Obuyinza Obutagwa Lubege Kye Ki?

Amaanyi okugawula gwe musingi ogusigiddwa mu nfuga za demokulase. Wabula kitegeeza okugabana kw'obuyinza mu bugenderevu mu matabi ga gavumenti ag'enjawulo.[1] Mu ngeri eyo, kiba kitegeeza nti obulabirizi busobola okufuga amatabi ga gavumenti agamu. Okwawulamu gavumenti kikusobozesa okuziyiza okuteekebwako obuyinza, era n'okukendeeza eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Okutegeera ensonga eno y'emu ekwetaagisa omuyizi, omusomesa, n'abantu ab'omu ggwanga abaagala okutegeera engeri gavumenti z'erina gye zikolamu era n'obusobozi bwazo bwe bukuumibwa.

Ku maanyi aga waggulu, amaanyi gago gakakasa nti buli ttabi lirina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo era n'obusobozi bw'okukoma ku mirimu gy'amatabi amalala. Enkola eno ey'obwalabirizi okusobola okuddukanya ebintu gitera okuyitibwa reckers n'ebitundu ebiginyweza[. Awatali nteekateeka ng'eyo, gavumenti eteeka obulamu mu nkola ey'obufuzi obwa nnanyini, esobola okuteeka obulamu obw'ekika kya digiti ekimu / oba omuntu omu yekka obut'obuyinza obw'okwefuga. Empandikaawuka tegyawo ate n'ensonga ez'amateeka tezingirwawo butereevu, era tezingirwa mu nkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi.

Amatabi Gasatu ga Gavumenti

Mu nkola za demokulase nnyingi, naddala ezo ezigoberera tteeka lya Amereka, obufuzi bwa gavumenti bugabanyizibwamu amatabi asatu ag'omukika. Buli ttabi lirina omulimu omukulu n'obuyinza obugisobozesa okukebera amalala.

Kalaga nti omulimu gutambulaAction descriptions

Ofiisi y'ettabi erabirira omulimu ogw'okukakasa n'okuteeka mu nkola amateeka agaayisibwa akakiiko akakola. Kakulira pulezidenti, katinisita oba dayirekita, okusinziira ku nkola y'eggwanga. Mu Amerika, prezidenti akola ng'omutwe gwa gavumenti, era akola nga w'obuyinza gamba ng'okussaawo amateeka, okulagira abajaasi, n'okufuga amateeka g'amawanga.

Ettabi ly’Abalagizi

ettabi lya bannakyewa abafuga amateeka, eririna obuvunaanyizibwa mu kukola kampuni. Likiikirira okulonda era n'okufuga omusolo gwa ssente n'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti. Amalaasa galina ebisenge bibiri (biameral) oba kimu. Mu nkola y'ekitongole enzijanjaba, gamba nga akakiiko k'Akakiiko k'Abalawuli mu Amerika, akakola ku Nnyumba y'Abalagizi ba mateeka ne Akakiiko k'Abalagizi baayo, buli kisenge kirina emirimu gya njawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Olukiiko olukulu lukakasa okulondebwa kwa prezidenteempala ne emikono, ate nga ku Nnyumba kubaako ssente eziweebwa. Ktabi ly'empagibwa k'empagibwa era lirina obuyinza okugoba abakungu mu nkola ey'obutebe bw'amateeka.

Ettabi ly’Omulamuzi

Ettabi ly'elamuzi linnyonnyola amateeka era ne lifuga mu bwenkanya. Gakola mu kkooti ez'enjawulo, okuva ku kkooti z'amateeka ez'omu kitundu okutuuka ku kkooti enkulu. Amaanyi g'abalamuzi ge ganyinza okulondamu era geekenneenya amateeka.][1] Obusobozi bw'okuteekawo amateeka oba ebikolwa ebiteetongozaamu bukakasa nti amatabi amalala gakolera mu mpalo eziteekeddwawo amateeka. Abalamuzi balondebwa okusobola okugaziyiza okuva ku kupikirizibwa kw'ebyobufuzi, ne ku bye basalawo mu ngeri eyoleka obusosoze.

Wadde ng’amatabi ga mirundi esatu galina kinene kye gakola, buli ttabi lyesigama ku malala okulaba nti likola bulungi, ne kisobozesa ettabi lyonna okuba n’obuyinza obusingako.

Ebyafaayo

Endowooza ey'okwawulawo obufuzi bwa gavumenti si ya kika kya leero; erina ensibuko y'endowooza ez'edda. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Rome Republic yalina ssemateeka n'enkola zaamu ezisukka mu kimu, enkola ey'ensi eyo, n'enkuŋŋaana ennene. Kyokka, enjigiriza ey'omu kiseera kino ey'okulaga nti amaanyi gaawula yannyonnyolwa bulungi omufirosoofo Omufalansa Baron de Montesquieu [[[FL:1]] mu mulimu gwe 1748], ne mu nkuŋŋaana ennene. Omwoyo gw'amateeka . Montesquie yagamba nti eddembe liyinza kuteekebwa mu buyinza bwa gavumenti ez'enjawulo. Yalabula nti, abantu bwe bafuga oba nga bafuga ebibiina ebisatunja ebisatu ebisatu, bagoberera enkola ey'enneenkanya.

Endowooza za Montesquieu zaaleetera abakola ssemateeka w'Amerika okussaawo etteeka. Mu myaka gya 1780 oluvannyuma lw'okwetongoza Bungereza, abakulembeze b'Amerika baali beegendereza nnyo. Baali bafunye obwannamunigina wansi wa Kabaka George III era nga bafunye ebizibu wansi w'Ebitundu eby'Essaaweetwayo. Convention of Conference of United States eya 1787 yali egenderedde okutandikawo gavumenti ey'amaanyi era nga n'okukuuma eddembe.

Olupapula Olukwata ku Kibiina

Okusobola okuleetawo obwawumbiko bw'amateeka, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, ne John Jay baawandiika olukalala lw'ebiwandiiko ebimanyiddwa nga [[Fortu:0] Federalist Papers[. mu [FLT]] Fulast N'ofieransipas.[5], Madison yayamba okusobola okulwanirira obuwanguzi obw'enkala y'ebifaananyi n'ebiragiro. Yawandiika nti, omuntu ateekwa okuzirwanako n'obusobozi bw'amatabi agayinza okuzingirwamu. Yawandiika nti, okusobola okutaawula eb'obuyinza obusingako. Yawandiika nti, “ebbeebbeebbeegwagwagwagwagwa kiteekwa okubuusibwa mu n'obusosoze mu by'omutirbagwanga mu nsi yonna.[2][2][F.[F.[Flth'e] Admic] Admic'a

Ebirala ebikulu mu byafaayo bye bino: Lungereza Bill of Rights, eyava mu 1689, eyakendeeza obuyinza bwa kabaka era n'eraga nti eparamenti y'esaanidde okuba n'obuyinza obusingawo, era n'okukulaakulanya obwetwaze mu mateeka aga bulijjo.

Engeri Ebiri mu Kabi n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Enkola zino zisobozesa ettabi lyonna okulemererwa okukola nga tewali alikozesa mu bifo ebikulu.

  • [[Act:0]Awunziko ' Pulezidenti ayinza okuyisa etteeka eriyisibwa Congress. Naye, Consert esobola okukikoleramu n'ebitundu bisatu bibiri mu bisenge byombi, era n'ewa a desitowa ku nnampala.
  • [[NKULULA] judicial Review: Kkooti ez'omu Amerika ziyinza okukuba amateeka oba ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka oba amateeka aga gavumenti. Amaanyi gano gaateekebwawo ku mukolo ogw'enjawulo Marbury v. Madison [1803]).
  • [[NKULU:0] Eractive: Ennyumba ey'abalagizi eyinza okusawo (buli kasomero) pulezidenti, omumyuka wa prezidenti, oba abalamuzi ab'eggwanga kweyasembye “olw'ensobi, obulyi bw'enguzi, oba obumenyi obulala obw'amaanyi.” Olukiiko olwo luno lusala omusango era oluno oluno nga bakuba akalulu emirundi ebiri mu quasa.
  • [[AWULA:0] Ategeeza Enkyuza: Prezidenti assawo ebitundu bya kakiiko, abalamuzi ab'ensi n'ababaka naye olukalala lw'abalonde abo alwo lulukkiriza nga bakuba akalulu. Kino kiwa eb'obuyinza obusinga obungi eddoboozi erifuga abalamuzi n'abalamuzi.
  • [[AK:0] Ategeeza:[ Pulezidenti ateesa ku ndagaano n'amawanga amangi naye zikola oluvannyuma lw'obubonero bubiri musatu obukola endagaano eza Sekete.
  • [[AK:0] Amaanyi ga Ppaasika: Congress gafuga embalirira y'ensi yonna. Tewaliwo ssente ziyinza okuggibwa mu Ssente nga tewabaddewo tteeka erigirabirira omulimu, ne kiwa enteekateeka ya sistemu ebiragiro ku bukulembeze.
  • [[NKULULA]] Abalamuzi abafuze mu ngeri ennungi, baba batuukiriza ebilagiro bya 'Federal' nga weeyisa bulungi, kwe kugamba tebasobola kuggibwawo ba pulezidenti oba Consert okuggyako nga baweereddwa ekiragiro. Kino kikuuma abalamuzi obuteesasuza mu by'obufuzi.

Okunoonyereza kuno kuleetawo enkola ey'abantu ab'ebiti bibiri. Ng'ekyokulabirako, prezidenti asobola okuwa ebiragiro ebifuga abakungu ba gavumenti, naye kkooti ziyinza okubiziyiza singa zisukkawo.

Ensonga Lwaki Kikulu Okuba n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu ku Maanyi Gaffe

Amaanyi si ge ga bulijjo; gasobola okuyamba abantu mu kufuga bokka oba mu kufuga bokka.

Okwewala Okutulugunyizibwa

Endowooza esingayo okukakaatika ku bufuzi obwawukanya eri nti, singa eziyiza omuntu omu oba ekibinja ekimu okufuna obuyinza obw'enkunamba. Ebyafaayo by'omuntu biba bingi nnyo era nga birimu ebyokulabirako bya bannaakyemalira abasaanyawo amapaleema, abalamuzi abasala emisango, era abafuga nga bagoberera amateeka. Enkola ennene ey'okukebera n'okugoonzigo eyinza okukifuula kizibu.

Obukuumi eri Ennimi Zokka Ezeenkana Wa

Gavumenti zisobola okusalira abantu emisolo, okusiba mu kkomera, n'okufuga enkola. Awatali kukeberebwa, obuyinza buno buyinza okukomya okuwakanya obuwangwa bw'abantu abatono oba okumenya amateeka. Abalamuzi abeekuŋŋamya basobola okukugira abantu nga bamenya amateeka agasinga obukulu, gamba ng'eddembe ery'okwogera, ery’eddiini, n'ery'okufuga.

Okuzzibwamu Amaanyi mu Kwesamba Obulombolombo

Okusobola okussaawo etteeka, amatabi gabeetaanya okukkirizibwa. Kino kiyamba mu kusalawo okukendeeza ku nkola y'amateeka naye era ne kiziyiza n'okusalawo okwanguyiriza.

Okuvunaanibwa n'okutataangaala

Obukiiko obukola ku by'obulabirizi buyinza okukebera enkola z'amatabi; obukiiko obukola ku by'obukulembeze buyinza okukebera ebisalibwawo mu nkola; ate era empapula z'amawulire, nga zikuumibwa amateeka, zisobola okwanika obulyi bw'enguzi.

Obuyinza Obutagwa Lubege mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Mu myaka egyakayita, waliwo ebintu bingi ebigezesa engeri abantu gye batunuuliramu ebintu, era kikulu nnyo abayizi n’abasomesa okutegeera engeri gye basalawo ku nsonga eno.

Ebiragiro by'Ogufuga - Ekiwandikiro era n'Okubaako ne ky'okolawo

Bannabyabufuzi beeyongedde okukozesa ebiragiro ebya bannakyewa okuleka abakkiro ku nsonga ezitabaamu. Etteeka lya bakungu liba kiragiro ekyalagirwa pulezidenti alina obuyinza ku mateeka naye nga teriteekebwawo n'ab'obuyinza. Wadde nga gavumenti yaawula abawaayiriza abamu bagamba nti bannabyabufuzi abamu bakozesa nnyo ekyuma kino, nga batuukiriza bulungi ebiragiro okuva ku Oval Congress. Ebibonero bitwaliramu enkola ezigobererwa ennyo ezikwata ku ku ku ku kufuduka, amateeka ageeyagaza obutonde, n'obutebenkevu. Abavugibwa bawakanya ekiragiro kino bagamba nti okunyooma ekifo kya ofiisi y'obukulembeze era nti bassa essira ku buyinza mu buyinza okusobozesa bannakyewa.

Okukugira Okusalirako omusango

Ku luuyi olulala, abalamuzi bassa essira ku kusalawo kwa kkooti okusukka ku kutegeera okw'amateeka era ne kuleetawo enkola empya. Kkooti bwe zisala emisango ku mateeka agafuga oba bwe ziwagira obufuzi bwa gavumenti bwa buli wamu, oluusi zivunaanibwa omusango ogw'okusukka mu kifo kyazo. Kyokka, abakuutivu b'eby'amateeka bagamba nti kkooti zirina okukkiriza amatabi agalondeddwa okuggyako nga waliwo ekimenya amateeka ageetaagiddwa. Empala ku ngeri kkooti enkulu gye yazikolamu era n'enkomera zaayo obuwagizi obutuufu zikkiriziddwa, nga buli kibiina kinoonya abalamuzi abalina endowooza yaazo.

Olukiiko olw’Eby’Okwayasa Obukulembeze n’Okwekutula ku Bukulembeze

Obukulembeze bw'ekika kya WGB - terretarian buviiriddeko bannakyewa obutasobola kuteekawo ntengo, okukakasa obuwagizi oba okugonjoola ensonga enkulu. Abamu bagamba nti okusiba ekiwabyo kuno kunafuwa kw'obuyinza kubanga ofiisi y'ettabi ereme okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwayo. Mu kikolwa ekyo, ba prezidenti baasaze bagootaawo bannantamenti baagirekawo okugonjoola obutakaanya nti Consert teyinza kuggwaawo. Era kookolo ziretera okuleetera abantu okusoosa oba okukkomyawo n'okukyusizawo olukiiko olukulu. Kyokka, okukyusiza mu nsonga ezo ku nkyukakyuka ziyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye ziyinza okukyusizaamu amaanyi g'abyo.

Amaanyi g’Ebizibu n’Obukuumi bw'Eggwanga

Mu biseera ebizibu nga `war, nnawookeera, nnawookeera, bannalukalala emirundi mingi beewaana okuba n'obuyinza obugazi. War Powers Resolution, Patriot Act, era n'okukozesebwa kw'ekirango ky'eggwanga byonna bigaziyizza obuyinza bwa bannakyewa. Wadde nga kiyinza okwetaagisa okwongera amaanyi mu bwangu okusobola okukola ku kabi, kiyinza okumalawo obukiiko bw'eggwanga era n'eddembe ly'abantu. Emirundi egimu, abalamuzi bagoberezza ebiwandiiko bya kkooti entebe eza gavumenti entebe ez'eggwanga.

Okunyooma Ebintu n’Obugolokofu

Empaka ezaakayita ku mateeka agakwata ku kulonda, tezirina kuvunaana gavumenti oba okuvunaana gavumenti olw'ensonga nti esobola okuvunaana gavumenti. Ettabi ly'ekitongole lirina obusosoze mu nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi, naye amateeka gasobola okuleetera abantu okuteeka mu kifo eky'okuzannyiramu. Demokratibwa tekirina kukoma ku kwawukanya obufuzi bwokka naye era n'ensonga endala eziyinza okuzingiramu obutuuze.

Endowooza z’Abalala ku Nkola za Bokka: Okuba n’Eddembe mu Bufuzi bw’Ebirala

Okutegeera enkola za njawulo kiyamba mu kukozesa amaanyi n’obunafu bw’Abamerika.

Entegeka za Paalimaleti

Mu lukiiko lwa demokulase mu lukiiko lwa demokrati (umg. United Kingdom, Canada, Bugirimaani), omukulu w'ekitongole aggya mu nkiiko y'ebitongole. Minisita ne kakiiko ka kakiiko ka kajja kuba bamemba ba palamenti era kayinza okuggibwawo nga banoonyerezebwamu. Okugatta kw'ab'obuyinza kuleetawo enkola y'amateeka ennungi, kubanga omukulu w'ekitongole ayinza okuteeka empagi mu nkola enkambirira nga tasoose kukka wansi w'amadaala. Kyokka, okukebera tekunafuwa maanyi nnyo: tewalina kwawukanya kukwata ku mateeka, era abajulizi bannaaweefube bayinza okuba n'obutooleka kussa mu buyinza okumenya amateeka (in UK, palamenti y'omufuzi). Abamu bagamba nti enkola ya palamenti ziyinza okugattirwawo mangu kubanga abavvugibwa gavumenti, ate abalala beeraliikirira nti obuyinza obunene obuyinza obufuga ekitongole ekifuga ekifuga.

Systems obudde obusooka ku ntandikwa yaalyo

Gavumenti ya Prezidenti nga Amereka ne Amerika ow'omu bukiika kkono, zisobola okuleetawo enjawukana mu gavumenti ne mu kugootaanya. Kino kiyinza okuviirako gavumenti okwawukanya, naye era ne kiwa obukessi obw'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa sistemu ezibadde zituula awamu ne gavumenti okweyawulamu. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ba prezidenti ne palamenti okuba n'obuwagizi obw'enjawulo. Buli siteesitemu y'esiteesi y'emu esobola okuba n'enteekateeka eya bulijjo, gamba nga kkooti za gavumenti, ebitongole, n'obukulembeze.

Okutambula ng’Abakaafiiri ng’Ekkebere Ebirala

Mu nkola za gavumenti (nga mu k.S., U.S., Bugirimaani, Australia), amaanyi era gagabanyizibwamu mu gavumenti z'amawanga ne gavumenti. Okwawulwa kw'amaanyi kuno kuwa obuwagizi obulala, nga gavumenti bwe ziyinza okuziyiza obukodyo obw'ensi eno. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ekendeeza ku buwanguzi. Kkooti enkulu ekuuma obufuzi bw'eggwanga mu bifo nga mu by'enjigiriza, eby'obupoliisi, n'eby'okukozesa ettaka. Federalism edyongera amaanyi ga gavumenti ne gagifuula kizibu eri buli mu mukitundu ekimu eky'okufuga.

fundikira

Amatabi ga gavumenti ga mirundi esatu gasobola okuwanirira eddembe lya demokulase nga bwe gaasigala nga gakola. N'okutuusa leero, omusingi gwa demokulase gukyakyusa engeri gye gufugamu. Abayizi n'abasomesa abasoma ensonga eno bategeera engeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okukuumamu eddembe eryo nga bwe likyakola. Amatabi ga gavumenti gasatu bwe gatyo nga(okusala ettu, okuteekawo amateeka, n'okusala emisango) bye gasobozesa omuntu okumanya ensonga, n'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa bye. Abakugunjufu mu byafaayo gamba nga Montesquieus ne Madison baa baateeka omusingi, naye buli mulembe gulina okulwanirira n'okukwata ku bizibu ebippya.

Egyo egitali gimu ku bwongo bw'abatuuze, abalamuzi n'abalamuzi, gye bagezaako okulonda abakulembeze baabwe, okulonda abafuzi, okulonda abafuzi, n'okuwagira enkukanya ku nkola z'eby'obufuzi, kiraga nti okuba n'obuyinza obutakoma ku kunnyonnyola bbugwe, era nti okusobola okumanyisa abalonde, balina okubakwata n'okumanyisa abakulembeze baabwe, n'okubaako kye bawa, n'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ezibakwatako mu nkola eya demokulase. Abasomesa, bwe bayigiriza obuyinza obw'amaanyi tebalina kukoma ku ku kunnyonnyola bintu ebizimbibwa nga tebinnakomera ate nga bikulu.

[[AGUMENTI] Okusoma nyingi: Erako] Okussawo akakonge ku by'obumanyirivu kuyinza okukunyweza okutegeera kwo. Ekireetera ekitongole Okunoonyereza ku butongole obwa 'Constitution' okulaga enkyukakyuka ku buli luwandika. [[[FLT:][FLT]][FLY] [[:6]] [[FLT]] mu bujjuvu eprojective project.[Fogment:7] mu bujjuvu, projective.[FF] Kino kiyinza okuzuula ebifayigibwa mu mpalo ezo ku buyinza bwonna.]