Table of Contents
Ekiwandiiko ekigamba nti “abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkanankana” kyawukana nnyo ku buddu obwateekebwawo, okujooza abantu mu ggwanga, era n'obuzibu obw'omu mateeka obureeteddwa abakazi ne bannannyini Amerika. Mu byasa ebisukka mu bibiri, enkaka z'eby'enkalu, n'enkalo ezigobererwa mu mateeka, n'enjawukana eziva ku mateeka, enjawukana ez'enfuga n'ez'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, ze zigenda zigenda zikula mpolampola, era nga zicaase ekisuubizo ekyo kituuse ku bantu bangi. Ekitundu kino kikwata ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku kwenkanankanankana wakati w'Amerika, okuva ku bbuyinza okuvaamu okukubaganye okw'empakaago okw'ekyasa eky'omu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri mulamba ekyasooka.
Ebiwandiiko eby’Omusingi n’Enkomerero Zaabyo
Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze n’Etteeka ly’Olubiina
Ekiwandiiko ekikakasa nti eggwanga lino lyalina eddembe ly'envuma (1877) kyateeka omusingi omupya ogw'ensi yonna okusobola okukola ku ddembe ery'omu butonde okutuusa mu 1808. Ekiragiro kya Amereka ekyakkirizibwa mu 1788, kyatandikawo enteekateeka ewandikiddwawo abantu abaddu era nga baateekebwako obuddu nga bitundu bisatu mu ddembe ery'okuva mu buddu okutuusa mu mwaka gwa 1808. Etteeka erya Bill of Rights (1791) lyakuuma eddembe erya buli muntu ne liba nga limuwandiikiddwawo mu ngeri esaanira, era nga buno obuddu obwo bwalina okubukozesa mu ku gavumenti y'ensi emu yokka so si ku kusosola ggwanga oba ku nsi. Ekyavaamu, enteekateeka y'amateeka yaleka abantu abali ebwerundabiriraafu mu kibiina eky'obukuumi obw'enkanankanankanankana.
Ebizibu Ebyasooka n’Obuteeberezebwa bw’Obukugu
Mu matandika g'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'ecenda, gavumenti zaakuuma ebisaanyizo eby'eby'obugagga eby'okulonda, era ne zigaana abakazi okubeera n'ebifo, era n'empandika ezigobererwa abaddu abaagaananga abantu abaddu ab'omu mateeka. Kkooti enkulu ya 'FLT'] Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857]) yanyweza ekifo kino nga efuga nti abantu ba mu Afirika tebayinza kuba bantu ba ggwanga lya U.S.
Entegeka ey’Okuzza Obuggya: Enkyukakyuka mu Kiwandiiko ky’Amateeka
Omutemu ogw’Akasatu
Wadde nga kino kyali kikolwa kya maanyi, olulimi lwayo lwakkiriza okukozesebwa obwetwaze “ng’ekibonerezo ku nsonga ez'amateeka,” enteekateeka oluvannyuma eyakozesebwa mu kusiba ebinywi by'amateeka era n'okusiba abantu ku kkomera.
Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Okukuumibwa n’Engeri Esaanira
Ekiweerwa eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'okuwereza (1868) kye kikakasiza ddala okusooka okwawukana mu mateeka. Enzikkiriza yaayo eyinza okugaana gavumenti okugaana “omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwe okukuuma amateeka.” Kyokka, abatereezezza amateeka baalina endowooza ntono ku ekyo “obukuumi obwa bulijjo” kye kyali kitegeeza. Akakiiko ke kamu ku abo abaayisa enzijjuvu era kakkiriza gavumenti ez'ebukiikaddyo okuteekawo amateeka ga Black Slack Lesssss . [FLT:] era [FLT:]
Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Etaano n’Okulwanirira Eddembe ly’Okwesalirawo
Mu kusalawo okulonda, kyagaana obusosoze mu langi, naye gavumenti yabuziyiza okuyitira mu kunoonyereza ku kunoonyereza okulonda abantu nga basoma, okusasula emisolo, ne mu bikolwa eby’obukambwe.
Okwawulibwawo Naye Kyenkanankana: Okusalira Omusango Obusosoze
[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] v. Ferguson[AK'AWULA] era n'okuzuukuka kwa Jim Crow
Kkooti enkulu ya 1896 bwe yasalawo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo mu n'enjigiriza eyo, Ferguson yawagira obusosoze mu langi wansi wa “teefaananyirizo”. Ebigambo ebyatongoza enkola ey'okussa obusosoze mu buli mbeera y'obulamu. Emyaka omukaaga egyaddako, amateeka agasomerera mu ntambula ne mu bitundu ebirala ebya Jim Crow mu ntambula, eby'enjigiriza, amayumba, n'ebifo ebya lukale ebya lukale. Mu kiseera ekyo, bannannamenti ba Amerika baakakasibwa obusosoze mu buli kika ne Dawes Act, ebiva mu bitundu eby'ebiti. Abakazi baasulwa mu masaza ne mu magye, n'enjigiriza ez'omu mateeka ez'omu mateeka, n'eby’abakyala abafumbo abafumbo.
Olutalo Oluwanvu olw’Okumenya amateeka n’Ekyokulabirako kya Bannaggwanga
Etteeka ly’Abakazi Ekkulu Erya 19
Enteekateeka y'abakazi ey'okunaabira abakyala, era ng'etandikibwawo ku lukuŋŋaana lw'Abalabunda olwasooka (11848), yatuuka ku buwanguzi bwa mateeka n'empuliziganya y'amateeka mu 1920, eyagaana okugaana okukuba obululu olw'okwetaba. Kyokka, okutereeza tekwamala buteeberezebwa ku bakazi bonna. Abakazi abaddugavu mu bukiika ddyo beeyongera okwolekagana n'enjereere nga abasajja Abaddugavu bwe baakirizibwa, okusasula emisolo, n'okukakanyaza (okutuusa ku Kkokkoyiro Eddressbon'ekirwade mu 1965). Abakazi ab'eggwanga (naanamu n'abasajja) tebakkirizibwa kubeera batuuze mu Butuuze okutuusa mu 1924, era oluvannyuma amawanga mangi geeyongera okuwandiika ebigezo okuva mu ku ku kulonda z'obunvunjanjaanyi okutuusa mu kyasa ekyakati.
Obusobozi bw'Emisango obw'Amakumi Abiri Obusookeddewo
Ekitongole kya National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP) kyatandikawo enkola mu by'amateeka okukomya okusoosa okuggya envalkufu mu bitundu ebya bulijjo. Mu Suweatt v. Painter[ (1950) ne MC]Laurin v. State Regents[[FLT]] [1950]), kkooti enkulu yatandika okubuutikiramu enjigiriza eyo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo nga enoonyezaamu ebintu ebiteetategeerekeka. Bino bikireetera okumanyisa obuyigirize obwa waggulu okubaamu okweyawulawo.
Ekyasa eky'Ekkumi n’Ebirimu: Ekyawuka kyagwa olw'okuba ekyenkanankana
[[Akawayiro:0][Akawulubu' v.Gooti ey'Essomero[[[KITANDIKWA] [1954]
Mu 'Brown v'. Akakiiko ak'Essomero, kkooti yalangirira nti okweyawula mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti kwamenya emitindo gya Claus Claus. Omukulu w' Judgerren yakiggumiza nti ebifo eby'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo tebyali bya bukulu. Ebbeeyi n'obusosoze obwali buvuddemu Platry [[FLLT:3]] mu nsonga ezikwata ku by'enjigiriza era ne kireetawo olukulembedde “okwesamba okuwakanya obwa bufuzi. Okukugibwa kwa bannabya mu nsonga z'eby'eby'obufuzi, okusiibya obutongole okusiiga ssente okuva mu masomero ga gavumenti.
Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omukaaga 1964
Ekiragiro kino kyali tekikkirizibwa olw'okusosola abantu mu langi, langi, eddiini, okwetaba, oba ebweru w'eggwanga mu mirimu, mu bifo ebya lukale, ne programu eziweebwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro VII eky'ekikolwa ekyo kyaleetawo ekitongole ekikola ku mulimu era kyawa abasososolwa ku mirimu. Okuteekebwamu “Ssex” mu mutwe VII kye kimu ku ebyongerezeddwako obusajja obwasembayo, naye oluvannyuma kyafuuka ekisinziirwako okulamula okw'obwenkanankana wakati w'abasajja, nga mw'otwalidde n'okwewombejja ebiwandibwa obululu n'okukwatibwa ebboggolebwa.
Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu eryayisibwa mu 1965
Oluvannyuma lwa “Sande nga” okulumba abakungubazi mu Selma, Alabama, Congress yayisa Omusango ogwalagira abantu obutasoma kusoma na kulonda. Kino kyakwetaagisanga obusosoze mu ngeri endala n'okunoonyereza okusobola okufuna oludda olumu okusobola okulonda nga tebannakyusa mateeka ga kulonda. Ekiragiro kino kyagootaanya nnyo mu kulonda abaddugavu aba langi abangi mu bukiika ddyo. Oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yagootaanya enkola ya Precillance mu [FL:0] Shelby County v. Harer[FLD:][2013], naye ekiragiro eky'okulonda enjjulukuuti kyali kikulu nnyo mu ku langi ez'okulonda.
Enteekateeka y’Okusulamu mu 1968
Oluvannyuma lw'okutemulwa kwa Martin Luther King Jr., olukalala lw'eby'obusuubuzi lwagaana obusosoze mu kutunda, okupangisa, n'okusasula amayumba agava mu langi, eddiini, amawanga, n'oluvannyuma, eby'okwetaba, obulema, n'ekifo eky'omu nviiri. Wadde nga kino kiri mu mateeka, abantu bakyava ku busosoze obw'edda n'okusosola okw'ensi.
Okugabana kw’Abantu mu Kitundu Ekisingiridde: Essente Ezaawulamu z’Abalala Zivaamu Eddembe Erya Nnamaddala
Ekitiibwa IX n’Enjigiriza ez’Enjawulo
Omutwe IX ku kitongole ekikola ku by'enjigiriza ekya 1972 kyagaana okusosolwa mu nteekateeka yonna ey'eby'enjigiriza eya kampuni mu by'enjigiriza.Wadde nga mu kusooka kyali kitwalibwa ng'omutendera ogw'okukwata abaddusi mu by'emizannyo, okutulugunyizibwa, n'okusosolwa mu b'empaka z'abaddusi.
Omutemwa gw’Eddembe Egulina Okulongoosebwa n’Ebyago Ebiva mu Gyali
Ekitongole ekikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekyakubawo ekiwa obukakafu nti abantu benkanankana mu mateeka, kyayisa Congress mu 1972 naye ne kiwaalira ddala gavumenti ssatu mu kiseera ekigerekerwako. Enziso eyo yakomezebwawo mu myaka gya 1982. Enkyukakyuka eyo yakolebwa ne Nevada, Illinois, ne Virginia. Oluvannyuma lw'omwaka 2017, naye etteeka lyayo lyasigala likyawakanya. Awatali mateeka, kkooti zeeyongera okupima emitindo gy'ebifaananyi nga zeesigama ku by'okwetaba nga zisinziira ku mateeka ga mateeka.
Eddembe ly’Okuzaala n’Eky’Okuzaala
Mu [[NKK:0] Roe v. Wade [773]), kkooti enkulu yakkiriza amateeka agakkiriza okuggyamu etteeka wansi wa Centre Claus, erikwata butereevu ku buyinza bw'abakazi ku mibiri gyabwe n'ebyo bye basalawo mu bulamu. Okusalawo okwo kwali kuleetawo kyekwawulibwawo ku kwenkana kw'abasajja, wadde nga kwayolekagana n'okusoomooza okw'eby'obufuzi n'eby'amateeka. [[FLT:] [FLT]][2]
LGBTQ+ Eddembe ly’Okwesalirawo n’Okukulaakulana kw’Eby’Okwenkana n’Eby’Okukuumibwa
Okuva ku [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] [[KIRAGIRO] okutuuka ku [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]]
Kkooti enkulu yawaniriranga obusobozi bw'ebiragiro mu Ekiragiro kyagoosa obutuuti obwa " v. Hardwick (86]), naye enkola eyakyusiddwa mu Lawnce v. Texas[] [2003]], okukuba etteeka ng'okumenya amateeka agamenyebwa eddembe n'ebyeku munda.
Obufumbo obw'enyongeza ne [[AK'AWATANDIKWA:0]Obergefell v. hodges[[Akabonero:1]
Olukalala lwa kkooti za gavumenti ne gavumenti olwasemba okukoma ku Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), nga lugamba nti okukyusizaamu kwa kakumi n'ekitundu kikakasa nti omuntu n'abafumbo abali mu kakumi kakumi kataano bakkirizibwa okufumbiriganwa. Ekibuuzo kino kyakaleetebwawo nti “Okwagala okuwasa oba okufumbirwa" ddembe ery'okusinziirwako limu limu ntegeka y'omukwano gwe gumu ogw'okufumbiriganwa.
Obukuumi ku Mulimu Wansi w’Omutawaana VII
Mu Bostock v. Clayton County [2020], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti okusosolwa okusinziira ku ndowooza oba embeera gye kiba nayo mu by'okwetaba kye kika kya “lufugendo olw'okwetaba” mu mutwe gwa Theographin VII. Ekiragiro kino kyawagidde nnyo abantu okufuna obukuumi mu mulimu gw'ensi yonna era ne kibawa obulagirizi ku ngeri abasososokebwa gye basosolamu abantu ab'okwetaba.
Emirandira egy’Obusosoze egy’Omu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso
Obwenkanya mu Busosoze n’Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu mu Ngeri ez’Enjawulo
Ekiragiro kino kiwa obulagirizi ku ngeri y'okukwatamu obusosoze. Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Black Live Matter, ekyakolebwa Tratovon Martin, Michael Brown, George Floyd, n'ebirala bingi, kyesiigidde nnyo obusosoze mu langi mu kusalira abapoliisi, okusala emisango, n'okusibibwa mu kkomera. Ekikolwa ekisooka ekya 2018 kyakola enkyukakyuka ennungi okusobola okusalira gavumenti ekibonerezo, naye nga buno buzingiramu okugobererwa kw'amateeka agafuga enjaga, okusasula ssente, n'okukuuma obuddukirizi obunywevu. . Advoccacy arty in Policificact, nga mw'otwalidde ne George Flocracrac mu nkola y'etongole ekola enkyukakyuka.
Okuwa Eddembe mu Kyasa Ekya abiri Ekyasooka
Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti enkulu Shelby County okusalawo kwagonjooza enkola ey'okusasuza ebitongole ebyamantengo, e gavumenti eziwerako okuyisa etteeka ekyetaagisa nnamba ey'okulonda, okukendeeza obululu obwa kabanga butuuse ku ntandikwa zaabyo n'okulonda abalonde. Abakusambajja baagootaanya enkola eno baageza ku ngeri gye baakwatamu langi, ne gye baafunamu abavvuzi.
Etteeka Ery’Obugagga n’Eky’Okusosolagana
Wadde ng'Omutwe VII n'amateeka amalala agafuga enkola eno gakugira okusosola mu bugenderevu, “ekireetawo obuzibu obwangu obwa nnamaddala” kitegeeza nti `ekisoomooza eky'amaanyi ekireetawo akabi ku maaso ne kiba nti kikola bubi nnyo ku bibiina ebikuumibwa). Ssaawo ensonga esigala nga y'enkukanira ddala: abakazi ab' langi ze basasula olukunkumuli lw'ebifaananyi nga bagenda bakendeera mpolampola, nga bwe bakendeera, era nga bakendeera. The Lilly Led Beaner Fair Pay Act eya 2009 yannyonnyola nti buli musaala ogusasula gwa dissorference ezza ezzawo etteeka ek ekkomo, naye abakkirizisaawezza ensonga ze ziyinza okugobeezebwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi nga Pacheck Fairney Act.
Obunafu bw’Eddembe n’Okwefunibwa
Abamerika abalina ekizibu eky'okulema mu 1990 baakugira okusosola abantu abalina obulemu ku mirimu, aw'okusula, eby'entambula, n'eby'empuliziganya. Wadde nga ADA yakyusa amayumba n'amayumba g'emirimu, wakyaliwo ebisalo bingi nga mw'otadde n'obuyigirize obw'ebitundu eby'omulembe, era nga n'enkola za kompyuta zigobererwa. Kkooti enkulu tetera kutegeera bulungi biragiro bya ADA, era n'ebizisobyo ebiwerako bikyaliwo olw'okukugira abawandiisi okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukola.
Ebizingirwa mu Kusalawo n’Etteeka ly’Omuntu Ali Omwegasseako
Endowooza y'omuteegeenya w'eby'amateeka ekwata ku kukwataganya langi, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, n'ebiwandiiko ebirala biraga nti omuntu bw'afuna obusosoze obw'enjawulo, ekikula kye kimu. Amateeka agafugamu gakwata ku kwetaba n'okwetaba. N'obulema bwe bikosebwa abalwadde abafuna ebizibu eby'amaanyi. Kkooti ezimu zitandise okukitegeera nti “okwekutulamu" bye kuwandibwa naye nga tewakyali mu mateeka.
Ekirala: Omulimu Ogutaali gwa Kitundu
Endowooza nti abantu bonna okwenkanankana mu mateeka ga Amerika tekyetaagisa kukulaakulana mu ngeri ntuufu naye era teri lukalala lwa kuwangula mu ngeri ey'amaanyi, era nga lugobererwa n'okuziyizibwa, era n'enkyukakyuka empya. Okuva ku kumalibwawo k'obuddu mu nnukuta emu, era n'okumanyibwa kw'obufumbo obw'ekinnansi, buli kimu okubeetaagisibwa okw'enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okukuuma abantu, ennyinyonyi n'okunnyonnyola amateeka. Wadde nga okuteekawo enteekateeka z'amateeka tezimala kukkirizibwa: eddembe lya ERA teryetongozesebwa, okulonda oba eddembe eriri mu by'obugagga liba lyazziddwa buppya, era liba lyawula, liba lya n'ebbeeyagazaamu, era ne liba nga likyamanyibwa. Enteboonzijiri y'ensonga y'ensonga ez'ensonga, eyinza okukolebwa mu nsonga ez'okumanyibwa mu ez'okumanyibwa mu Amereka, eyinza okumanyibwa mu nsonga ez'okumanyibwa. Emerika, eyinza okumanyibwa mu nsonga, eyinza
[[NKULA] Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku nsonga enkulu ezikolebwa mu mateeka, laba Connell Information Institute ey'okulaga obutereevu obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo. Ebiwandiiko eby'edda ebikwata ku ku Amereka ak'ekkumi n'enaana ery'edda, kisobola okuva ku [[ National TTEREKEROW][]. Ekibuuzo eky'okuvPUPUP'okukuba ku nsonga ya cost [[FLT:]]