi mu ggwanga.

Enkola eno ennyanjula ennyiriri eziriraanyewo, ezinnyonnyola ebyawandiikibwa ebitali byangu okutegeera. Mu nkyusa za Baibuli nnyingi ezisinga okubaamu ennyanjula n'obubonero obuyamba abasomi ba leero okutegeera ensonga n'amakulu g'empandiika. Enkola ezo ezikozesebwa ku nkozesa enkozesa endala, nga mw'otwalidde n'ezo ezaaggibwa mu kizimbe ekitegekebwa nga , zisobola okusobozesa omuntu okufuna ennyiriri zonna wamu n'ebintu eby'okugiganyula.

Okutegeera Ebyafaayo

Okutegeera obulungi ensonga lwaki ebyafaayo ebyo byawandiikibwa, tegeera obunafu bw'ebiwandiikiddwa mu Ssemb'akatabo Sseace of Confederation, ebibuuzo mu kkalu y'amateeka n'ebyo ebyaleetebwawo abanoonyereza ku by'obudde obutuufu bw'amateeka.

Jjukira nti ebyo bye baawandiika byawandiikibwa nga bisikiriza abantu, so si nga tebibawa kakwate konna na buwagizi. Abawandiisi baali bakola ekisingayo okuba ekya waggulu okusobola okusikiriza abantu, oluusi nga babuusa amaaso ebizibu ebiyinza okujjawo oba nga bateebereza ku ngeri Amateeka gye gandikuumyemu. Okusoma ebitabo ebiri ku ludda olugobererwa olukwata ku kutuukiriza ebigendererwa bya Federalist Papers, kiwa ekifaananyi ekisingawo bulungi ku kaweefube oyo.

Okussa Ekimu ku Bikwata ku Bikwata ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Ng'osoma, weetegereze engeri ebyo bye bawandiise gye bikwataganamu n'ensonga z'eby'obufuzi n'ez'amateeka. Ebyo Madison bye yanoonyereza ku bubiina obukola obubiinabiina obukola ku by'obufuzi n'eby'okwefunira amagoba bikwatagana bitya n'enkaayana eziba zizzeewo ku buyinza bwa ba prezidenti?

Enkolagana zino zifuula ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo ebisingira ddala obunene, era zifuuka ebitabo bye biwandiikiddwa ebikwata ku kussaawo obufuzi, eddembe, n'ebirungi. Ebbaluwa eziba ziwandiikiddwa zitujjukiza nti okusoomooza kwe tulina mu kwefuga tekuggwaawo, era nti amagezi g'abantu ab'omulembe ogwayita gayinza okututegeeza ku kufuba kwaffe okukuuma n’okulongoosa ebitongole bya demokulase.

Okuvumirira n’Obunafu

Wadde nga bannabyabufuzi bakuza empapula nga bagunjawo nnyo, zimanyiddwa bulungi era zibadde zikolokota okumala emyaka mingi.

Omwoyo gwa Demokulase n’Okwenyigiramu

Abeekenneenya abamu beekubira ku ndowooza yaabwe ey'okweyingiza mu nkola ya demokulase, nga booleka endowooza y'abo ababuusabuusa nti tewajja kubaawo demokulase. Abawandiisi ba demokulase tebassawo kubuusabuusa kwonna ku demokulase era baagezaako okutandikawo ebibiina ebiyinza okukyusiza ddala endowooza z'abantu nga bayitira mu kuteebereza obukwasiddwa obukwasifu.

Abakugu bagamba nti endowooza eno ey'obuteefiirayo yaleetera abafuzi okukola enkola eziyiza okusalawo okuva ku bantu aba bulijjo era esobozesa abantu aba bulijjo okukola ku byetaago byabwe. Ekiragiro ekyasooka ekya Kkooti y'amateeka okulonda abaami ba siniya ne prezidenti awamu n'ekitongole ekikola nga baddiŋŋana, kyayoleka okwagala okw'okukuuma gavumenti obutabaako kye yeegomba ku bantu aba bulijjo.

Obuddu n’Okuggibwako Obuddu

Abawandiisi bakyewala okukubaganya obuddu wadde nga businziira ku mateeka. Amateeka agakwata ku buddu(() nga mw'otwalidde n'ebitundu bisatu ebisalibwawo, ekiwandiiko ekiba kifulumya abaddu, n'obukuumi obubaweebwa okutuusa mu 1808()() obutuufu bw'emitindo gy'empisa egyagobererwa Abakungu ba gavumenti.

Mu ngeri y'emu, empapula ezikwata ku gavumenti z'abantu n'obufuzi bw'abantu zireseeyo okubaamu abakazi, abantu abaddu, n'abalala obutabaako kye beegasse mu by'obufuzi. "Fe ffe Abantu" twegayirizibwa mu mateeka era ne tulwanirira mu mpagi z'obutunzi, kyali kiwandikiro, eky'omuwendo omutono ennyo ogw'abantu. Okutegeera ekipimo kino kikulu nnyo okusobola okunoonyereza mu bujjuvu ku ttwale lya Federalist Papers ne ku nkola y'amateeka gye baalwanirira.

Obutasobola Kuteebereza

Ebimu ku ebyo ebyalagula ku ngeri Amateeka gye gandikozeemu tebyali bituufu. Abawandiisi baali tebasuubira nti wajja kubaawo okukolebwa kw'ebibiina bya bufuzi wadde nga Madison yeekenneenya bubiina bwa magdaleeti. Tebaamanyidde ddala ngeri gavumenti gye yandigaziyizzaamu buyinza bwayo ekiseera bwe kyandiyiseewo.

Okulemererwa kuno okw'okulagula tekumalaamu makulu mu kuwaala ensonga, naye kutujjukiza nti amateeka tegabaamu kubuusabuusa era nti ebitongole bireetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri ze bitayinza kutegeerwa mu bujjuvu. Amateeka tegagumiikiriza olw'okuba gaasuubira mu bujjuvu byonna ebyandibaddewo mu biseera eby'omu maaso, naye olw'okuba gaayamba enteekateeka etuukana n'embeera ezikyukakyuka.

Puloguramu ez’Omuganyulo eri Abatuuze

Okutegeera empapula kiganyula abatuuze abanoonya okukolagana obulungi ne demokulase ya Amereka:

Okutegeera Ebizingirwa mu Gavumenti

Ebitongole bya divilist Papers biwa ennyinnyonnyola etegeerekeka obulungi ku ngeri gavumenti za Amerika gye zaategekebwamu era n'ensonga lwaki zaago ze zikola.

Okutegeera Obukulu bw’Okuteekateeka Entegeka

empapula ziraga nti gavumenti zikola ebintu mu ngeri entegeke obulungi.

Okussa Ekitiibwa mu Misingi gy’Empisa

Ekitongole kya Amereka kinnyonnyola bulungi emisingi emikulu egisibuka mu demokulase eya demokulase: obufuzi obusinga okubaamu abantu, gavumenti entonotono, obwawule bw'obufuzi, obwawula abantu, n'obukuumi bw'enkwaso. Okutegeera emisingi gino kiyamba abatuuze okwekenneenya ebiruubirirwa n'empaka z'eby'obufuzi.

Okwenyigira mu Nkukaanya

Nga bawa endowooza z'ebyobufuzi, empapula zitujjukiza nti mu kiseera ekyo eky'emboozi z'ebyobufuzi ezitakkiriziganyizidwamu, tuyinza okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku bufuzi.

Abatuuze abamanyi obulungi empapula kibanguyira okwenyigira mu mpaka ezikwata ku mateeka, ka zibe ezikwata ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, ekifo ekituufu eky'oku kkooti, enkolagana wakati w'ab'obuyinza n'ab'eggwanga, oba eddembe eri eri eri eri eri eri buli muntu kinnoomu. Okumanya kuno kusobozesa okumanya n'okubeera n'obutuuze obulungi.

Ebintu Bye Tweyongera Okwesomesa

Abo abaagala okwongera okwekenneenya Ebiwandiiko by’Abakungu ba gavumenti, balina ebintu bingi:

Bigambo ebisooka

Ekiragiro kino kikozesa ebitabo ebirala bingi ebiwerebwa abavvuunuzi.

Ekitabo ekyakubibwa Jacob E. Cooke kyakozesebwa nnyo abanoonyereza ku byafaayo bya Baibuli.

Waliwo empandika y'ennukuta ezisigaddeyo

Ebitabo bingi ne ebitundu byogera ku Papers n'amakulu gaabyo.

Okusoma ebiri mu bitabo ebyoogera ku mbeera ezikontana n'ebyo ebiri mu Baibuli y'Ekiseera eky'Eddeera kiwa obulagirizi obw'enjawulo obukwata ku ndagabutonde. Ebiwandiiko ebyo ebirimu ebyo ebiri mu 'Anti-Federalist' birina okutegekebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era nga kisobozesa abasomi okutegeera ennyiriri ezo zombi ezizikwata ku ku nsonga eyo.

Obubonero obwa kompyuta

[[Act:0] Ekitongole ekikola ku mateeka g'ensi yonna kibawa eby'obuyigirize ebikwata ku mateeka n'empandiika z'obudde nga mw'otwalidde n'okwanganga ebiragiro n'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Amakomputaze mangi gayigiriza ku mikutu gya Intaneeti ne ku by'empandiika ne ku byafaayo bya Amereka.

Okukuba ppaapa ku ttivi ne ku vidiyo kiyinza okuleetera abantu ab’omu kiseera kino okufuna amagezi n’okunnyonnyola ebintu ebiba biwandiikiddwako era ebikwatagana n’ebyo ebiriwo mu kiseera kino.

Okwogera ku Makulu ga Bunnabbi

Nga wayiseewo ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri oluvannyuma lw'okufulumya akatabo, ebitabo ebiyitibwa Federalist Papers bikyali bikulu nnyo eri omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera gavumenti ya Amerika n'emitindo gya demokulase. Ebbaluwa zino ziwa eby'okuyiga bingi okusinga ebikwata ku byafaayo, ebikwata ku kusoomooza gavumenti erimu omuntu kennyini n'ebitongole ebyetaagibwa okukuuma eddembe nga bwe kiba kisoboka okufuga obulungi.

Ekiragiro kino kiyigiriza abatuuze ensonga lwaki bannyonnyola engeri gavumenti za Amerika gye zigobereramu amateeka.

Era empapula zitujjukiza nti gavumenti ekwetaagisa okufiibwako buli kiseera era n'abantu abeetaganyizibwa. Ekiragiro kino kyakola enteekateeka y'okukwata n'okutereeza ebizikwatamu, naye buli mulembe kibana okusobola okuzikuuma n'okuzilongoosa. Emisingi egyalabibwa mu bufuzi bwa Federal Papers(obukalu obuliwo, gavumenti enjereere, eby'okwawulamu, eby'obufuzi, ebigezo, n'ebipimo, n'enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'ennyimba, n'ennyimba ezigo, n'ennyinnyonnyola empya ezigenda zeeyongera okukolebwa.

Mu mulembe ogw'okweyawulayawula kw'eby'obufuzi era n'okumanya kw'abantu okukendeera, enzivuunula z'ebyobufuzi ziwa ekyokulabirako eky'ebyo eby'amaanyi ebikwata ku kuwuliriza obulagizi obw'omu mateeka.

Wadde nga banoonyerezezza ebintu bingi, bakuba bukujjukujju mu kussaawo emisingi gya gavumenti egikwata ku by'obufuzi.

Kati olwo gavumenti eyinza etya okuba ey’amaanyi ne kiba nti esobola okukola ebintu ebiteetaagisa okusobola okukuuma eddembe lyabwe nga banoonya ebirungi ebigenda bibaawo?

Ebibuuzo bino bikyali bya mugaso nnyo leero nga bwe byali mu 1787-1788. Ebibuuzo ebitongole ebikola ku ntegeka za directives tebiwa biwa biwa bufunze, naye biwa obulagirizi mu kugonjoola ebizibu bino era bitegeeza nti demokulase ekyetaagisa kampuni era n'abatuuze abeegatta ku mateeka ga demokulase. Bwe basoma empandiika zino, abatuuze basobola bulungi okutegeera emitindo gya gavumenti yaabwe, okutegeera obulungi emitindo egifuga Amerika, era ne beenyigira mu ngeri esingayo obulungi mu mulimu ogukolebwa ogw'okwefuga bokka.

K'obe ng'oli muyizi atandika okukebera gavumenti za Amerika, ng'omusomesa ayigiriza amateeka, ng'ayigiriza ebiri mu mateeka okunnyonnyola ebiwandiiko by'amateeka, oba ng'omutuuze ayagala okutegeera obutuufu bw'amateeka, empapula zikuyamba okutegeera obulungi engeri gye gulina okukolebwamu.