Eggulo: Ekitongole Ekikola ku Mateeka Kiyitibwa Constitution Bridge Hagati w’Eggwanga n’Eby’Obufuzi

Enkolagana wakati w'okugatta n'okussaawo entegeka enkulu esinziirwako etteeka ekkulu mu Amerika ey'omu kiseera kino. Ekiragiro kino kiwa ekibuuzo ekikulu: kaweefube kiwa gavumenti z'ensi eyo ziteekeddwa kukugira gavumenti z'ensi yokka.[1] Era kikugira gavumenti z'ensi za gavumenti zinnazo okuzigatta awamu. Mu nzikiriza y'enjigiriza eyo, Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika egaziye nnyo, naye teri byonna, eby'obukuumi obwo bibadde bisinziira ku mateeka ga gavumenti nga gayisa kkopi. Enkola eno ereeseteeso y'eddembe lya buli muntu kinnoomu, era ereeseteeteeka wansi w'obusobozi bw'ennene obukwata ku ddembe mu buli mutendera. Okutegeera engeri okugatta n'ensonga gye kikwetaagisa okutunula mu nnyiriri ez'ebyafaayo, n'okusala emisango mu by'okusala emisango, n'okuwakanya ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku ddembe.

Enjigiriza y’Ebyafaayo: Nga Tewannabaawo Kikontana

Etteeka Ekwata ku Ddembe Lyatandika Okutegeerekeka

Bill of Rights bwe yakkirizibwa mu 1791, kyategeerekeka bulungi nti gavumenti empya yokka ye yokka ekkirizibwa. Kkooti enkulu yakakasa ennyinnyonnyola eno mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), nga yeesigama nti okuteebwa kw'Etteeka ery'Olwa ext5 tekukkiriza kuteeka mu mateeka ga gavumenti oba gavumenti ez'omu kitundu. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yagamba nti Bill of Rights yalina enkcustoo.

Enzijigiriza z’Olutalo Oluvannyuma

Okugattibwa kwa d [12,1] ku k'ekkumi n'ena, era ne 15 okugattika mu nkola za Ssematalo w'omunda kwakyusa nnyo omulembe. Entegeka ya Ineth Amendment, eyakkirizibwa mu 1868, yazingiramu n'ennukuta zino enkulu: Prilégegeges oba Immunonices[FULT][FLT][FL] oba Immuspozirences [[FLT]s', [[FLT], ekigendererwa kya Clauscession [[FLT] oba IFLT] oba ekiteeyambiddwa mu ngeri endala ey'okukulembedde mu kkooti enkambi, ekya waggulu. Waddewo n'okukukuuma eddembe eri Afirika, olulimi olupya olw'ensukko. Ennamba eya It'enkola yalabika ng'okuyisa ebitongole ebya bulijjo mu ngeri ey'envumbo: [F][3]

Enjigiriza ey’Okulonda: Endagaano zonna awamu

Empandiika y'Ekibiina: Embulanjula N'Ebitundu Ebisinga Obutono

Enjigiriza ey'ekika kino yatandika mpolampola okuyitira mu kutandika kw'ekyasa ekya 20. Kkooti eyo yatandika okulonda enkola ey'okukwataganya n'empaka ez'enjawulo mu ngeri ey'okukwata ekifo kino, era yeekenneenya buli mulundi mu Bikolwa bya Ddeembe eza Kiteegi kinnoomu n'okukakasa obanga kyali “olw'ensonga ez' Amereka ez'ensonga” era bwe kityo n'etuuka ku masaza. Enkola eno yakkiriza Kkooti okugaziya obukuumi mu n'obudde, nga yeesigama ku ndowooza ya [[FLT], [[FL:]][FOFFO]]] [FLT]], ewayitiddwawo mu lukalala oluvanyuma lw'ensonga. [FLT][4][5][5][5][3][5][3]

Okugattika Awatali Kusinza n’Okwagala Omulamuzi Omulaluuni

Enkola endala, mu buli katandikwamu, yalwanirizibwa Omulamuzi Hugo Black. Yagamba nti Kkooti y'entegeka ey'oku Amereka ey'e 14 oba Immunions Claus yali ya kussaawo nteekateeka ya Kibiina ey'Eddembe ly'Eddembe erizi ez'okukwata ku gavumenti. Endowooza ya Baikalubi teyafuga bantu bangi, naye okugattira ku n'okukolagana bye yazzawo ebyaddirira. Kkooti pakupedzisira Kkooti egaana okutongoza n'okutongozaamu, n'okutongozaamu obutundutundutundu obusatulwamu ng'enkola eyo. Kyokka, enkambi, eyoleka obukaanyinyiri wakati w'enkola y'enkola y'enkola yandikiro.

Emisango Emikulu mu Lugendo Olugenda Okugobererwa

Okuteebwa kw’Embeera Entegeke Obulungi Okusooka: Bapayoniya

[[FLT:] Okuteekebwawo kwa busobozi bw'okuwerezaako okw'okusooka kwatandika n'okutegeeza Getlow v. New York (1925). Gitlow[, kkooti yatandika okukkiriza nti Free Speed Claus of the First Conformation Applicalement ekolera ku mampuliziganya g'Emitee mu , wadde ng'enkyukakyuka y'omuwaze yateekebwa ku nsonga endala. Ekiragiro ekyo kyaggulawo oluggi olwawo ku nsonga eziddako: [[FLLT:] v[FLD][5] (19]) mu kugigirowonna w'ebiteesiteesi bino.[FF]

Eddembe ly’Omumenyi w’amateeka: Kkooti y’e Warren Era

Kkooti ya Warren yafunukula enkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu matwale ga gavumenti, era n'ekyusa engeri gye bakwatamu amateeka. Omusango ogumenyese mu mateeka guzingiramu:

  • [[NKULA]] Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – kyagattanga etteeka ery'okuna ery'okwekutulako, nga kisobozesa okufuna obujulizi nga tunoonya ebiteeso oba nga tugwakaguka.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Gideon v. Wainwright[[FULT:1] (1963) – Yagattako eddembe ery'okuwerezaako ery'okunaawereza ku kubuulirira bwe kwabanga kugudde ku nsonga.
  • [[NKULULA] Mira v (1966) – Nga kyagattako enkizo ey'okukyusizaamu ey'okutaano okuggyako gye kiva nga kifuga obubaka obwabanga bubuuzibwa ebibuuzo, nga kino kyetaagisa okuwa ekiragiro kati ekiriko n'akaddanyuma, nga “okulabula kwa Manda.”
  • [[NKULULA] Div. Louisiana (1968) – kyagattaamu eddembe ery'omukaaga ery'okuwozesa omusango mu misango eminene egyabanga gibasaliddwa abamenyi b'amateeka.

Ensala eno yakakasa nti abawaabirwa baweebwa obukuumi ng’abawayirizibwa mu gavumenti, era ng’enkyukakyuka eyo ekyakola ennyo mu nkola ya poliisi ne mu kkooti z’Abamerika.

Ebirala Ebyali Bigattiddwako Enkizo

Nga wayiseewo enteekateeka ey'okuwerezaako okugattika era n'okusala emisango, kkooti eno yeegattako enteekateeka endala. Eddembe ly'okunaana ery'okukwata n'okusitukulamu emikono lyagattibwa mu Mcdonald v. Ekibuga ky'Chicago[ (2010]), ekikutte mu lukalala lwa . Heller [[FLT:]] [2006]] [2008]] mu ggwanga n'ekirala kyassibwamu ekibonerezo. Ekikolwa kya Claunik'okusityhala ekya taano kyateekebwa mu [FLT:], Burton & lamp; . Ekiragiro ekibuga Chicago.[FLD [FF][97] Kimu eky'ekkumi eky'omuna] Kirembembe kyawereembe kya [Expet] mu ngeri ey'obukambwe: [Foki)[Fok).[36]

Entegeka Embi Etagattiddwako: Ebweru

Tekiri nti buli kibiina kya Kibiina kya ntegeka zik'eddembe kigattiddwa. Ekitongole kino tekikkirizibwa kumala gakkiriza lukalala lwa disitulikiti. Kkooti emu ey'eggwanga yagamba nti kyali kikulu nnyo okuyisa mu kkooti eyo. Kkooti eno bw'eti ewamu, emmeeri ey'okutaano esobola okutongoza etteeka lya gavumenti. Kkooti eno esalawo obanga eddembe ery'okutaano ery'okusala omusango liba lyasingiddwa mu ngeri endala. [[FLD] der[FL], '/[FL][12]

Engeri y’Okutegeka

Eddembe ly’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga Lidda ku Lyabwe

Okukyokana kulina akakwate n'enjigiriza ey'enjawulo ey'ekika kya mu nkola ey'ekikwate. Okugatta kukwataganya kubaamu n'enkwaso ez'enjawulo okuva ku Bill of Rights okutuuka ku ggwanga. Entegeka ebulako, enkola ekyetaagisa ekkiriza eddembe ek'enkomeredde eritakuumibwa ne kikuumibwa n'ekyamakulu ageetak'omulimu gwa Claus. Ennaku ez'omuseera zino zizingiramu eddembe ng'okufumbiriganwa, enkolagana ey'ab'omu maka, okuzaala. [FLT:] Gristold v. Connecticut[F:] [FL:] [65]), Kkootikko, era n'ewatongozesebwa obwa ddyo obwa ddyo mu ku nsonga ez'obutuufu ez'omuna ezandiro. Kyokka, obugerekebereberse mu ku ku kusalawo okusukka mu munaana okwetooloola emyaka munaana, ekyo kiragira mu ku lukalala. Mute, mu kubaamu ebisabiromenti eyakolebwako ekyo ekitegeke ebimenyeddwa mu ngeri y'enkola enfu

Engeri y'Okutegeka n'Okuyongezaamu Ebiba bigobererwa

Abakuguwaanyanga bagamba nti enkola ey'okugatta abalamuzi awamu n'okuteekawo amateeka agabeetaagisibwa, kiwa amagezi mangi okusobola okutandikawo eddembe erippya oba okugaziya eddonde erisingako amakulu gaabwe. Abanoonyereza ku njigiriza ez'edda, gamba nga Sayuunice Antonin Scalia eyasembayo, baagamba nti okugattaamu eddembe eririna okukkirizibwa mu byafaayo byonna okukkirizibwa mu kiseera eky'edda, mu kiseera eky'okuzzaawo Amereka ak'okubiri mu mateeka. Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas akkirizza eky'okuzzaamu enkimu ez'enkizo oba Immunionsus Classione ng'omusingi omuwandikiro ogw'okukusiikusiddwa mu mpandiike obutuufu obw'okukusiikiriza eddembe ery'okukusiisibwa ebbya eddembe ery'okukusiisibwa mu mateeka.

Endowooza z’Eddembe Ekkulu: Endowooza n’Eby’Okulwana Obubi

Okussaawo Olugoye lw’Ekibiina Okukuuma Obukuumi

Ekimu ku bibaddena kye ky'okutandikawo ekiteeso eky'enkola eya kwe kuteekawo omutindo ogusinga okuba ogwa wansi mu nsi yonna ku bufunyi obukulu obwa bulijjo. Nga tewannabaawo kuyingizibwa, omuntu ayinza okugaana okukkirizibwa okwogera mu ggwanga erimu ng'asanyukira mulala. Leero, Amereka agasooka gawa eddembe ek'enkizo ne gatakkirizibwa mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu ngeri y'emu, Amereka tewali muntu yenna akakasibwa kuyimirira kusinziira ku ku kuwerezebwa kwonna okuggyako nga waliwo munnamateeka. Kino kinyweza etteeka eririna obuddembega ku Amereka okuziganya ebiva mu Amereka.

Obukyayi mu Kugaba n’Obufuzi bw’Omu Nsi

Mu kiseera kye kimu, okugattika ekisinziirwako, kukendeezezza obusobozi bw'amasaza okugezaako okusala emisango n'okuleetawo eddembe lya bantu. Abavumirira enkola enzivuunvuunvu bagamba nti ereetera gavumenti okufeebya gavumenti okwetongoza obwetwaze obw'okugoberera emitindo gy'omu kitundu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ezimu zaakkiriza okunoonyereza okukkirizibwa mu mbali ezimu nti oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yagaana. Okussaawo emitindo egikwata ku ddembe ly'obwannannyini n'okussa ekitiibwa ky'obufuzi kya gavumenti kisigala nga kye kinneeggumizza nnyo mu mateeka.

Ebibuuzo Ebiteeberezebwa mu Kiseera Kino

Okutongoza okw’Okubiri n’Obwannannyini obw’Okutambula n’Emikono

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nti etteeka ery'okunaalyo eryamenyesebwa lirina kukolebwa ku mcDonald v. Ekibuga ky'e Chicago mu mwaka gwa 2010]. Ekiragiro kino kyaleetawo enkyuuka empya ezikwata ku ddembe ly'emmundu. Ekiragiro mu bibuga ne mu bitundu ebirala kisalawo nti amateeka ag'ebyokulwanyisa eby'omulembe guno gasobola okusinziirwako nga ate nga ge gago ago agafuga amateeka g'ensi. Kkooti za b'ebitundu bya ne kiba nga buli kika kya kubuuza ku mateeka agamu agakkirizibwa oluvannyuma lw'okugayingira. Ekitongole ekyo kiraga nti okugattibwa kw'emmu tekukkiriza kufuga bokka oba kugattiddwamu.

Endowooza z’Obwannannyini ku Mikutu gya Disitulikiti n’Ekyokulabirako Eky’Okuna

Enkulaakulana mu bya tekinologiya ereetebwawo ebibuuzo ebirala ebiba biyisiddwa. Bwe kiba nti omukutu ogw'okuna ogw'okutaano gulina okukuumibwa ku kunoonyereza okw'ekika kya Amereka, kiwandikiddwa bulungi mu nsi, engeri gye gukozesebwamu ku mikutu gya kompyuta. Nga koodi y'amasimu, empandiika za kompyuta, ne Intaneti nga zinoonya ebyafaayo ebya bulijjo. Kkooti enkulu esalawo mu Carmeter v. United States [208], ekigamba nti gavumenti okusobola okuzuula obubaka obuzingirwa mu kifo ekirimu mu nsaze obwakolerwamu, ebizimbiddwa ku misingi egy'okutegeka ebikolerwamu mu kifo eky'okugattaamu eky'Ekkumina naye nga teggyibwamu. Kyokka, ebigenda okunoonyereza ekijja kiyinza okulaga obanga enjigiriza ezigibwawo kye bisobola okubaamu ebiba nga bisusse bulungi.

Engoye Ezaaleetera Abafumbo Okufiirwa Eddembe Lye Banvuma n’Ekiruubirirwa Ekkulu eky’Obwannannyini

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, ekisaanyizo kya ssembripment eky'abalamuzi eky'okutaano ekyetaagisibwa mu ngeri endala, empewo n'ebirala biyinza okukozesebwa mu ngeri endala.Mu ngeri y'emu, etteeka erikwata ku balamuzi terikkiriza gavumenti kutongoza kkooti z'eggwanga. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti okusoosa kuno kuleetawo enkola ey'obwenkanya ey'emirundi ebiri, abawaayiriziddwa gye bakuumibwa mu bukuumi obw'amaanyi naye nga gavumenti tewalina bukuumi. Kkooti eyo eyinza kutongozebwa ku ddembe lino temanyiddwa bulungi, nga liweereddwa endowooza eya bulijjo ey'okugoberera enkola ya gavumenti.

Oluwumbayi: Enjigiriza Ennungi Ekwata ku Ggwanga Ekyukakyuka

Enkolagana wakati w'okugatta n'okussaawo eddembe ekkulu teri mu byafaayo oba nga n'eky'okugonjoolwa ddala. Okuva ku kusalawo okw'edda mu Barron v. Baltimore okutuuka ku nsonga ez'omu kiseera kino McDranded[[[FLLT:3]] era ne ku birala ebirala, Kkooti Ekulu ekozesezza Entegeka ya Entegeka ya Enfunze mu Nfunze okukomyawo kisobozesa kkopi y'enkola eya GPlainformation okutuukiriza obweyamo bw'eggwanga eri omuntu kinnoomu. Enkola eno ekkiriza Kkomyungi ey'enkola ya Bill oba entegeka empya, ereetaaze n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola mu mateeka. Ku nsonga zaayo, okubaamu enzikiriza ya mu n'eyo, okukkiriza nti eddembe erimu zirina eziteekwa okukwekeeta, oba okubuuka mu n'enkola empya. Ek'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma, kebera obungi bw'obubonero obwa ' Getlow v. New York era ne Mapp v. Ohio ku Oyez, Cornell Information Institute officision [[FLT:]] inficity , ne ku kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezitagibwa mu nkola ey'ekiragiro [[FT:6]]