Entegeka y’Obukulembeze mu Mateeka

Omusingi gwa gavumenti ez'enjawulo guteekeddwa mu nkola ya demokulase ya Amereka, era ne demokulase endala nnyingi, gutandikawo enkola ey'okukebera n'okussaawo empango mu nkola y'enkola z'eby'amateeka, enkola za gavumenti. Mu nkola eno, okuddukanya obukulembeze bw'ebitongole, si y'empandika ey'okussaawo empandika naye y'amateeka. Abakiiko abafuga tebalina bukwasiro.[1] Emirundi mingi baateeka obwetwaze mu ttabi lya bannannyini naye nga bakolera mu mitendera gya kyetwala mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ey'okwefuga, nga mu bifo eby'okukuuma obutonde, obukkusike, obujjanjabi bw'eby'eby'eby'enfuna, n'obukuumi mu mirimu. Ago aw'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole kiyinza okubukyusa ku malala, oba okugobeeyambibwa mu bya bya bufuzi bwa bannabyabufuzi. productionation . Ekitundu kino kikebera ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'okulondoola ebikolebwa mu bya tekinno.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Akakiiko: Ekigendererwa n’Ebigere

Ebibiina ebikola ku by'obukulembeze byateekebwawo nga bassaawo amateeka agaago agaaleetera abantu okusigira ab'obuyinza okussaawo amateeka mu nsi yonna, okugobererwa, n'okukwasibwa amateeka agakwata ku by'obukodyo obw'engeri eyo. Enteekateeka zino enkulu zikolebwa ku ngeri y'okussaawo amateeka mu myaka gya 1887, era zigobererwa n'amateeka agakwata ku by'enfuna agatasobola okugonjoosa obwannannyini. Ebitongole bya gavumenti ebisooka mu United States ebikola enteekateeka y'ebitundu ebikola eby'ekitongole ky'eby'obufuzi (1987), nga bigoberera enzivvuunuzi y'ebitundu bya Federal Tradentiment Comment (14), ate oluvannyuma ne New Facial Treant Scerity and Exchange Com Comment (1934) ne National Laboration Board Board (1935). Ebitongole ebyo byakolebwa okuzza emirimu egimu okuva ku lunaku olw'egoonke).

Ebitongole bisobola okuteekebwa mu biti bibiri: Abakola ku bukulembeze, abafugibwa obutereevu Prezidenti (umg., Environmental Protection Agency), era n'abakwasi b'ekitongole ekitegeka ebitegekebwa bokka, ebikulemberwa obukiiko bw'ekika kya bipartistan obulimu ebigambo ebitegekeddwa obulungi (gw., Federal Commissions). Enjawulo ekwata ku bukulembeze olw'okuba abakulembeze baategekebwa mu bugenderevu okuziyiza obuyinza bwa prezidenkola, ne bateeka omugugu ku kkokko awatali kuvunaanibwa. Ebitongole by'aweewaaweebwe bye bitwaliramu:

  • [[:0]] Okukola ebikolebwa[[[AKM:1]: okuteekawo ebiragiro ebikola nga ebitakontana n'amateeka agafuga ennimi n'okugateeka mu nkola.
  • [[AK'AWULA:0]]: okumenya amateeka, okusaasaanya enzivvuunula y'amateeka n'okukwata ebisalibwawo.
  • [[Act:0] Adjuction[[[KIVUMENTI]]: okuwulira empaka n'okubonereza ebibonerezo okuyitira mu nkola z'ebyeyisa.
  • [[Act:0] Advice and Research[[[Act:1]]: Okuwa abakugu mu kukolera ku kizimbe, ku nnampandika, ne ku bantu bonna.

Ebitongole ebimu mu Amerika biteebereza nti, mu mwaka gwa Amerika, amateeka agassuka mu by'enfuna gasukka mu obukadde bwa doola 100. Obungi ku bwo bukwata ku by'enfuna era nga bulaga n'enkola entono ennyo ezizikwata ku nkola z'amateeka era nga n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu ngeri entegeke obulungi, kifuula eky'okukuuma ennyo amateeka obutakwata ku bannakyemalira oba okunafuwa.

Obukulembeze Obufuga Abakulembeze: Okuvunaanibwa, Okutawaanyizibwa, n’Okutereka Obugolokofu

Abakulembeze ba mateeka batuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe obw'okukakasa nti amateeka gatuukiriza etteeka nga gagoberera amateeka. Ate era ne mu mateeka, waliwo ensonga eziwerako eziyinza okusinziirwako okukkaanya okusobola okutuukiriza etteeka eryo.

Okuziyiza Okukozesa Obubi Amaanyi n’Okufuukira Agency

Nga tewakyaliwo bukuumi, ebitongole ebikola emirimu ebitegekeddwa bisobola okubunyisibwa amakolero gennyini ge bisuubirwa okussaawo. Abakungu b'emirimu oba abo abalondebwa mu bya bufuzi bwe batandika okukolagana obulungi n'ebibiina ebitegekebwa, enkola ziyinza okusendeka esobole okulemesa emirimu gya maindasitirimu okusaanyawo obulamu bwa bantu.[1] Abakozi ba kampuni gye batwala emirimu egitegekebwa mu makolero n'emirimu egitegekebwa mu makolero. Okuwulira, okunoonyereza ku by'amatunja, n'okunoonyereza kuyinza okuteeka enzikiza obusambaanyi mu n'okugoonya kwa bannaawere, okulemesa empakasa, n'okutereeza amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okunoonyereza mu miteetendekero gya Mineralralralrals Servity mu 2000 kwalaga obujanjabibwa n'anyirimu ne bankalaafu w'aw'aw'aw'aw proseat tracquat , envaat'en tracquart.

Okufuula Okulaga Okutawaana n’Okwesiga Abantu Bonna

Abakungu ba gavumenti bawa abakungu ekizimbe okunnyonnyola bye basazeewo, abakugu okukakalabya ebitongole okusobola okutegeeza abantu bye baagala. Okulabikira mu ngeri eno kikulu nnyo okusobola okukuuma enfuga ya demokulase. Ekiragiro bwe kitegeera engeri entegeka gye zisalawo nga zigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti, era n'okulaba nti akakiiko kateeka obwesige mu magatte ga gavumenti kasobola okuwanirira obulumbaganyi. Kyokka, okulemererwa kw'abalabirizi, ng'okukendeeze ku nkola ya droyivity Enforcement Administration ne Food ne Drugraccum, gye kalina okubuutira abantu ne bye basalawo.

Okulongoosa Engeri y’Okukolamu n’Obusobozi

Okusala olukusa si kye kintu ekizimba. mu kunoonyereza n'okukebera ebifa ku kkalu, okukebera okusenseera kw'enjuba, n'okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye bikolebwamu (ebiro ebikubirizibwa gavumenti ya Amerika ebivunaanyizibwa ku malala), congress esobola okulaba ensensinicence, amateeka agaakadda mu lukumbo, oba ebiragiro ebikontana. Okugobererwa kuno kusobozesa okutegeka amateeka, ebikolerwawo mu kuteeka ebintu mu kifo ekisingawo obulungi, n'okukendeeza ku muwendo gw'ebizizo ebiba bikolerwamu mu kifo ekiba bisaanira.

Eby’Okukola ng’Omutwe gw’Akakiiko Akakola Emirimu: Bitundu by’Obusuubuzi

Okutegeera enkola eno kikulu nnyo okusobola okukakasa nti ddala abafuzi ba mugaso.

Okuwulira n’Okunoonyereza

Obulabirizi bwa bantu busobola okulabibwa. Obukiiko busobola okutegeeza abakulu b'ebitongole, ebiwandiiko eby'ebiwandiikiro, era ne buwaliriza obujulizi okuva eri abakungu abaliwo kati oba abo abaali babaddeko mu bifo ebya bulijjo. Wadde ng'okuwuliriza kuyinza okuba nga kuswala oba ng'ekyuma eky'omu mataala, omulimu gwa mugaso nnyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akakiiko akakulu ak'omu ntebe enkalukusa obudde buli omuwandikiro ke kaateeka ku ku kunoonyereza, kyisa ekkomera eriva ku k'embala y'ensi yonna.

Entegeka y’Edda

Bwe bassaawo emiwendo gy'ababeebaega emboozi oba okukugira ssente ezikozesebwa mu kaweefube omukwasibwa, abateesite b'amateeka basobola okukaka abawagizi okukyusa ebintu ebisinga obukulu oba okukomya ebikolwa ebikyamu. Kyokka, amaanyi gano gakozesebwa mu ngeri enneekusifu mu ngeri ematiza okusobola okutuuka ku kiruubirirwa ekya bulijjo.

Okwejjukanya n’Okugwa kw’Enjuba

Amateeka agamu gaba geetaagisa buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera okutegeeza obutuufu bw'ebyo ebigasa oba okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku kuddamu okukkirizibwa (obuteeberezebwa bw'enjuba).Akakiiko akakwata ku kukyusaamu kw'amateeka era n'Akakiiko akagattiddwa mu bantu ak'ekitongole eky'ekika ekimu, by'okwetaagisa enkola y'amateeka agago ku bintu ebitono oba ebitongole ebifuga ensi gye zibeera, era nga kino kisobozesa akakiiko akakiiko akafuzi okukakozesa okulaba ebiragiro ebyava mu biseera ebyakayita.

Ofiisi y'okutongozaamu eya gavumenti (GAO) ne Abakessi mu by'obufuzi (IG)

Omuwendo gwa digitic drust agent ne kitongole ekikola ku by'enkola n'eby'okulabirako, nga nga kirimu enkola egobererwa mu lukalala lwa gavumenti. Alipoota zaabwe zitera okuba nga ziraga enkola eziba zifuze. Ekiragiro kya “GO ekirabo kya sistemu enzijjuvu mu lukalala lwa bannakyewa olw'okukugunjaawo gavumenti." lyogera ku kampuni ezikola enteekateeka ez'ekitongole esobola okubaamu obukumpanya, okukyaza amasa oba obutayisa bulungi mirimu.

Obulagirizi n'Okulonda

Olukiiko olukulu olw'awa amagezi n'enkola z'abakungu ba baakampuni (nga mw'otwalidde n'ababaka ba ba bannakyewa abafuga) kye kitongole eky'amaanyi ekifuga ebbeeyi y'obulabirizi. Abasawo bwe bagezaako okusemba, bayinza okubuusabuusa obufirosoofo bwabwe, ebikolwa byabwe eby'edda, n'enteekateeka zaabwe ez'edda, era bayinza obutakakasibwa kukyusa nkola z'amateeka.

Ebizibu mu Bukulembeze Obufuga Obuyinza bw’Empisa: Entegeka n’Eby’obufuzi

Wadde ng’obulagirizi bukulu nnyo, buyolekagana n’ebibuutikirwa ebitera okubulemesa okukola obulungi.

Kitundu Ekiyamba Emirandira n'Okwawula Omufumbo

Okweyongera kw'obukulembeze mu bitundu by'ensi ebitegekebwa abafuzi kiviiriddeko obutebe bw'akakiiko okubaamu ebifo ebikozesebwa mu by'obufuzi. Obutebe bw'akakiiko buyinza okulumya abakungu ba gavumenti basobole okubukozesa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Naye abo abali ku kakiiko akatono bayinza okulwanirira ebibiina ebigendera ku ntegeka zaabwe. Kino kiyinza okulemesa ab'obuyinza okuba n'obukulembeze, ekintu ekiyinza okusobozesa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nzirukanya y'eby'eby'enfuna okuva mu 2008 obutategeeragana bwe bwalaba nga bannaawunzi bannaawe bannaawe, naye emyaka egyaddirira baatwala omulimu ogw'okulabirira ebitongole ebikola nga devo crixterstion mu mpaka za Dodd-Frank Act.

Ebintu Ebiba Bitono n’Obutamanyiro Butono

Obukiiko bw'awaka obukola ku kizimbe butera okubulwa obukugu mu kunoonyereza okw'amaanyi okukwata ku bifo nga envumbo oba eby'obukuumi bwa nukiriya. Assemb'akazi galina abayivu bangi; obukiiko obukola ku nkula y'obudde bulina abakozi abakugu abatonotono ababumanyirivu. Obubaka buno busobozesa ebitongole okukweka ebiwandiiko ebiremesebwa oba okuba n'obuwandike obw'amaanyi ku nsonga ezitalina mugaso okubutegeera bulungi.

Ebitundu Ebikola ku Nkola y’Okuzikola Bitegeerekeka Bulungi

Ebiragiro ebyakakozesebwa mu kiseera kino bitera kuva mu biwandiiko ebiwa obulagirizi ku bantu abasala emisango n'ebitongole ebikola ku nsonga z'amateeka. Okutegeera obulungi engoberedde z'amateeka ago kwetaagisa okumanya okusangira ku misaze, era nga tekutera kubaawo mu bawi ba mateeka na bakulu. N'olwekyo, okusobola okulabiriza obulungi omusingi guyinza okuteekebwawo ensobi ez'amaanyi ate nga n'ensonga ezikwata ku nkola y'obukulembeze gamba ng'okumenya obutundutundu oba enfunze.

Agency Capulment n’Oluggi Oluggulawo

Kaweefube ow'okukkirizisa akendeeza ku nkyukakyuka eziba zikoleddwa oba okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka ezizingirwamu. N'ekirango ekyo, n'abakungu ba kampuni mwe bakolera emirimu egikola ku butongole bwa fayiro, baateekawo obujulizi ku ngeri y'okussaawo entegeka.

Okunoonyereza ku Lukiiko mu Bukulembeze: Bye Tuyigira ku Nsi

Ekitongole Ekikola ku Nsi (EPA) ne Entegeka Ennongoofu

Ekimu ku biseera eby'amaanyi ennyo eby'okulabiriza enkola ya bannaakyemalira mu nkola y'obukulembeze bwa Obama, eyagendererwa okukugira okubunyisa carbon okuva ku binywi bya heriko mu nkola y'ekibiina kya Ceoka. Obukiiko obwa Congraliance bwawagidde okubuusabuusa obuyinza bwa EPA mu mateeka, okugootaana kw'eby'eby'enfuna, n'engeri y'okufuga gye kiyinza okukozesebwa mu kkooti enkulu. Wervians yavunaana EPA of Eceaset, ate Democrates yawagira ebiwandiiko bya sayansi. Obuvuzi k'obuvugizigibwa n'ensonga y'eby'eby'obufuzi n'okuziyiza obutongole okuzza obuvuzibwe mu kkooti ey'eby'obufuzi okuzza obutuufu ensonga enkulu mu nsonga eyo.

Ekizibu kya FDA n’Enkino

Ekiragiro ekyo kyabuuka ne kampuni y'eggwanga mu ngeri nti Office kyasalawo okuzuula a desitulikiti eyo, naye nga kw'otadde n'okulabira ku ebyo ebiyinza okukolebwa oluvannyuma lw'okulabibwa kw'okukwatibwa kw'abakubisibwa ebika byayo. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ab'ekitongole kya gavumenti ya House Oversight Committee and Recurement Agement, ne gavumenti yavumbula nti FDA yali ekkirizza enkola ya FDA okusemba ebipimo eby'amaanyi nga tesaasaasaamu ebimalako. Amatu gaago gaatwala obuyigirize obwa waggulu obwa CPFFFFF, obwavaako obuwerako okusobola okukebera ebifaamu ebigenda okukolebwako. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyaggula ensonga enkulu mu ku nsonga y'okulabirira empagibwa ne Trecutmentmentation Recureased Reveced Reverity (Ault).

Kakwate n'Ebirowoozo by'eby'ensimbi ebivaako nga mwaka gwa2008

Nga balabye ekizibu ky'eby'enfuna ekya 2008, obuvunaanyizibwa obwakolebwa mu ttendekero ly'eby'enfuna (buwagizi obw'ekiseera obuseera) era n'okuwuliriza okuwera okw'obukiiko okusaasaanyiza ku Securesties and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Reserve, ne Office of Thrift Supertion. Obukulembeze bwalaga nti SEC yali eremeredde okula obukujjjji n'obukujjjjjju mu kampuni mu Berni Mad, wadde nga kulabula kwali, era nti ekitongole ekyo tekyakozesa bulungi maanyi gaakyo. Ebyo bye kizudde byakola ku kikaluuzibya Dodd-Fract ne ku kkomo lya Wall Street Reformation ne ku bukuumibwawo mu 2010, ebyaviirako Consumerter Center Ad Burce okuteekawo amateeka amatuufu. Kyokka, okuddukanya omulimu gw'okulabirira enzivvuunuzi ebirala byayo, byagobeewamu bingi nnyo.

Obulagirizi obw’Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso: Okunyweza Omukulembeze Okusobola Okufuga Ennaku Empya

Tekinologiya bw’akyusa ebiragiro n’enjawukana mu by’obufuzi, Akakiiko kalina okukyusa engeri ze kalabiriramu ebibiina.

Ebyuma n’Obutamanyiro Ebizimba

Obukiiko obukola ku ntegeka z'ensi n'obukola GAO bisobola okuzuula engeri ebiwandikiro gye bitakolera ku nkola zaazo, oba engeri gye bigobereramu amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okubukyusa ku ngeri enkumi n'enkumi z'obukumi bw'obunene bw'olulimi gye luyinza okukozesebwamu kusobola okukebera ebiwandiiko ebiba bitegeereddwamu. Obubonero obw'okugobererwa kw'ekiseera busobola okumanyisa enkola y'ekitongole mu biseera eby'ekiwandikiro.

Entegeka Ezitakyukakyuka Ezisobola Okukubibwa mu Maaso

Okusobola okukendeeza ku nkola z'enjawukana mu bantu, Congress esobola okunyweza omulimu gw'ebitongole ebigaba obuyambi nga GAO, Congregational Baccursal Office, ne Office of Congregational Ethics (kati kadecima naye nga kiyinza okuzzibwawo). Okukola obwetwaze obw'enkalakkalira n'abakwasigibwa emirimu egitali bwa kpartistiki (nga akakiiko akakulu akakulu akakulu akakwata ku ku kunoonyereza) kayinza okweyongera muwerezebwa n'obukugukugu. Bipartisan “selea akkulembero". Ku nsonga ezibalukawo (umb., ekiragiro kya tekinologiya, eky'obudde n'obudde budde busobola okuzza obutuufu mu nkola y'obudde.

Okulonda Empeera n’Okulaga Obusobozi bw’Okulonda

'Inthaneti' esobola okusobozesa obutuuti obusobola okusobozesa obugazi okubeera n'obubonero obusinga okufunidwa. Obubonero obuli mu mboozi n'ebitundu ebibazi bannaazo ebiba biwandikidwa busobola okusobozesa abatuuze okufuna endagiriro ez'enjawulo. Enkola eya 'directive' esobola okunyweza enkola ya demokulase Omukutu gwa kompyuta gusobola okuwa obujulizi obwa buli muntu nga guwandikidwa mu lujjudde, naye okugwa kw'omutemwa gusigala nga gwa wansi.

Enkola ey’Okugoberera Amateeka

Ebibiina ebikola amateeka byandisobodde okugoberera enteekateeka ez'entegekebwa mu ngeri entegeke obulungi ez'ebitongole era n'ebiragiro ebikulu, nga kw'otadde okukomyawo alipoota eza bulijjo. Wadde nga enkola ng'ezo ziteeberezebwa (um'omukitundu. Amateeka agagigiwa okuva ku Nkola y'Ebitongole Ebikwata ku Nkola y'Eby'Okumanya Amagazi, gasobola okuweza etteeka erikwata ku nkola y'obudde eririna okukolebwako. Kyokka, okunoonyereza ku mateeka agamenyebwa enjuba ku bugazi bwa n'ago, kuyinza okukendeeza etteeka eriba lyava ku mu biseera eby'edda.

Oluwumbako: Kikulu Okusigala nga Tuli Bulindaala

Abakulembeze ba gavumenti si be bavunaanyizibwa ku nkola z'obukulembeze mu bibiina ebikola obulungi, wabula bannabyabufuzi.[1] Bwe kitaba bwe kityo, ebibiina ebifuga biwa obulagirizi obwawula ebiruubirirwa bya bantu so si bukakafu ku ngeri gye bituukirizaamu ebigendererwa bya gavumenti. Okunoonyereza okukwata ku nkula y'obutonde, eby'obulamu, n'eby'eby'eby'ensimbi kulaga nti okuddukanya ebintu kuyinza okuziyiza ebibamba, okuzzaawo obwesige mu bitongole. Wadde kiri kityo, okusoomooza kwa maanyi mu by'okwanjufu, okuteeka mu buyinza, obuwandikiro, obusinga okubuteeka mu nkola ebikolebwa mu ntegeka. Okusobola okukuuma amaanyi g'obuyinza, akakwakkusito n'obutebe k'eby'obutebe bw'eby'eby'obulamu, n'okukolera awamu n'abantu nga bannabyabigattirawo. Ng'obutongole bwe baddizibwa obukola nga banna bannasayansi, enkola empya, n'obulango, obutuufu bw'obulabinjabi mu by'embeera ezikolebwa mu nsi enjvubirirano, n'okufuga obutuufu.