Table of Contents
Emirala egy’Ebyafaayo egy’Obufuzi obw’Okufuga Byonna
Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga okw'abantu ab'obuwangwa obwava mu tteeka eritegeeza nti omuwendo gwa bakabaka ab'okufuga mu Bulaaya gulina okwenkanankana ne '. Enjigiriza eyo eyawukana okuva ku bulombolombo bwa nnampaka eza Bulaaya. Enkola yaasooka, enjigiriza ey'enukuuti ezikuumibwa okuva mu kkooti z'amawanga nga biringa ebigambo ebiraga nti buli omu alina okwesalirawo oba okwenkanankanankana. Kkooti y'omukitundu eky'omukitundu ekya U. Kkooti enkulu yatongoza omusingi guno mu Sbaxchangev. M'FLT [[FLT:] [12], nga ewandikirowo oluva mu buyinza okugattirwa mu Amerekansi ya Amerika. Ek'enkola ebintu ebireeteempala ennyo mu bitali bya bulijjo, era nga ebireeteeyambisibwa mu ngeri ey'okufuga.
Okukyuka okuva ku kukuuma obukuumi obujjuvu okudda ku bukuumi obw'enguzi oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II, nga kweyongedde okukubirizibwa gavumenti mu by'obusuubuzi.Mu 1976, Omufuzi w'Amerika ow'amawanga amalala yanyweza enkola eno, n'egaana enkola y'eby'obusuubuzi okugobererwa kyokka n'ekuuma obukuumi eri abantu. Enteekateeka z'amateeka bwezimu zaalabika mu Bulaaya ne mu Asiya, era ne ziraga ekiwandiiko nti okukola ng'ababalimu mu by'amatale tekisaanidde kumenyebwawo. Wadde kiri bwe kityo, eby'okugunjabi ebyo tebyayogera nnyo ku ku ttulukuka oba kumenyebwa ddembe ly'okumenya eddembe ly'okufuga, era ne bireetawo ekika ky'okujjuza abamateeka mu madiini mu madiini mu madiini.
Enkizo z’Abantu mu Nsi Yonna Zitumbulwa
Enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ekwata ku ddembe ly'abantu oluvannyuma lwa1945 yakyusa nnyo amateeka mu nsi yonna. Mu 1948, ekiragiro kyamanyira ddala nti abantu baalina eddembe eryasinga ku nsalo z'eggwanga. Ekiragiro Ekiragiro project(/Svrence on Civil and Political Rights, Convention Against Torrance", eyatandikibwawo endagaano y'amateeka okuziyiza, okuwozesebwa, n'okugonjoolera obukyayibwa obukyasittala. Ebitongole ebyo byatandika okuyingiza mu n'enjigiriza ya Convention on Rights : Endagaano eza mu mateeka agafuga ensi yonna agatakkiriza okuko, nga n'okuweramu n'okuweramu n'okutulugunya obudduga.
Kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka okwetooloola ensi yonna zayongera ku bino ebiba byakolebwa. Kkooti z'omu Nuremberg zasalawo nti abantu kinnoomu bandyetongodde olw'ebikolwa eby'omumenyi w'amateeka ebyakolebwanga nga bateekeddwa mu langi y'obuyinza bwa gavumenti, okwebikka ku bufuzi. International Criminal Court[, ekyateekebwawo amateeka g'e Rooma mu 1998, era ne kyongera okusinziirwako omusango mu mateeka agafuga ensi yonna. Ebitongole ebyo tebyayogera ku mateeka ga gavumenti, naye byatandikawo embeera y'eby'obuwamu emitindo gy'enkalakkalirat'ebyatwatwatwatwati nga gye gyatwala ng'enkola esinga obukulu mu n'enzikiriza ez'ensi yonna ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga.
Ebibiina ebikola ku ntegeka z’abantu n’abeekenneenya eby’amateeka baagamba nti okuleka gavumenti obutatuukibwako kabi oba okuttibwa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo kyaleetera abo abattibwa obutafuna buzibu bwonna okusobola okuwona ekizibu ekyo.
Obuzibu Obuva ku Kunoonyereza
Ekizibu eky'amaanyi ennyo mu njigiriza ezikwata ku kwefuga kyava mu ndowooza ey'okubonereza oba okwesasuza . Abawagizi baawakanya nti amateeka agafuga mu nsi yonna, nga mwe muli n'amateeka agafuga enkola ey'okwerinda. Okutulugunya bwe kwalemerebwa, tewali gavumenti eyinza kugaana kugikolako ku kutulugunyizibwa. Kkooti ya International Court of Justices colution kyeyanjudde wano mu [FL:2] Juristigation Immunionmental Itmental Itmental State (Griery v. Italy), nga teriiko n'ensonga endala eziyinza kufuga enkola za gavumenti ez'enjawulo. Ek'okugoba obutoososoosa tekubaamu kufuga nsonga zino.
Amateeka Amakulu n’Ebigambo Ebituweebwa Okulabikira
Okumala emyaka mingi, kkooti z’amaka zifunyemu ebibuuzo bino, era ekyo kiviiriddeko abantu okufuna endowooza enkyamu ku buli nsonga yonna.
Enkola y’Okubuuliramu Enjawulo Embi Embi
Mu Amerika, okusalawo kwa Kooti ey'Empaka enkulu mu Isigrafe[[[FORT:1] kwasobozesa amawanga agatali gamu okuwerebwa mu mateeka ag'ensi yonna. Kkooti enkulu okusala mu [[FLT:] Sosa] v. Alvarez [[FULT][FULT]] [2011] (2003]) yategeera nti ebigambo bya ATS biyinza okukolebwa wansi w'ebitongole ebikkirizibwa mu nsi yonna. Enkola ya ATS eyinza okumenya abakungu n'abakungu abava mu mawanga agatali gamu ne mu bibiina ebigattiddwamu, bye byavaamu ebiva mu nsonga ez'enjawulo. [[FLT] mu ngeri endala ey'ekitongole ekyo gye kikoze mu ngeri esinga okukifuulamu.][FF][6]
Wadde nga wabaddewo okuddirira kuno, eddembe ly'abantu okuggyako erya bannakyewa abakuumirwa ebweru teryasobola kuwonawo. Eky'ekiragiro kya bannalukalala ekyakolebwa mu 1996 era ne kyeyongera mu 2008, kikkiriza kasati ezirwanibwa okulwana n'amawanga agaakolebwako ebikolwa bya bannalukalala gamba nga okutulugunya, okutta abantu ab'enkola ey'enjawulo mu buwaŋŋanguse. Eky'ensonga eno eraga nti gavumenti ezimu zifiirwa eddembe ly'okwerinda okuyitira mu kukolera ku ntegeka kw'eddembe ly'abantu.
Ebyo kkooti za Bulaaya Bye Zisalawo
Kkooti ya Bulaaya ekola kinene nnyo ku bukuumi obufuga obwetwaze era n'entegeka z'abantu. Kkooti ya Bulaaya ekola ku ddembe ly'abantu mu Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom (2001] gaagaana olukiiko lwa ba yunifomu olw'okuziyiza okuyigganyizibwa, olw'okukwata ku buwaŋŋanguse. Kyokka, kkooti z'amateeka ez'omu Italy ziyinza okulumiriza Bugirimaani olw'obwawo olw'okutuutilwa mu . [2001] Deciationontion.[12] No. [200] [2001] [[=0]] (erali nga bye byateesebwa butereevu mu nsonga ezikwata ku ggwanga mu ggwanga, nga zigamba nti kkooti z'omu Italy zisobola okulwanirira WiI mu mateeka agatali gamu olw'omu mateeka agamu, agamu.
Kkooti za Buyonaani nazo zaawera enkyuuka bwe zityo. [Fort:0] Margellos v. Federal Republic of Germany [2002], kkooti enkulu ey'Abayonaani mu kusooka yagaana okukugira okukuumibwa ku ntalo z'Abanazi, naye Kkooti enkulu ey'enjawulo n'egaana okukyusaamu. Kkooti y'Abagirimaani ey'oku sistemu ekola ekiteeyisa nga bw'eri, era ewagidde obusosoze ne mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu.
Emirimu egy’enjawulo mu Amerika ne mu Bukiika Ddyo
Kkooti mu nsi yonna ey'omu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika zeeyongedde okubuuza ebibuuzo bino, nga zisinziira ku ndowooza eteeka essira ku ddembe ly'abantu ku bufuge obw'enkalakkalira. Kkooti y'amateeka mu Colombia, mu Decision C-788 (2011]). Olwo akkiriza nti okumenya etteeka ly'enkomeredde ku ddembe ly'omuntu kiyinza okuleetawo akabonero okukkirizibwa okumenya amateeka agakwata ku bufuzi bw'enkalakkalira, naddala singa abo abafa olw'enjereere tewandibadde na ngeri ya kuzza butebenkerangu. Kko n'ensonga enkulu mu nsi eyo eraga nti ereeteeteeka eddembe okugonjoola enkolagana wakati w'eby'ennambi, naddala mu bitundu omulimu ezo eziviiriddeko ebikolwa eby'ettemu. Kkookolo kya Argentina kiwayusizza ebiva mu mateeka eby'amawanga.
Engeri Abantu gye Baagonjoolamu Obutakkaanya
Obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w’obufuzi n’eddembe ly’abantu tebulina kakwate kokka n’enjigiriza; wabula bukwata ku ngeri y’okukolaganamu n’ab’obuyinza, n’okusasula ebibanja by’abo ababa bafunye.
Edda enkuumi n'Eggwanga
Kkooti z'omu maka bwe zigaana okuwulira ebiwawaatwa ku ddembe ly'abantu eri eri gavumenti z'atali y'ensi, abo abakwatiddwa bayinza okukakasibwa okusobola okukuuma entebe zaabwe nga bayitira mu mikutu gya gavumenti. Obukooti buno, busobola okukuuma eddembe eriva eri bonna nga buwagidde okulwana. Kyokka, busalawo okusobola okweyimirizaawo mu mikono gy'ensi ya munnaakyewa, era nga busobola okugaana okukola ku nsonga za by'obufuzi. Ekiragiro kya International Law Commission’s Deraption on Diplomatic Protection (2006) kisembawawa amagezi agawawawawa obusobozi obw'okukolako enkola ey'okukukuuma, naddala bwe kiba nga kikozeseddwa, naye nga tewali nsonga ya maanyi.
Eggwanga Eryirabiddwa n'Erya Waiver
Eggwanga ezimu zitaddewo endagaano ezikyusa emitindo egikwata ku kukuuma eddembe ly'obuntu. Olukuŋŋaana olw'Amawanga Amagatte ku Jurisdical Immunion of the Formagement[[FL:1] [2004]), naye nga terunnaba kukakatawa, luzingiramu okukola ekintu eky'enkola ekyetaagibwa mu katundu k'ekibiina 10, naye nga lwa njawulo nnyo oluvanyuma lw'okumenya amateeka gaakyo, oluvanyuma okukireetera enjawukana ez'amaanyi mu mawanga okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu ne mu kuzzawo obukyamu. Kino kiraga nti abantu bangi bakyagalattira ku nsonga ezirebwa bannaabwe.
Engeri endala ez’Okukozesa Ennyo
Nga tebakwatiddwako nsawo za kkooti z'amateeka, amawanga agamu gataddewo essubi olw'okuyisa obulungi emirimu gy'enkola ez'okumenya amateeka. Foundation "Rembrance, Treasurence ne Fuver" mu biseera by'Abanazi, ebitegeeza nti singa tewaaliwo lukumbo lwa gavumenti ez'enjawulo, tewaaliwo nteekateeka za gavumenti. Italy yateekawo ssente eziwa abanyaze bannayo okusobola okusasula abanyaze nga bannaatirizibwamu ebikolobero by'Abanazi oluvannyuma lw'okugaafuga mu Juristigation Immulitan I. Enkola zino ziyinza okulaga nti enteekateeka zaayo zisobola okubeerawo awatali mu magye, era singa tezikola bulungi.
Okusoomoozebwa kw’Ebirowoozo eby’Omu Kiseera Kino
Etteeka erikwata ku bufuzi n’eddembe ly’abantu teriyinza kugonjoolebwa.
Ekyakwanjulira ekikolebwako ate nga kikola ku nkalala eza Tarrorsism
Post-9/11 Kibuulidde obwannakyemalira. Gavumenti Agattist Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) (2016) ekkiriza ebiteeso eby'okulwanyisa ebya bannalukalala okuva mu mawanga agatali gamu ebyaliwo mu Amerika, nga b'obuyinza obuteefuga mu mbeera ezimu. Ekiragiro kino kyaleetawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi, ne gavumenti z'amawanga ne ziragira nti kijja kutabangula enkolagana wakati w'amawanga era n'obufuzi bw'omulembe. Saudi Arabiya yasikirizibwa mu ntalo nnyingi wansi w'obulumbaganyi bwa JATA ebwe. Ekangasse bino bireetawo ebibuuzo ku nsonga ezikwata ku n'obuteeteeka n'obutebe bwa kkooti z'amateeka mu kutegeeza abafuzi b'eggwanga.
Obuvunaanyizibwa n’Obunyiikivu
Entegeka z'abantu zeeyongera okunenyezebwa nti ziwangudde oba ziganyuddwa okuva ku nkola y'eby'enyonoomu ntegeka. Doe v. UNT (mabanga 2002] mu United States ne ]Vendantantans plc v. Lunter[[FLT]]] [2029] mu United Kingdom yateekawo nti kampuni eziwandikibwa ziyinza okubaako obuvunaanyizibwa eri abantu kinnoomu ebizikwatakosebwa olw'okumenya eddembe ly'obuntu nga zimenyesezza eddembe lyabwe. Wadde nga bino tebiwakanya butereevu entegeka za bannabizineesi mu magye. Okukula kw'amateeka g'abantu ab'omu Bulaayaayaayaaya, kiyinza okusobozesa bannakyeeko mu ngeri ey'okwewala mu mateeka amangi agagobeego mu Bulaayaaya.
Obumu bw’Abakungu ba Gavumenti n’Abakulembeze b’Eggwanga
Ekibuuzo ekikikwatako kyokka eky'enjawulo kikwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti, nga kikwata ku abo abakiikirirwa.[1] Abakulu b'eggwanga n'abakungu abagwira baakirinako endowooza nti abakungu ba gavumenti n'abamenyi b'amateeka n'ab'amateeka. ICJ mu Arrest Warrantrantrantrant (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Bubirigi)[[FLT1][2002] [bakkiriza nti abaami b'amawanga ab'amawanga bakkirizibwa mu n'okutuuti n'okutuuti z'abamenyi b'amateeka mu kkooti z'amawanga, era ne mu kuvunaanawawawa obukyamu olw'entalo. Kyokka, omusango gwava mu kkooti y'ensi enkulu mu South Africa yakkiriza obujulizi. Kkoolf Blaafumo kya BBvumidde mu kkooti z'amateeka ez'omuyaga okusobola okuwangula okuwangula okuwangula. Kkomera lya Bulansi ya Bumenti y'eggwanga mu bukulembeze w'eggwanga lya Bukiikasenyumafu.
Obusosoze mu Bitundu
Eddembe ly’omuntu okuggyako okulwanyisa obwetwaze, lyeyongedde mu ngeri ez’enjawulo mu bitundu ebitali bimu, nga lyoleka obulombolombo bw’amateeka obw’enjawulo, ebyokulabirako eby’ebyafaayo, n’embeera endala ezikwata ku by’obufuzi.
Bulaaya: Ennyumba Erimu Enjawukana
Eggwanga lya Bulaaya lyagabanyiziddwa ku bantu abanyweredde ku mateeka ageetaagibwa mu Bulaaya (Germany, United Kingdom) ne ku abo abakkirizibwa okusala obuwangwa (Italy, Buyonaani, ate ne, mu ngeri entono, Poland ne Slovenia). Europe Union teyogera butereevu ku ntegeka ezikwata ku bantu, ne kileka amawanga okuyisa ekitundu kino nga gayisa amateeka g'eggwanga n'okunnyonnyola ennyinyonyi. Olukiiko lw'e Bulaaya olw'e Bulaaya ku State Immunity (1972) teruwalina buyinza ku ddembe lya bantu, wadde nga Kkooti za Bulaaya ekola emitindo gy'ennongoofu ku ddembe z'okwa okulwanirira eddembe ly'ofugibwa.
Amerika ow’Omu Mambuka: Tewaaliwo Kiteeso Ki ku Bufuzi n’Etteeka Eryali Likwata ku Bukiika Kkono
Amerika ne Canada byongedde ku bukuumi bw'eby'obutujju okuyitira mu mateeka agafuga abawagizi ba ba bannalukalala. Omusango gwa Canada oguyitibwa Immuny Act gwalongoosebwa mu 2012 gusobozesa abo abaagwawo obutujju okubugunjuzi okubuwandiisa mu by'obutujju. Amawanga gombi gakuumye enkola y'okukugira obulyi bw'eby'obufuzi okutaawula ku ddembe ly'abantu mu kifo ky'okuteekawo enkola y'okusala emisango gya kkooti. Ekkomera lino liba lissawo: kkooti zigondera gavumenti ku nsonga ezisinga obungi ezikwata ku nkola za bannaakyewa.
Asiya ne Afirika: Ekintu Ekigatta
Kkooti mu Asiya ne Afirika zitandika okubuuza ebibuuzo bino, nga bikubirizibwa n'enkola z'amateeka mu nsi yonna. Kkooti y'omu South Africa ey'omu bukiikaddyo bwa South Africa, era nga zigoberera amateeka ga Republic of South Africa v. Von Abon (20202), zitegeera nti amateeka aga bulijjo mu nsi yonna ageefuga emitindo gy'obusobozi gayinza okukkirizibwa okugonjoola obuvunaanyizibwa bw'abantu. Kyokka, kkooti zino ziresezza ekkooti y'enkokkokko asingira empanvu mu . Azadi Bakaolaolaolalan[[2001] [[2003]], era zikkiriza obuyinza obw'enjawulo mu ku ddembe ery'enjawulo mu bantu okuleetawo entegeka entegeka ez'enjawulo mu ku ddembe ery'okufuga, era eriyinza okugyeeyoleka ku n'okulabula ku n'enna ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezibaliraakula mu nsi yonna.
fundikira
Enjigiriza egamba nti abantu tebasobola kwefuga bokka ekyuse nnyo. Engabo eyali ennungi ennyo kati efuuse enkuumi, eyinza okutwalibwa ng’ekintu eky'amaanyi, era eremeddwa okukolebwa olw’amateeka, endagaano n'ensonga z'amateeka.
Ekiragiro ICJ's ekisaliddwawo mu Juristional Imminion (Germany v. Italy) kyalaga nti tewaaliwo kusalawo kwa ddembe lya bantu wansi w'amateeka aga bulijjo mu nsi yonna. Kyokka, okusala omusango tewabadde kweyoleka kusoboka nti gavumenti ziyinza okuzikkiriza, okuyitira mu ndagaano oba amateeka g'ensi, okuleetawo enjereere. Okusalawo okwo tekuyimiriza ku ku mboozi eziragiddwawo: eddembe ly'obuntu lyeyongera okunnyiikiriza okumenya amateeka agafuga. Enkiiko za Kakiiko za Kakiiko akafuzi z'ebwenga zikola ng'obuteeteeka mu mateeka ag'obusosoze obw'amaanyi mu nsi yonna.
Abalaguzi n'abalabirizi bagoberera enkola eno nga bategeera bulungi etteeka eririna okugobererwa mu buli ggwanga. Ekibuuzo kiri nti, si nateerowoozo kikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu erikwata ku bufuzi obwaw'okufuga obwa nnawookeera. Ekibuuzo kiri nti, eky'okuddamu kiri nti, okugattika emitindo gy'obufuzi ebirina okugattibwa awamu n'ensonga ez'enjawulo ezizingirwamu, era n'ensonga z'ebyobufuzi eby'omu mateeka byeyongera okusinziirwako nga obutuufu, obuwandike obuppya n'enkola empya ez'ebyobufuzi.
Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku nkyukakyuka ekwata ku kwetongola kw'empaka n'entegeka z'abantu, laba Juridictalition Immunion of the State (Germany v. Italy) Omusango, ] , endagaano ekwata ku kuteebwa kwa nnamba ey'enkwaso , entegeka za Amereka ez'enjawulo [[[FLT:]] ne k'okunoonyereza okuva mu mateeka ag'ensi yonna [[FLT]].