Ensibuko y’Ebigambo n’Enjigiriza za Filosofiya

Endowooza ey'okukebera n'okusengeka teyava mu Nkuŋŋaana y'amateeka. Yakiikirira okusendebwasendebwa kw'eby'obufuzi ebyasa bingi. Ekyasingira ddala okuba eky'amagezi ye Mufalansa omufirosoofo Baron de Montesquieu, alina omulimu gwe 1748 Gwa Prow'Amateeka gye gaagamba nti eddembe ery'eby'obufuzi lyetaagisa okwawulibwawo gavumenti okuzibwawulibwawo wakati wa gavumenti, omukulembeze, n'emirimu egikwata ku kkooti. Montesquieu yakkiriza nti omuntu yenna ali omu oba omulabirizi oba omubiri gwe gwonna yanditutte obukuukuutivu mu bunnanyi. Endowooza ze zabunyisibwa nnyo era ne zibuuzibwa mu masaza g'abantu mu Amerekawo, gye baakolagana n'abantu abaali baaliddemu ne Kabaka George III.

Era abo abaali bagoberera amateeka ga Bungereza baalekayo nnyo obulombolombo obwali buvudde ku mateeka ga Bungereza wadde nga baali baakalwana ne Bungereza. sisitemu ya Bungereza yalimu okwawukana okw'amaanyi wakati wa ngule (esala), Parliame (ebalina empalana), ne kkooti (ey'amateeka), naye nga Bungereza tewaali lukalala lwa tteeka lwaleka etteeka mu nnukuta ezo okuzibu okutegeera, era nga n'abatuuti bannaago babonaabona nnyo singa Pparsisi yeesamba ekkomera era nga baagezaako okusibawo enkuŋŋaana. Abakobaasa baasaasaasaasaanya okuteeka amateeka ago mu kiwandiiko, nga buli ttabi liba nga lirina kye liba libawawa, era nga buli lukujjuzi lwo oluba lwosa olw'okuziyiza ebinnyigattidde mu masaza.

Abatuuze bannaabwo baayiga ebitongole bya gavumenti eby'edda, nga birina obukessi (byalondebwa oba ebyalondebwa), akakiiko akafuzi akayitibwa bimageral, ne kooti, era n'entalo ezaaliwo mu kiseera kya kkooti, ne bayigiriza abatuuze okuba ab'obuyinza obutakugirwa. Mulembe ogwo era baasoma ebitundu bya gavumenti ebya bulijjo nga Rooma, ekyalina enkola enkadde okukebera mu bannaakyewa, mu Senate, ne mu nkuŋŋaana ennene. Mu kiseera ekyo, amateeka gaago gaagobeetwalibwa mu 1787, omusingi ogw'obwekutu ogwayawulayawulamu abantu ne baagukkiriza okubuwandisibwa nga tegasaasizza buwaze, wadde nga baadiko abeekenneenya ebikwata ku mada ne ku bwo baawereetera okuteesa ennyo.

Emirimu Egitali Gimu mu Mateeka

Ekiragiro kino kyassa omukono ku mateeka ga Amereka, nga kyawagibwa mu 1787 mu 1788, ne kigaba amatabi asatu agabalibwa. Akatundu kaateekawo akakiiko akayitibwa badameral akalina obuyinza obw'okusala, okusasula, n'okutandikawo olutalo. Akatundu II kaateekawo ka ka kakiiko akaawereza omu obuyinza okukakasa amateeka, okukulemberamu n'okulagira abajaasi. Akatundu II kaateekawo akalaga obuyinza obw'okwegasseemu obw'okukwata ku matabi. Akatundu III kaateekawo akalagalagibwa n'obuyinza obw'okutamenya amateeka n'okukaayasa. Naye abakwasisa amateeka tegaakoma ku ku bwawulawo. Baayiiya enkola ey'okufuga wakati w'abantu abaawumba okumanyibwa mu [FLD:] No.[FLD][FUM:]

Ebikeberezo bino bingi nnyo era biteekeddwa ku buli kantu. Pulezidenti asobola okusala etteeka eryayitibwa Congress, naye Congress ayinza okuggyako ekyo n'enkola ya bannaakyemalira emirundi ebiri mu mayumba gombi. Olukiiko olukulu luteekwa okusemba obukiiko bwa prezidenti mu lukiiko olukulu era n'obukulembeze, era luteekwa okusemba endagaano nga luvvuubibwa ne kasaze. Akakiiko kalina obuyinza ku kasawo era kasobola okuggyawo omumyuka wa prezidenteedenti, omumyuka wa prezidente, oba abalamuzi baakyewaanyi endala eza kampulizi n'obumenyi obunene. ettabi lya bassawo ne liba nga lisemba amatabi ge gasinga okulonda mu mikono gyokka mu mikono gy'omutemu (teebeere na ku ku ku kufuga bitalango) amateeka ne ku by'enkola mu nkola y'empala y'olukiiko olukulu.

Enkola eno yakolebwa okuziyiza ettabi erimu obutafuga. Nga Madison bwe yagamba, enkola yago teyeetaagisanga nti ebitongole eby'enjawulo bireme "kwawukanya ne kiba nti tebirina mateeka ga ntegeka ya njawulo ku birala ebiri mu nsi ezigoberera mateeka gaamu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, amatabi gandibadde gagasse wamu ne gasangika ku buli lukalala lw'amateeka agafuga amalala. Ekiragiro engeri eno ey'enjawulo esinziira ku ndala gye gakolamu: buli ttabi lye liba nga lyeyagala okugattira ku limu limu okusobola okugat'obusobosobozi bwonna, ne kigakuuma obutuufu bw'ettabi linnaalyo.

Empaka mu Lukiiko lw’Etteeka

Ekiragiro kino kyava ku kunoonyereza okw'amaanyi okwakolebwa ku lukuŋŋaana olwaliwo mu Philadelphia. Amasaza amanene gaayagala okukiikirira abantu; gavumenti entono zasaba obukwasiddwa obwa bulijjo. Great Braameral yatandikawo kampani y'entebe ey'abalagizi eri abantu ab'enjawulo n'eb'eb'enkola ya Ssettuunity Ssetmenti egabanyizibwamu abantu b'omu kifo ky'abantu okulonda buli lukalala. Enteekateeka y'ekitongole ky'ettabi era n'ebaddaakakwakkiro okusobola okugonjoola obutakkaasaamu buyinza bw'omufuzi omu; amalala gaagamba nti, obuyinza obwa disitulikiti obusinga obungi buyinza okuleetawo akasaze mu ku mukolo omu yekka, era ekyalondebwa Electoralal College nga y'abantu kinnoomu okusobola okuteeka mu nkola eya demokrase mu ku by'enyi.

Wadde nga baava mu mateeka okugaawulibwawo, aba Antifederali baayongera okuwakanya obuwambe obwali bulaga nti okukeberwa tekuli kwa maanyi. Baali batya bannabyabufuzi, enkiiko z'ebika eby'obuyinza, n'obuyinza bwa balamuzi mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Bino byaviirako Bill of Rightsss okuweebwa olukalala lw'amateeka mu 1791, ekyaleetera amaanyi g'ensi yonna okukoma, naddala ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu n'engeri esaanira. Enkyukakyuka ezasooka mu kkooti z'amateeka ga gavumenti okuziganya ebitundu nga zirinamu obujulizi obwa bulijjo gye buyinza okusoberereza, ne kussaawo oludda olula olw'enkola za gavumenti z'amatabi zonna.

Ebigezo n’Ebibi Ebisookeddewo

Gavumenti empya yayolekagana n'okusoomooza okwagezesa enkyukakyuka zaayo. Mu myaka mitono, omusingi ogw'okusala emisango gwateekebwawo nga bayisawo omusango [[FL:0] Marbury v. Madison (1803]). William Marbury, omukulembeze w'eggwanga John Adams, yagaana okuyingiza obukiiko bwe obwa bulijjo. Omukulembeze John Marshall, yafuga nga Marbury bwe yali akwasizza omulimu gwe, Kkooti nga tayinza kulagira nti aweereddwa okuweebwa omulimu gwe olw'obuyinza, Kkootikko yawawawa obuyinza okusiikkirwa olw'obuyinza okusobozesa obuyinza okuleka amaanyi 13 ga Judiary (okuteekawo Kko aw'omwaka 1789) okubuvumula aka kennyini. Mu kusinziira ku ndowooza y'omuvumu, Marshall yagamba nti, amateeka ge gaafuga ensonga enkulu mu mateeka okunnyonnyola okutakyusa.

Okugezesa okulala okwasooka kwava ku Mukulembeze Thomas Jeffers okukozesa obuyinza bwe. Jefferson, kaweefube ow'amaanyi mu kuzimba era eyali alabudde ku bikwata ku bukodyo, kyokka yawa Louisiana Purchase obuyinza mu 1803 nga tewali mateeka mu ntegeka ya tteeka (Amateeka tegawa pulezidenti buyinza kufuna ekitundu ekippya). Jefferson yakkiriza nti okugula kwali kukendeezebwa kwa njawulo naye nga kulaga nti kyali kyetaagisa. Oluvannyuma Congress yakkiriza endagaano eyo era n'ewandiisawo okugula, era n'alaga nti ekiteekwateeso kya kkasa ery'okugenda mu buyinza bwa bannakyewa obwa kkatemba.

Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson yeeyongera okusemba obuyinza bwa dekananti mu ngeri ey'obusungu. Mu kiseera kye nga bapresidenti abaasooka, baasala ebiwandiiko ku luwandika lwa mateeka kyokka Jackson n'addamu okulonda banka ey'okubiri ey'omu Amerika mu 1832 olw'okuba yakitwala nti yali "Ssecuristigation" mu bigambo. Yalangirira: "Mukulembeze y'omubaka w'abantu b'omu Amereka," nga yeewa ekiragiro ekyamufuula okuba nga Congress. Jacksons akitwala nti: Omukulembeze y'asaza oba omubakalabiriza w'eggwanga. Yagifuula okuba nga ekiwandiiko ekya bulijjo kyeyawulibwawo okuva ku kiwandiiko ekitono mu by'ekyuma, enkola eyandikozesezza bappaapulezi abalala okugaana amateeka ge baali bawandisizza mu kifo ky'okugiteeka ku lukalala.

Okukulaakulana n’Okusoomooza mu Kyasa Ekya 19

Olutalo olwaliwo mu 1812 lwagezesa nnyo amatabi amakulu g'eby'entalo. Pulezidenti James Madison, akulira enzigi z'amateeka, yeesanga nga muduumizi w'amateeka era nga ye yasinga okukulembera abajaasi mu lutalo olw'okumeggana ne Great Britain. Olutalo terwagaagala mu New England, era Consements yawakanya nnyo obanga pulezidenti yali asobola okukuŋŋaanya eby'amagye. Madison afuba nnyo okusemba era n'okuteekawo ebitongole ebitumbula amateeka mu kiseera kya Hartford Convention gye byakubagambira Secession. Entalo za Ghent zaagatta endagaano ku buyinza obwa Prikiti bwa bannaa za bannaa za bannaa pulinisita mu kiseera kya magye. Ebibuuzo bino byaddamu okutandikawo eby'ettemu mu kiseera kya amagye.

Mu Ssematalo II, Abraham Lincoln yakola ebintu bingi ebyali bisukka ensalo za ssemateeka eza gavumenti z'Amerika: oluvannyuma yawa obuwangwa bwa Habeas corpus, obwasibiddwa ku bizinga eby'omu bukiika ddyo (ekikolwa eky'entalo mu kiseera ekyo kye kikkiriza gavumenti y'eggwanga), n'egaziya amagye awatali kukuŋŋaana, era n'eteekawo Emancippectation Proclation mu mawanga ag'abajeemu. Lincoln yawakanya enkola zino okusobola okukuuma Union era n'okukkiriza abantu okufugibwa gavumenti y'ensi eyo okukkirizibwa mu kiseera ky'ekiwayinja ky'olutalo. Kyokka, oluvannyuma lw'entalo eyo, yagobeetaanyezebwa oluvannyuma lw'olutalo. Procencence yaancencence mu Bukulembeze w'eggwanga Andrew Johnsonsss adakkiriza abaddu okuggyawo omulimu gwa professorcence, ng'abavunna ku ku Kkomero Kko n'abavumu nga teyetongodde nga bakko aw'ekibiina kya banna.

Enkola y'okuzzaawo eragimu yalina okusoosagana wakati w'amatabi g'abakungu ba gavumenti ez'omu bukiikaddyo. Congress yayisa omulimu gw'okuzza enkola ez'enkola mu Johnsons etvoto, nga guwa obulagirizi bwa magye ga gavumenti agaali gawandikiddwa. Kkooti enkulu teyaddamu kubaako njawukana mu kuddaabiriza ebyabangawo, okugaana okuddamu okwekenneenya ebyo ebyaliwo ebikwata ku gavumenti, gamba nga Expartum Milligan[[FL] [FL] [FLD] [D] [1] [1866], obwali bwasibukako emisango gy'abajaasi bannaawe mu kkooti za gavumenti za gavumenti za Russia we zaakolera, naye nga tekusinze. Ekyasalibwa ekyo kyakolebwa ku nkomerero y'ekyalo ekya 19 kyayinjanja mu kakiiko akakulu mu n'akakiiko akanene akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi akaz'okufuga amateeka.[Kirnvumiteennyo akaz'okugika akaz'okuyisa ebitongole aka

Ekyasa 20: Bufuzi Buppya, Ssematalo ow’Ensi Yonna, n’Amazzi

Ekyasa ekya 20 kyazzaawo okulongoosebwa kw'obuyinza, okusingira ddala olw'okuwagira ofiisi y'ettabi. Okwettu okw'amaanyi kwaleetawo ekizibu mu ggwanga ekyaleetera enteekateeka enteekateeka ey'okukwata ennyo ensonga. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt yatandikawo New Develop, programu ey'enkyukakyuka. Ekiragiro kyatongoza gavumenti obuyinza obutabangawo ku b'obuyinza obwa bulijjo, okutandikawo ebitongole eby'eggwanga nga National Recorence Ad Administration and Administration Administration. Olukiiko olukulu lwalina okuttaaganya programu eziwerako, nga mw'otwalidde ne National Indurecurection Reveration Act mu [[FLL:][10].[2] emirundi mingi ekibiina kyamanyisa okusobozesa okuvuunika obulkulembedde mu nkola y'obufuzi mu ku ku nsonga ez'ebyobufuzi. Ate era ne Agriculm Act Act mu N'eround Act mu Ntection , ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebipya bya gavumenti ebirala ebinoonyesenjereeteenze ebireeteenze ebippya

Ssematalo II yeeyongera okugaziya amaanyi ga pulezidenti. Roosevelt yawa ekiragiro ekya 906, nga kiwa obuyinza obwa bannabyabufuzi ba Amerika, kkooti ey'oku ntikkook'empanyi gye yawagira mu Korématsu v. United States. (1944). Olutalo era lwalaga n'okukolebwa kwa projective ya Manhattan Project ne hymsss assmentis ebikkirizibwa ne pulezidenti. Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olwo, Prezidenti Harry Truman yateekawo ekiragiro eky'okunyattumbula empeke ez'ebyuma mu kiseera eky'okukaaw'okukaabira okuwanirira okukolebwa kwa lutalo. Kkookolokota wa gavumenti essaaw'obuvuzi ya Centerbon'omulembedde mu kifo kya perseesatu, nga wazze akkiriza okukolebwa awonera ddala mu lukalala lw'obuyinza olw'omulembedde mu ggwanga.[F.F.5]

Vietnam War ne Watergate byalaga nti olutalo lwalina okumanyibwa, era n'engeri y'okulwekenneenyaamu. Pulezidenti Lyndon Johnson ne Richard Nixon baayongera mu kifo ky'Amerika mu bukiikaddyo bwa Asiya nga tebeeteeredde mu kulangirira kwa lutalo, nga beesigama ku ttuluba lya Tonkin Gulf Resolution (11964). Olutalo bwe lwatandika, Conseilss Conseils Deparvement of the Geographic of Pennsylvania ne geedentiast ne Conference Nixons democlate de mu 1973, nga baasemba Prezidenti w'amasazeset'amagye 48 okuyingiza amatwaleempala n'okuteeka omulimu gwabwe mu magyero 60 nga tegakkirizibwa mu luva mu mateeka. Oluvannyuma lwokkana ku kulagira kugaana ebitongole ebitongole bya gavumenti ebitongole ebikola ne ku kulagira okugattibwa kwa gavumenti ya United States.

Ekiseera Kya Kaseera: Okugatta awamu n'okuddukanya empandika

Okuva ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 20, enkola ey'okukebera n'okugoberera ebadde eyoleka okupikirizibwa okw'amaanyi okuva ku kuteekawo obutongole obwawula abakungu mu ntegeka za gavumenti. Endowooza eno egamba nti pulezidenti alina obuyinza bwonna ku ttabi lya nnawood'akulira, nga mw'otwalidde n'obuyinza obw'okuggya omukungu yenna ku kiragiro ekifuga. Abakulembeze b'ebitongole byo byombi bagazizza ebiragiro ebifuga enkola ya bannaaweemadda mu buyinza. Abamasssss Resective Declectivesss Requectives for Yoults of Childhoous (DFCA), DCA), Drusa oba ekitongole ekireesa enkonvu, nga Rosardaless Brances, okuva ku Bill Cden, ebiragiro ebireenyiwawa obutongole ebikola mu kkooti eby'omu G. Emirundiruust, ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebisavuze eby'omu Afrika ebisavubirira mu Budde mu kkooti biree

Parpitan Contination ekiwa amagezi n'okusemba ebiwabuddwa bigobeddwa ku ngeri y'okugattika obuwabuzi. Okujulira kwasala ku nsonga mu bya bufuzi, era n'okulawulibwa kw'olukiiko ne kugobererwa okumala emyezi. Okugaana okuwulirira Merick Garland mu 2016, kugobererwa obujulizi bwa Neil Gorth ne Amy Coney Barrett kukozesa "ekiteeso kya quement" okusaamu mu kkooti enkulu, ne kiyongera okutegeera kwa Judicariary nga munnaaluuni. Mu ngeri y'emu, Congress yeeyongedde okumanyisa amaanyi g'okugobeesa nga kirebwa eky'ekyuma ekigamba nti: okugoba kwa Bill Clinn, Donald Trumpère (w), ne okunoonyereza mu Lue Biden, bye byagobesebwawo kumpira mu nkola y'okunoonyereza ku ekyo.

Okukozesa ebiragiro by'abakungu ba gavumenti kyesembyeyo. Abakulembeze bakisanze nga kyangu nnyo okukola nga tewali akozesezza kkomo eriri ku lukiiko. Omuwendo gw'abo abafuga ku prezidenti guba gukendedde okuva ku New DOC (FDR ewandikiddwa 3,721 mu myaka 12), obunene n'obukulu bw'ebiragiro by'ebiragiro by'omulembe guno bweyongeredde. Ekiwandiiko kya Congress Congregational Reviewal Act kirect erect erect ne k'asociation congress [FFFF:] [FFF1], naye tekitera kukozesebwa okuggyako nga n'enkyukakyuka mu ntegeka ey'okukyusa kwa politikibwa.[5]

Kkooti Esinga Obukulu y’Edda Eyayitibwanga Arbiter

[Ekiwandiiko ekyo ekifuga obutonde bwonna kye kiwadde obulagizi mu kuleetawo okukankano wakati w'amatwanya ag'amaanyi, naye nga n'ekifo kye kibadde kibadde. Marbury[[FLT] era era [[FLT]], Kkooti yasalawo , [[FFFF]]] [[FFFON]]], [[10], ekironde] (19983], ekisse ekiteesa ne [[[[E]'Aspea Country Congress Conserscercestionstions [E] mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'omuyaga:] mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'embi, enneeyagalwa mu Nkovu.[E]Embuwavu, Suppesero ya Asses], SusseAkagoston:[10]

Enkaayana ekwata ku kifo omukulira bannakyewa we beeyongera. Trump v.[FLT] [20]), kkooti yagaana Prezidenti Trumps okugamba nti tayinza kulwanyisa bamenyi b'amateeka okuva ku ttuluba, naye mu [FLTM] trump v. Thomp [201], yakoma okulemesa ekitongole kya National Archives okuzza obuwandikiro ku nnyuma ez'okuyimba.

Olugero: Obunyoomi Obutaggwaawo

Enziganya y'okunoonyereza n'okussaawo empalana mu byafaayo bya Amerika eraga enkola ey'amaanyi era etakyukakyuka. Buli mulembe guzibudde okunnyonnyola ekizimbe kya mateeka olw'enkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya, era n'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi. Abakoddiriŋŋanwa baasuubira nti embeera eyo eyinza okubaawo; baakola enteekateeka ey'okumanyisa omusingi nti amaanyi galina okugobererwa olw'amaanyi. Enkola ya sisitemu esobola okuziyimirizibwawo mu ntalo. Enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, okugobererwa kw'enkyukakyuka, n'okukula kw'obufuzi, naye amaanyi agaliwo mu biseera bino, n'obukulembeze bw'obukulembeze, n'okuzibya k'obuyinjabi bw'amawanga.

Ekintu ekiyinza okulwawo ennyo kwe kukkakkana okuli: buli ttabi lirina ebigendererwa ebikireetera ebiruubirirwa eby'okugaziya obuyinza bwalyo, era okusobola okusigala nga linyweredde ku nkola eyo, amatabi gonna galina okubeera nga gatunula mu nsi zonna essatu ne mu bitundu by'obutuuze. Obuwanguzi bw'okukeberebwa n'okulirimba ku by'amateeka, byesigamye ku bumalirivu ettabi bwe lirina okusobola okuziyiza ebifunzidwa obuteesiteesi okubufuga, ate nga lissa wansi likyayinza okusoosatyo obugerekereza gavumenti y'Amerika.