Obuzibu obuliwo wakati w'abafuzi b'eggwanga eririna okulwanyisa obwetwaze n'okuvunaanibwa abantu. Eggwanga liteekwa okukuumibwa obutatwalibwa mu kkooti enkulu eza Amerika. Era lirina okugobererwa mu ngeri eremesa abantu ne kibamalako obwetwaze. Kyokka, buli muntu yenna alina okukitegeera nti kino kyetaaga okuyambibwa singa ayisa amateeka oba singa amenya eddembe lye.

Okutegeera Obumu bw’Empisa y’Obufuzi bw’Ensi

Ebyafaayo

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga okw'ensi yonna egoberera ensibuko yaayo mu mateeka g'Ekingereza aga bulijjo, gye gatayinza kuvunaanibwa ng'ewagidde. Oluvannyuma lwa Revolution ya Amerika, omusingi guno gwatwalibwa mu ggwanga, naye okukozesebwa kwagwo mu sistemu empya tekwategekebwa. Kkooti enkulu eya 1793 ya kkooti ya gavumenti ya[FL:0] . Georgia[[FLD:1] yaleetawo ekizibu mu nkalala. Choolm[FLT], enkoodenti eyagisa nti omutunsi w'eggwanga ayinza okutwalibwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga mu ngeri ey'ekitongole. Leyamooti eyo yali ya maanyi nnyo. Mu myaka ebiri egiyise, Congresscerces ne mu mawanga agaayungidde mu ku ku ku kukyumya entegeka y'emu, “Chjolls [F.[F.2] [F.F.][F.][F.T.] Admig ku nsonga y'omu Amerika, oba Mag. Arcericerri

Ebipimo n’Essaawa by’Amateeka

Ekiwandiiko eky'Akataano eky'Oluvannyuma lwa Amereka kya kfunda.[1] Kkooti enkulu yagonjoolwamu sipiidi nga enzijjuvu . Naye oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera kitono yagaziwa. Hans v. Louisiana [1890], Kkooti yakkiriza nti okuzikyusa kusiimula era ne kugaana abatuuze mu kkooti y'ensi emu, okunnyonnyola nti omusingi gwa gavumenti gunyweredde mu nzikkiriza y'obufuzi. Oluvannyuma, nga [[FLT:] Ekirabo] Ekirawuka wa New York [[FLT]] [FLT] [19] (19]) ne [FON] Legiromenti y'ensonga ez'omulembedde mu ngeri y'emu, era nga mu nsi endala endala endala.[5], ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekikkiriza ekyo kikkiriza ekyo kikyungi: [19][19]]

Ekisumuluzo Ekiva eri Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Wadde nga tegusobola kulwanyisa bunafu bwa gavumenti, okulwanyisa endwadde tekuliiko kkomo.

  • [[NKULU]] Ekiragiro ekifuga entegeka y'etteeka erifuga enfuga engeri y'okufuga enneyisa ya Kkooti. Naye keekulu yassaawo ekikongo kino nga bassaawo etteeka erifuga enkalala. Ekiragiro kino kissaawo etteeka erifuga enfuga: acrouptional eteekwa okuwerebwa obwa "" era nga liteekwa okuba liragira ekibumbe kya 'c'.' Kino kyenkana Kino kibeera nga Kino kigenda okukola nga ekitongole kya Boerne v. Flores[FLT:] (1997) ne[FLT:] . Florida of Regents[FLD][FOLD]
  • ' State Consat: State eyinza okugaana kyeyagalire obuteesiteesi obwabulimu mu kugoberera amateeka agafuga ekitundu ekifuga enfuga za gavumenti, singa eyisa ssemattu agitwala nga nkola ebiragiddwa mu ngeri ekkirizibwa mu mateeka, oba singa eggyawo omusango okuva mu ssemasaza okudda mu kkooti. Waivers kiteekwa kuba “global” ne“ tegulinakoosa.”
  • Ex evente Young Doctrine: Bwokkereza erinnya oluvannyuma lwawo olukiiko 1908] Enjigiriza eno ekkiriza abakungu ba gavumenti okuwa obuweerero obuwagizi obubasuubira okumenya amateeka g'ensi. Tekiremesa kufiirwa mu ggwanika lya gavumenti. Kino kitegeeza nti omukungu wa gavumenti amenya amateeka g'ensi mu ngeri emenya amateeka.
  • Suits wansi wa 'Federal Bankruptic and Patant Laws':[ mu mpandika eza bulijjo, kooti enkulu ekkiriza nti okugattibwa kukkirizibwa nga yeenyigidde mu bukulembeze bwa gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Conference Community College v. Katz[[FLT:] [200]], kkooti yasalawo nti okutaawulibwawo tekukkiriza kubaako kabonero kubanga Banka eno y'enkola tewandikiro oba mutwe gwayo.

Ennyiriri n’Ebiruubirirwa by’Enjigiriza

Omufuzi afuga awakanya enkola eyo. Abeekenneenya b'amateeka bangi bagamba nti enjigiriza eyo emaze okukolebwa mu ngeri eyitiridde, era nti ewa gavumenti eddembe okuzibuwalirwa okuvunaanibwa olw'ensobi. Omusanvu wakati w'ekigendererwa eky'okugonjoosa ekya Ente namba ku kufuga mu kifo eky'okukaka gavumenti okusasula abo abagibanja.[1] era n'engeri gye zikozesaamu kati okuziyiza essuti ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu, bingi. Ate era, eyinza okusobozesa ensi okusasula obuwabuzi obujjanjabi: omutuuze ayinza okusemba obuwangwa oba ekitundu eky'omu kitundu (ekiteewandikiddwako) olw'okumenya amateeka agamu nti gavumenti eyinza okugaana okugoba obuwagizigi.

Obukulu bw’Okubanga n’Akakiiko Akafuzi Akafuga Bonna

Okulaba Obutasaasizi, Obwesige, n’Etteeka

Abakungu ba gavumenti bwe bamanya nti bajja kutwalibwa mu kkooti nga bavunaanibwa enkola zaabwe, oba nga babuuzibwa gavumenti, batera okukozesa obuyinza bwabwe. Bayinza okulabikira ddala obulyi bw'enguzi, ebbeeyi, n'okumenya eddembe ly'enguzi ebiyinza okusigala nga bikwekeddwa. Gavumenti esobola okusalirwa omusango olw'entalo ezimenya amateeka teyinza kukuuma buwaze bwa gavumenti, ne kileka abatuuze mu nsi obutamanya obanga ddala kituufu. Bwe bamanya nti gavumenti esobola okumenya amateeka gaayo, eyinza okusuula abatuuze mu nvubi.

Enkola z’Omusango Ezivunaanibwa gavumenti

Amateeka kye kintu ekisingayo obukulu buli muntu ky’asaanidde okuvunaanibwa, naye si kye kyokka ekikozesebwa mu kukwata amateeka, era n’Abatuuze beesigama ku:

  • Empandika ez'enjawulo Empandika n'amateeka agakkiriza okuggulawo enkuŋŋaana:[ Amateeka gano galeka bannamawulire okuyingiza ebiwandiiko ku nkola y'eggwanga.
  • Abalabirizi n'abalabirizi: obukiiko obukola ku by'obulabirizi buyinza okunoonyereza ebitongole bya gavumenti ebikola enzijanjaba n'okusemba okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola z'amateeka oba mu nkola za gavumenti.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obukuumi obufuga engeri z'amasaza: Abakozesa alipoota mu gavumenti y'ensi gy'efuga olw'ekibi, babawa obubaka obukulu obusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka.
  • Ebibuuzo ebinoonyereza ku ddembe ly'abantu mu ssematabize bisobola okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye bamenyamu amateeka ga gavumenti era ne bagobererwa okuyitira mu mateeka agamenyeddwa.

Kyokka, buli nkola eno eriko ekkomo. Abakugu bawa ababudde obusimu obw'okwesasuza. Abakwasisa eddembe ly'abantu basinziira ku ndowooza z'abantu nga basinziira ku ndowooza z'ebyobufuzi.

Embalirira ey'Ensi Ennyo ey'Okulya Enjogera Embi

Lowooza ku kyokulabirako ekituuka ku mulembe omukuumi w'ekkomera awatakkirizibwa kuweebwa bannaago oba ebisawo ebigootaanya enkola y'obujjanjabi mu makomera. Mu mpalo , omusibe ayinza okusemba omukuumi w'ekkomera okulagirwa. Naye singa omusibe abaddeko ebisago eby'enkomeredde ku gavumenti, ne biremedwa okubuuka ku by'ewandulwa. Mu mpalo w'ensi yonna, embeera teyinza kubaako ssente eziyinza kukyusa makubo gaayo, ate oyo agikoze bulungi mu ku bikwata ku ddembe lya gavumenti aba akiikirira empaka; baziyiza akabi ak'omu biseera eby'omu maaso naye nga tebasobola kubaako akabi ak'amaanyi. Mu mateeka agamugattirwawo tegayinza kubaako ssente z'okugisasulwawo.

Zireeseewo ensonga ezifaananako ezo mu makwasi amalala. Era ne zisobola okulemesa abantu okufuna eddembe erya nnamaddala eribakugira okusasulira mu nkola y'ekitongole kya Amerika ekola nga bawansibwa enkola eno, era ne kiremesezza essomero okugoba obukyayi mu nkola y'ekitongole ekikola emirimu gy'ekika kya Amerika, era ne ku bikwata ku kusosola kw'amaka ne Medical Leat (okuva ku nsonga z'amateeka). Era, enkola ey'okuziyiza obukwakulizo obutuufu bw'enkola ya gavumenti obutagoosobozi ku gavumenti. Gavumenti bw'ensi en'eba nga tesobola kugoberera buli omusobeeyeeko, okusala omusango mu nsonga z'abantu kinnoomu kyetaagisa okujjuza emiwandikiro.

Okwetegereza Obulwadde n’Okukulaakulana mu by’Etteeka

Ebitonde Ebyafaayo

Enjigiriza ey’okwefuga eyinza okugobererwa okuyitira mu misango emikulu ennyo egyali mu kkooti ey’oku ntikko.

  • [[AGUMENTI:0][FLT]CHOLM v. Georgia [1793]] (1793): kye kyasalawo ekyaviirako olukusa olw'okuyisaamu emmunyisibwa ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'emba. Kkooti yakkiriza nti ekiragiro III eky'obuyinza obwakwanjulwa omuntu eri gavumenti kikwata ku gavumenti, nga kigoberera etteeka erifuga abantu bonna.
  • [[NKULA][[:0][NKULA][.[[FLT] [1890]]: Bwe kyatuuka ku ndowooza y'abantu ab'eggwanga okugyana ku by'okuyisa mu kiwandikiro oba omutwe oba munnamateeka eya kkumi na kimu. Endowooza ya Bradley yakiraga nti okutereezebwa okwo kwalina omusingi ogukwata ku buli muntu.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Expanded[ [08]][[FLT]] Kino kyayamba mu kuteebereza nti omukungu wa gavumenti akola mu buwandiike naye nga takolera ku buwagizi obw'eggwanga, era nga kiyinza okusaanidwa ku buwagizi obw'enkola. Ekyo kye kisinze nga ekitongole ekikulu ekigoberera amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga.
  • [[AKKULA:0][FLT][FOLT]]M v. Jordan Ensalo ziwera [[[[KYUM:4]] Extrate Young[]] nga akukkiriza nti obuwerezo obwo obugyawo ssente ezikozesebwa bulekebwa mu mateeka `/'obuwandikibwa obuwandikidwa mu ggwanika lya gavumenti.]
  • [FLT][FOLT]] OFUTA YA Florida v. Florida (1996): Yakigatta nti Consert tesobola kufuga buwangwa bwa gavumenti wansi w'Akakiiko I (omulembezo gw'ensi n'eby'obusuubuzi). Kino kyaleetera ekiragiro okukendeeza ku maanyi agafuga agawandikiro agakkirizibwa okumenya empagi ez'abantu okulwanagana n'ebuttuuti.
  • [[NKULULA:0] Maile [1999]:[[O]SAKA] SEMINOLE [[ Kino kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu kkooti ez'omu nviro nga tezikkiriza lukiiko lwazo okuziyisa nga ziz'amateeka agafuga, okuggyako nga Convension enzikkiriza okumenya amateeka agafuga enfuga, okuggyako nga ekiwandiiko ekiwandikiro kizikibwa kikozesezza ebituli bya d [[FLL:5] mu kkooti z'ensi yonna efugibwa ekiwandikiro eky'ekkumi obunene.
  • [[NKULA][FOLA] Presenter Postsecondary Education Conference Boardv v. College Savels Bank (1999): Kkooti yasattu okukomya enkola eya Consettery Congress okugezaako okutwaliriza ensazesebwa mu nkalala ey'okwerinda mu kugonnyonyola eddembe mu kiwandikiro kya 5 eky'okukyusa kwa kkopi eya 14 KGUPUPUMENT, nga ewandikiddwako obujuli obw'obujulizi obulaga nti ekiwandikiro kino tekikkenne we kikozesezza kivvuunudde.

Obunyigiriza bw’Omu Kiseera Kino

Ekyasa ekya makumi abiri n'ekisooka kyeyongedde okukkiririzibwa ku nsalo z'obwetwaze. Allen v. Cooper (2020), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti tekisobose okuva ku busobozi ku buwangwa obwa nukuta okumenya empalana ez'enkomeredde, wadde nga Consert yali egezezza ebiwandiiko bya ba decult Remedy Classiation Act. Omulamuzi Kagan, ng'awandiika ku kkooti ey'aw'ebitongole, yagamba nti ebyafaayo bino tebyasemba ku luggi okuggulawo oluggi olwa kakiiko akakola nga kalina ebiteeso eby'okugoba abagoba abanywiiyi banna bya gavumenti.

Ekifo ekirala kye kiwagidde okugonjoola obutakkaanya wakati w'etteeka lya gavumenti erikugira okutawaanyizibwa n'erya Lewansi. [FLT Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006], kkooti yasalamu ekyawuluzaamu obutasangibwawo ku kuwaayibwa kwa gavumenti, ng'egamba nti Bankruptcy Classione yakola nga mu kukola ebbali nga egattirawo ab'obuyinza bonna, nga mw'otwalidde n'amasaza. Kyokka, mu , bac du Flambeau Bay Bay Bay Bay Bayce owa bulijjo. Ekiyinjawundi ekigamba nti Bank.[FLT:] (2023), Kkooti eyo yagaana ebbeetaagibwa ku bantu abawaze ebibanja eby'amawanga ebiva mu nsi enkongo, nga ebiva ku mbeera y'okusasula ssente.

Okugobererwa kw'enjngalo era kuliko olutalo olulala. City of New York v. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, kkooti z'ensi zireese''ewawagidde oba ng'omutuuze yeesasulira wansi w'omutemwa gwa Geoc Water Act eyinza okumenyawo gavumenti. Ekitundu eky'okubiri kyagamba nti gavumenti tezirina bukuumi olw'okugaana gavumenti kubanga gavumenti ewalirizza gavumenti ku mateeka gaagye. Ekangajjuziganya ebyo biresemba abantu ab'ensi enjawukana ne gavumenti zinnazo tezikkiriza kuyisa mu mateeka.

Enkola za Kooti Ezisingayo Obukulu Ezaakabaawo

Kkooti ey'oku ntikko era eraga nti mwetegefu okukwasisa ensalo ezikwata ku buteesiteesi kyokka era n'okulaga nti enjigiriza zigoberedde ddala. Allen v. Cooper kyerole [[FLT]] ekiwandiise nti kakiiko kalina okukyogera ku butali bwenkanya nga kalina okukozesa Ekitundu 5 okutuuka ku kinnaawulu. . Ekitongole kya Texas Society of Public Safety [[FLT]] [2002]], Kkooti ewagira empanobooti erina ewandikiddwawo ebitongole ebikola emirimu mu ku Ddibaalimu ne ku ku kuweebwamu kukolera mu kuddaalaala enzikkiriza enkola ey'okukyusa obwa bulijjo mu mateeka. Kko akkiriza ekkomera ku nsonga eyo ey'okuva mu mateeka.

Tutuuka ku Nkola Ennungi

Enkyukakyuka Eziteekeddwawo

Abakugu mu by’amateeka n’abeekenneenya eby’amateeka bawa obukodyo obulaga nti omuntu tavunaanyizibwa olw’okugaana okuyingira mu nsonga.

  • [[NKULA]] Okukkusa ekkomo eriva ku mateeka: Okukireetera enkyuuka kwe kukyusa enkyuuka oba okuggyawo obusobozi bw'okwetongoza obwannannyini ku mateeka. Okutereezebwa ng'okwo kwandibadde kwetaagisa obuwagizi obwagazi era nga kulina n'okwewandiisa mu nsoso.
  • Okusasula ebiteeberezebwa: Congress kiyinza okukubiriza enzivuunula ey'okwewala obusobozi ng'ebbeeyi bw'empadde eziba ziteekeddwawo. Kino kikolebwa mu bitundu ebimu. "Okwaniriza ensimbi z'eby'entambula eza gavumenti'ewandike nazo kitera okukwetaagisa singa okkiriza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa wansi w'amateeka agafuga enkola y'okukyusaamu. Okunyweza n'okugaziya embeera zino kuyinza okweyongera okuzza mu nkola naye nga tolazeeko butereevu.
  • Ekigaba kya 5 Emplication: Congress esobola okubuutikirwa n'esobola okubungika ebiwandiiko ebiraga okutyoboola kw'amateeka ne kituukiriza ebiwandiiko ebiraga obutuufu bw'obufuzi obwa 141. Nga Ekibuga ekya Boerne okwetaaga okuba n'obw'obw'obw'obiwandiiko.
  • Empandika ez'ekika kya Tort ez'omu Nkola: Eggwanga nnyingi zitaddewo amateeka agaalyo nti okutaasa ebiwandikiro ku nzivuunyiro z'ebikolerwako, era nga zitera kukendeezebwako n'enkuunsi eziba ziteekeddwa ku bibala. Abakwasi b'obujjanjabi bayinza okukaka abantu okufuna obugazi bw'ebisawo ebisaasaanyizibwa mu kkooti zaabwe.
  • Creation Creation of Federal Cause of Action Against States: Consert eyinza okuteeka amateeka mu kifo ekiwakanya gavumenti nga zikozesa amateeka agaamu, agaagobererwa ku ngeri gye gaakozesebwamu mu Bankrupec Claus. Amateeka tegaamanya ngeri gye gandigoolekeddemu kino.

Ebikolwa Bigamba nti Endagaano z’Ebikolwa z’Abatume Zirina Amakulu Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Gavumenti

Wadde nga ssemateeka essira lisiikiriza nnyo ku mateeka g'ensi n'etteeka, tteeka erya ssemateeka litera okuwa abantu obukuumi obwabwe ku bwabwe. Ekiragiro kino puligaant kisinga okuteekawo amateeka agafuga obwetwaze. Ekiragiro kino kikola olukalala lw'amateeka agafuga obwannannyini. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abantu okuwerebwa ebiwandiiko ebimu ebizingirwamu okubufuga. Abakuutizi balemesezza ebiwandiiko ebimu, gamba ng'okumenya endagaano, okufiirwa ebintu, oba obutafaayo. Empandika z'omulimu ziyinza okukolebwa nga Federal Tort Acties Act, zireences Act, ezikkiriza abantu kinnoomu abawandikibwa gavumenti okuweerera ebisaanyizo n'okutaasa ebiba n'empala. Abakuwagira okuzza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi mu ku ku kutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka bayinza okukizuula okusinga enkyukakyuka ez'omulemberwawo, naddala mu mateeka agava mu mateeka agava mu mateeka agava mu nkola agagenda nga n'obutuuze n'obutuuze n'obukulembeze bw'obukulembeze.

Obuwangwa n’Endowooza z’Abalala

Okukaayana ku bikwata ku kukuuma obulyi bw'enguzi ku nsonga eyo, kuleetawo okukaayana ku bikwata ku nkola y'obufuzi. Abalwanirira enzikkiriza y'okwefuga bawa obukakafu nti gavumenti zirina okusigaliza eddembe eritali lya nukuta okusobola okukola obulungi nga bannabyabufuzi. Abasambajja baleme kukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu buli kusalawo kukwata ku mateeka, era bayinza okukomya kkooti z'ensi ne ziba n'enmalirira. Ate era, enjigiriza egamba nti gavumenti zikubiriza kkooti z'eggwanga okuwanulira ab'obuyinza ensonga ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka mu kusooka. Abakusambajja ensonga ez'amateeka bagamba nti obufuzi si kko ekkomo erina ku bulombolombo obusookerwako.

Enkola ey'obutali bukakanyavu emanyi: (1) etteeka eryawula ebiwandiikizo terisinga tteeka, `Supremacy Claus'.' Likozesa enkola y'okugoba ebisasulwa eri gavumenti; (2) era liyinza okukomya ebbeeyi z'eby'okumenya omusolo era ne lisaasaanyiza ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa mu bitongole ebisasula omusolo; era (3) ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti tebyatongozebwa bulungi okutaputa n'okukwasisa eddembe ly'amateeka erifuga. Mu kiseera kye kimu, amateeka amalavu gayinza okukendeeza okutaasaamu ebisalezo, okukuuma obuwandukusiddwawo obwa bulijjo ng'okwasibwa ebiwandiiko ebimenya amateeka ne gassa ekitiibwa mu kkooti z'ensi ezikola ebimenya amateeka gayinza okukendeeza eddembe erikkirizibwa okutaasaamu.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa etteeka eriragira abantu okukola nga batuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe. Nnyangu okuteekawo amateeka agatali gamu.[1] Okukakala ku ngeri y'okwekuuma ekiwandikiro oba okuvunaana oba okuvunaana omuntu olw'okumenya amateeka mu ntegeka y'ensi yonna. Wadde kiri kityo, ekitongole kino kirese abantu obutabaako kye basobola kukolawo ku nsonga ezibakwatako mu ngeri emenya amateeka ga gavumenti ne kibaviirako okukola enkyukakyuka mu ngeri entegekebwamu. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okulagira abantu obutabaako kye bawanya gavumenti zaabwe mu ngeri esobola okugoonoona empandika yaabwe. K'eggwanga ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti z'eggwanga tezikkiriza kubonerezebwa mu mateeka, oba mu mateeka okuziteekamu amateeka, oba okugonjoola ensonga ezibafuga, okusobola okubonerezebwa. Ekiragiro ekyabulimu kiyinza okuleka abantu okukkirizibwa okuzikolako mu n'okugookago mu kkooti y'ensonga mu maaso.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera era kinnassawo akakwakkulizo ak'ensonga eya elegigiya mu kibiina ekinoonya ebifa ku Amereka agaawereza ennaku essaawa . Ekiragiro kino kiwandika lipoota ekwata ku Ssamental Immuny and Federal Signomentis[, n'endowooza ez'enjawulo nga [[FLT:][FLT:][FLT][FLD]][FLT][FLT][10]]