Constitution y'Amerika ebadde etteeka ekkulu mu nsi eyo okumala ebyasa ebisukka bibiri, naye amakulu gaayo gakyatwalibwa okuba okukaayana okw'amaanyi ennyo. Abalamuzi bayinza batya okunnyonnyola ekiwandiiko ekyawandiikibwa ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'omunaana nga boolekaganye n'ebiwandiiko nga amakumi abiri mu ttaano ag'obukaaga, enkola y'obuyinja bw'obujjanjabi bw'ensika, oba obufumbo bw'omu nkula y'ekikula? Ebika bya bannasayansi bibiri ebikubagasa ebinene bye bifuga emboozi zino: enjigiriza n'ensonga y'amateeka amalamu. Okutegeera enkolagana eri wakati w'amateeka ga Amerika n'ensonga lwaki amateeka ga Amerika gaatera okuleetawo enkaayanjo ez'amaanyi. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku n'enjawulo ezibaddewo mu byafaayo, era n'obufirosoosoosoosooso obw'ebintu ebituufu ebiva mu nsi eno, nga biwasa bulungi endowooza y'amateeka mu mateeka ga Amelikaaya.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Kitabo kya Baibuli

Enjigiriza eyo ennukuta eyo ekwatagana n'amakulu g'amateeka era nga yeesigamye ku ntegeera eyaliwo nga buli kaapuli ewagiddwa. Endowooza eno egaana endowooza egamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gayinza okukyuka oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera nga bannyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola ya kiwandiiko. Mu kifo ky'ensonga eyo, bannasayansi baasooka bagamba nti enkyukakyuka yonna mu Mateeka tesaanidde kujjawo okuyitira mu nkola ey'okukyusaamu mu nkola y'amateeka eyogerwako mu Katundu V, so si okuyitira mu ku kukozesa mu kugisoma.

Amakulu Agali mu Buwangwa Obusooka

Mu nkyusa ya Baibuli ey'ekika kino, mulimu obunene bwa mirundi ebiri. Enzivuunula ey'edda ennyo etera okuyitibwa n'etaandikirwa mu kusooka, essira lissomero ku makulu agali mu kiwandiiko kino. Endowooza eno yafuuka ya maanyi mu 1980 nga ennamba nga Attorney Edwin Meese III ne Justice William J. Brennan gye baasooka okuwakanya. Kyokka, enkyusa endala eyagonjoolebwawo ku ntandikwa y'ebigambo ebya bulijjo yennyini. [ erina amakulu agasooka ag'ekitongole era efuuka ekitongole ekikebera omuntu mu kiseera ekya Activeney Expressity [ekiteeso si kye kitegeeramu ku nsonga eyo ey'okwegamya eyo, nga tekyungidde mu lukunnyonnyola lukalala olwo oluvanyuma lw'ensonga eyo eyakyuuka olumu.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Abawagira Ebyafaayo

Enjigiriza y'Ekitabo kino eyoleka ensibuko y'obugeziyama obw'ekiseera eky'okuberebwa, gye baasikiriza ennyo amakulu g'ebyawandiikibwa ebyasooka. Wadde nga baali banyiikivu mu kunnyonnyola amakulu g'eby'amateeka, kyabuna mu mateeka. Enjigiriza eyo yamanyibwa nnyo olw'ebiwandiiko ebyagazi eby'amateeka ebyalwaddaaki ebya Kkooti ya Warren Bannett, Steven Calabresi, ne Michael Ramsey nayo ercey, enjigiriza ez'ekika kya Creast, zikwatagana n'eyo ey'ekika kya Creacccust. Leadercist, eyatandikibwawo mu 1982, yayamba mu kukulaakulanya ekifo ekikulu mu by'amateeka ne mu kukulaakulana kwa juunikma.[0]

Ebitera Okugambibwa Okutandikira ku Lubereberye

Abawakanyi bagamba nti tekisoboka okukkiririza mu nnukuta ya Baibuli kubanga okuzuula amakulu g'ebigambo ebyasooka mu bantu (nga mu kiwandiiko eky'Olukalala olw'amateeka n'ebigambo ebirala ebya tekimanyiddwa) kizibu nnyo. Era bagamba nti ebiwandiiko ebyasooka biyinza okuleetawo ebizibu mu mpisa, gamba ng'okuwagira entegeka oba okukoma ku ntegeka z'abantu ab'omu kiseera kino. Abalwanirira enzikiriza egamba nti enjigiriza eyo ey'okusooka ewa obutebenkevu, okulagula, n'okuzza omusango mu demokulase, era n'okuba nti ebiva mu mpisa ebiteefu bisobola okuterekebwa mu kifo ky'okukomya enkola y'okusazesebwa obulamuzi.

Enjigiriza Ennungi ey’Etteeka

Okwawukana ku njigiriza egamba nti Amateeka ga Katonda gaatondebwa butondebwa, enkola egamba nti amakulu g'ekiwandike gasobola okukyuka oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera okukubawo enkyukakyuka empya n'okukulaakulana mu mbeera z'abantu. Enkola eno tetwala 'Constitution' okuba nga kiwandiiko eky'enkola eya bulijjo naye ng'enkola enjereere erina emisingi egirina okukozesebwa mu kusoomooza okuliwo mu kiseera kino. Ku kakwate akalango, abalamuzi basobola okutaputa ebigambo nga “beewa,” oba“ enkola eya bulijjo”

Ebyafaayo n’Abawagira Ebyafaayo

Endowooza y'amateeka amangi ennyo mu Amereka esibukako endowooza y'omu mateeka. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall, mu Mcloch v. Maryland (119), yagamba nti, Amateeka ga Buwangwa ga “galina okuyimirira okumala emyaka mingi” era gateekwa“ okutuukibwako ebizibu by'abantu ebitali bimu.” Mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri, Justice Olivey Holmes Jr., Justice Louis Brenan, ne Sayuuliyagisi William J. Birnan awagira ennyo enkolagana eno ey'okukwataganya. Mulamuzi Bren'ebuwandiro wa 1986 mu George Tow University, “Enteko astion: Contemporation, , Ryritication." y'obukulembedde ku mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Munna w'ensonga enkulu eyay'ensonga enkulu, Suppeteevice, Karviter, Sub.[3]

Ekizingirwa mu Kuba Omwesigwa n’Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu

Abakugu mu by'amateeka bagamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gagoogerwa ku mulembe ogw'okusala emisango, n'okufuuka kw'obuwangwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka erya 'Seth Amendment' lireetera okuwera okubonerezebwa okw'obukambwe n'okwawukana ku ngeri eteri ya bulijjo gye litwalibwa nga “emitindo gy'empisa egyawula egyawulamu abantu abakulaakulana,” nga kkooti enkulu bwe yayogerwako mu . United States (1910) era ne gissibwamu . [FLT]]][1958]]

Ebitera Okukolebwa mu tteeka ly’Enzikiriza Ennungi

Abavumirira ennyo abo abakkiririza mu njigiriza ez'edda bagamba nti abalamuzi abakola nga bassa wansi amateeka gaabwe nga beefuula abatataputa makulu. Bawaanya nti amateeka tegasobola kufuga bulungi bannabyabufuzi nga bagafuula agatali manywevu era nga beesigama ku by'obufuzi ebyagalibwawo mu lukiiko olusooka. Era bakyetegereza nti abazzukulu abaateekebwawo baalina ekigendererwa eky'okukoma ku tteeka ly'amateeka okukoma obuyinza, so si kukola nga bakebera obukwasifu ku bikwata ku nkola y'okusala emisango. Okusobola okunnyonnyola mu bujjuvu endowooza zino ezikontana, laba SCOUSLOlog ku njigiriza za Baibuli ezikwatagana n'enkola eya bulijjo.

Enjawulo Eziba Wakati w’Engeri Zombi ez’Okusisinkana

Enjawulo enkulu eri mu nnukuta enzijjuvu eva mu mateeka era n'etebenkera mu mateeka. Ekiwandiiko eky'okusibuka mu kiwandiike kirina kye kyesigamye ku byafaayo ebya bulijjo ebiteeseteese, ng'ate okussaawo amateeka agafuga enfuga yesunga okukyusiza ku mitindo gy'abantu. Ensonga eziddako ziraga bulungi ensonga enkulu ezisalawo:

  • [[Act:0] Ensibuko y'amakulu:[ Enzigi ez'okutandikirako zitegeeza okutegeera okwasooka mu ngeri ekozesebwa abantu okukozesebwa; okuteekawo amateeka agafuga ennyunzi kitegeera nti kisibuka mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo wakati w'ebigambo, ekiragiddwa mu kyawandiikibwa, eky'ekiragiro, n'emitindo egy'omu kiseera kye kimu.
  • [[NKULA]] Omulamuzi: Omulamuzi ayagala okussa mu nkola amakulu g'ebyafaayo mu bwesigwa, emirundi mingi aziyiza endowooza ze. Omulamuzi owa bulijjo ayinza okusalawo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ng'agoberera emisingi emipya.
  • Active for Precedent: Abasommerezi batwala eky'okuwandika okuba eky'omukiko ng'ekikulu naye tebakikkiriza bwe kiba nga kikontana n'amakulu ag'olubereberye (umb., Scalia mu difix of Columbia v. Heller). Okugoberera enkola ya systems kiteeka obunene obwa waggulu ku mannya g'amakulu g'amakulu aga k'enkola.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Amaanyi agafuga entegeka: Abasommererwa bagamba nti enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ziteekwa okubaawo okuyitira mu nkola y'Akatundu V; abatuuti aba bulijjo bagamba nti enkyukakyuka tezisoboka era nti okutaputa ebikwata ku mateeka ku nsonga kusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka.
  • [[FLT:]] ku Mbeera ey'okubiri, abasomerera ku bujulizi obw'ebyafaayo okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu (] Heller); bannabyabufuzi bayinza okussa essira ku by'ettemu n'obukuumi bwa bantu bonna. Bwe baggyamu abasooka bannasayansi tebatera kusangamu buwagizi bwa mateeka ku ludda olwa ddyo ([[FLT:]4]]Dobbs v. Jackson’s Organization by'obulamu bw'abakazi), ng'obuwandikiro obukya bulijjo busobola okubeeramu mu kye bukola ekitongole ekiragira nti ekigenda okuba nti ekigenda okutereezebwa eky'okugibwa mu 14. 14.Embalirira mu mulimu ([FLT:]] Roev[FLT]]

Okukuba Akasago mu Nkola y’Okusala Omusango

Obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'obulombolombo n'amateeka agafuga enfuga n'amateeka butegeerekeka bulungi mu misango egyasalibwawo kkooti enkulu era ne mu kukakasa obujulizi. Emirundi mingi abalamuzi babuusabuusa obufirosoofo bwabwe, era abantu batunuulira Kkooti nga bakozesa endabirwamu eno.

Obubonero Obulaga Okugabanyamu Enjawulo

Driform of Columbia v. Heller [2008] kwe kuwangula okwa bulijjo. Omulamuzi Scalia, ng'awandiikira abasinga obungi, yeesigama nnyo ku byafaayo okusobola okuzuula nti Amereka eyokubiri ekuuma omuntu okuba n'enkomyawo ey'okwefunira ebyokulwanyisa mu maka ge. Abavumirira gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde ne Justice Breyer mu kugaana okukkiriza, baateekawo etteeka erikwata ku by'obukuumibwa mu mpuku.

Ekiragiro kino kiraga oluwandika okuva ku ' (1973]) n'okukaluubiriza kwaakyo mu . Jackson’s Health Organization[ [202]] [[FLT]]] Atwalibwa ng'etteeka ekolera ku ku ku bulombolombo, era nga akkiriza nti obwegassi obwa buli kyamaguzi tebwatulatulatulatula oba bwakyewa. Dobs, okwawukana ku ky'ongera ku nkola ey'edda, n'okuzuula obukusinze mu bulombolombo obw'enkomeredde obw'okuggyamu enzirowo oluvanyuma lw'okuzzaamu ensonga. Obufuzi bwa fayiro eziggumidde ku nsonga eggusa essira obugamba nti ekigobererwa mu ku ku ku ku nsonga ey'okuggyamu ey'ego.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (2015), kye kisalawo ekikulu mu mateeka okusobola okugattulula obufumbo obw'engeri y'emu ey'okudda olukwe). Endowooza ya mulamuzi Kennedy y'eyita ku kutabaganya okw'okubiri okusobola okukuuma eddembe n'ekitiibwa ekya 14. Bayitisemba okugamba nti obufumbo bukkirizibwa n'abantu bonna. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga za mateeka gamba nga Justice Scalia ne Justi Thomass, era baalumiriza nti okukyusiza ekiragiro ku mateeka awatali Byawandiikibwa oba kiwandiiko oba mutwe gwa byafaayo, kye kifuga ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga eyo.

Okusobola okwongera ku kukozesa enzijjuvu, Cernell Legin Information Institute ekkirizibwa ku kiwandiiko ekisookerwako[[FLT: 1]] k'owawa bufunze.

Obuzibu Obwali mu Kkooti

Kkooti enkulu eya leero ezingiramu abo abagitongoddeko nga bagoberera enkola y'obusosoze n'ebiwandiiko bya Baibuli eby'edda bingi. Kyokka, abalamuzi tebatera kulonda buli kimu mu ngeri etuukagana n'obufirosoofo obutuufu. Ebibuuzo eby'okulabiraba, decisis, n'ensonga ezirabika ng'ennono zitera okusokkoosa ensonga. Wadde kiri kityo, olutalo wakati w'amasomero ga malala gano tebweyongera kuleetawo ndowooza, ebijjulukunukula ne byeyongera okuleetawo.

Ebizibu Ebikwata ku Mateeka ga Amerika

Eky'okulonda wakati w'obufirosoofo n'obulombolombo obukola ku mateeka, kirina kinene nnyo kye kikola ku buli kika ky'amateeka agafuga etteeka eryo.

Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini n’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Abakugu mu by'obufuzi bawakanya eky'enkalakkalira eky'okukwata ekiwandiikibwa nga 144 Empuliziganya Esobola Okuweesa Claus esaanidde okukozesebwa nga bannannyini okugitegeera mu 1868. Kino tekizingiramu kwekuuma obusosoze mu by'okwetaba. Kyokka, bannabyabufuzi bangi ab'omu nsi yonna bagamba nti okuteeyisa mu ngeri y'okugatta awamu kivuddemu okugaana obusosoze mu by'okwetaba, obusosoze, obukaba, n'eky'ekyamala eky'ekikula. Ekkomyunizimu kya Kkooti ekibadde kikuuma British United States v.[[FLY] [196] (1969) [196]) (okumenya obukyasiikirwa abasajja mu VMI) era ne [[FT:] Kino tekiyinza kusangibwa mu ngeri y'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezisookerwako. Ate era, ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa mu by'okusinziira ku nsonga z'okwetaba ebiva mu mubiri nakyo birala okumanyibwa mu kifo ky'okula ekiri mu kifo kya waggulu kya waggulu kya waggulu kya waggulu, ekigamba nti: Rightk

Ekizibu eky’Ebwama n’Eky’Ennyama

Ekiragiro ekifuga obutuuti obwa kyama ku nsonga ez'okwerinda obwama, ekisingirwamu ku kusalawo okw'okuzaala (Griswold v. Connecticut]), okuggyamu olubuto ([Roe[]) n'okusalawo okw'ekika kya nnukuta y'emu ([]] Lawnce v. Texas], kye kintu ekikulu ekiva mu ku ndowooza ey'omutindo ogw'omulembe. Abasosoze bagaana obwagazi, obutawandiikibwa ku nsonga ey'okulaga obutereekwa olw'okweyama, nga bawakanya enziromenti eziba nga zikola mu ku ku nsonga eziragiddwa mu mateeka ez'okugoberebwa obutuufu. [FLT:] Okusalawo okw'okugoberebwa mu mateeka okugoberebwa.][FLT][F:]]

Eddembe ly’Emmundu n’Obukuumi bw’Ebyafaayo

[[FLLL:1] era n'obubonero obulala obw'okubiri obw'oku Amereka (McD v.City of Chicago, ] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruten[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]) Kino kiraga nti empandika y'obufumbo mu kitundu kino y'ekyetaagisa okubuwandisa obukyamu. Okusalawo okw'edda kwalimu kwetaagisa okugoberera amateeka agakwata ku by'omuyaga okusobola okubeera obumu, ekigezo eky'ebikulembeddwa mu byafaayo. Abakujjuzi bannabukkulembedde bagamba nti kino kyeyoleka mu buteeyitirivu, okukuba amasa, n'amasanja agagenda mu maaso mu kulondoola oba mu kiseera ekya bulijjo.

Amaanyi Agafuga Obuwabuzi n’Okwawukanya

Enjigiriza ey'okusibukako etera okuwagira endowooza entono ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, era nga kiteeka gavumenti ku mpandika y'amaanyi agagiwa era ne kikakasa nti wabaawo okwawula amanya. Rehnquist ne Roberts Courts ze zikozesezza endowooza ez'enjawulo okukubawo olukunkumuli lw'amateeka aga Agagana n'amaanyi ga bakazi ([[]] United States[[FLT]]] - bug. Morrison [[FL:1]]]][FOM [[FLT]]]). Abamanyi ba gavumenti bakkiriza obuyinza obwa waggulu wansi wa Claus ne "Celaasonia, naddala okukubagambira ebizibu eby'eby'eby'enfuna. [[FLT] Enkola y'obuyinza mu by'eggwanga ne mu kuwakanya obutongole ebifuga.[gconmonetic productivesssssss of productivessss of the productionmentmentmentmentives of the protomistmentmentmentmentmentalism.[anti

Okuyuza Omuze ogw’Okuzimbulukuka

Wadde nga kitera okulagibwa nga kyawukana, okutandikira ku mateeka n'okugagoberera tekiri mu butaka. Abakugu abamu bagamba nti “obukambwe obwasooka” busobola okufunibwa: amakulu agasooka ag'ebigambo gamba nga“cruuel and stact” gayinza okusobozesa ebigambo ebyasooka okukozesebwa nga“ decultural system oba tebya bulijjo” okutegeeza nti amakulu g'ebigambo ebyasooka tegayinza kukendeera. Scalia ategeeza nti amakulu gaasooka tegayinza kukendeezebwa buteesaamu; era gannyonnyola bukakafu bwa ssemataago ge gamu ebigambo. Mu ngeri y'emu, abagoberezi ba mateeka abalamu bayinza okumanyisa ebituufu bwe bannyonnyola ebigambo ebya bulijjo. [FL:] Lawrance[FLD][FF]

Ate era, obufirosoofo bwombi butuukiriza tteeka eriteekeddwa ku lukalala lw'amateeka era bombi bagamba nti balina okuba abatuufu okulambula. Obutakkaanya bukwata ku ngeri y'okumanyamu n'okugoberera etteeka eryo. Mu kukola kino, abalamuzi bangi bakozesa emitindo gy'obulombolombo gyombi okusinziira ku mukolo ogwo, ne kiba nti okunnyonnyola kw'amateeka kuzingiramu okusalawo mu ngeri egobererwa.

fundikira

Enkolagana eri wakati w'obulombolombo n'enkola y'enkola eya bulijjo n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu Mateeka amalamu tekirimu buzibu bwa kuyiga; wabula obuzibu obw'omu mateeka ga Amereka. Etteeka ery'okusibuka ku ntandikwa y'amateeka lireeta obutebenkevu, obwa demokulase, era n'obukwataganya ne nnamba ku Mugabuzi, ate nga n'olw'enkola y'enkola eyo esobozesa abatuuze n'obufirosoofo okubumanya. Engeri zino zombi zikyusa ebiragiro ebigobereze ebifuga obulamu bw'obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'obukadde bw'obumu, obuba buwandikiddwako, eddembe ery'okwerinda, n'obuwangwa obufuga obwa deseera, era n'obuyinza. Ng'eggwanga bwe ligenda mu maaso n'okukuba akawanjula empano y'ensonga ez'ebyo ebizingirwamu mu nkola y'amateeka leero.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku nnukuta ez'okusibuka, laba Obwunziko Blog[; ku bikwata ku nnukuta empanvu, Brennan Center for Justice[ Kino kisobola okuwa eby'okwerinda ebiyinza okufunibwa. Empanyi tezibwewo, era buli mulembe gulina kwewaliriza engeri gye guyinza okuwerezaamu ebiwandiiko n'emisingi gyagwo egy'enjawulo.