Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Bill of Rights (1791)

Ebisobozo bino ekkumi ebyasooka ku mateeka ga Amereka, ebimanyiddwa nga Bill of Rights, bikiikirira essirakiti erisookerwako ery'eddembe eri abantu okusobola okuwangula. Mu 1791, ebiteesebwawo bino byava ku kutereeza kw'enkaalo ez'enjawulo ezaaliwo mu mpaka z'okugattaamu eddiini. James Madison, mu kusooka yali abuusabuusa olukalala olwo, yasala enzivuziganya oluva ku mateeka ageesigamiziddwa ku gavumenti okusobola okuwangula. Ebiwandiiko eby'Olungereza ebyasooka nga Kirukajjesi kya Bungereza ekyategekebwa nga kinne wa Briaseera, obukuumi nga w'ekitongole ekiwandiikiikiikiikiikiikizo ekyaka nga w'amako geebbassss.

Baasaba Ekiwandiiko Ekiraga Ennimi Ze Balina

Mu lukuŋŋaana olunene olwaliwo mu 1787 mu Philadelphia, abakola enzivuunula tebakkiriza nti etteeka eryali libalira ddala gavumenti z'amateeka liba ntono. Kino kyafuuka ekifo eky'okusekerera abo abaali bawakanya empalana nga George Mason ne Patrick Henry. Mu Massachusetts, Virginia, ne New York, ennyinyonnyola nti okuzibya okuzibyawulwa tekujja kweyongera mangu. Madson, oluvannyuma lw'okuwakanya endowooza eyo, kyakyuka era ne kikulembera ennyimba mu lukumbo lwa Force. Olwawokubiri (okugabana kwagobe wamu n'olukiiko olusooka) terwasaze nga baakasaze essizza essente ekkumi n'okubiri ze baatongodde mu lufulumye.

Obukuumi bw’Amaliba

  • [[AKMENTI:0] Omutemwa ogwasooka gukukuuma okuteebwa kw'eddiini, okwogera, okukuba empapula z'amawulire, n'okwegayirira. Kiziyiza okutandikawo eddiini era kikugira okusinza okw'eggwanga okusinziira ku muntu ow'omunda //okuva mu makanisa ga Bulaaya.
  • [[AKMENTI]] Omutemwa gwa kyo ogwategekebwa:[[[NT:1] guwa obukakafu nti omuntu alina eddembe okukuuma n'okusitula emikono, nga kisinziira ku ggye erikulembera obulungi omulimu gw'obugabe. Okunnyonnyola kwakyo kubadde kukontana nnyo naddala mu mbeera ez'omu kiseera kino.
  • [[AWULA:0]] Okuyisa Omutemwa ogw'obugazi: kikuuma obutasengusa oba okukankana, nga kyetaagisa ebisaanyizo ebizingirwamu olw'ensonga eziyinza okusaasaanyizibwa. Omusingi guno gugaziyiddwa ku kuteekako obubonero ku kompyuta, oba okumanya ebikozesebwa ku kompyuta, era n'emmotoka ebiyimirizibwa mu kkooti enkulu.
  • [[NT:0] Emperakusaanya okuva ku miteeso Esatu: Enshrine Enformation eddembe eryandiweereddwa okuwozesebwa --grandromenti, obusobozi bw'okusirika, enkola ey'okusasula obululu, okukangavvuziwanya, okuwakana n'obukuumi okuva ku bajulirwa.
  • [[NKULU]] Enkyukakyuka ez'omu kkumi n'ez'okuna:[[O] Kino kikakasa nti olukalala lw'entegeka ezimu abantu kwe bataddewo tekikkiriza bantu kugaana balala kugikolera, era nti obufuzi obwannannyini tebuweereddwa gavumenti y'ensi eno buterekeddwa gavumenti oba bantu.

Okukomyawo: Okukwata amateeka agakwata ku ddembe nga gakozesebwa mu Amerika

Mu kusooka, Bill of Rights yakwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Kkooti ey'Empandika ey'oku ntikko n'eraga nga 1833 mu Barron v. Baltimore[[[FL:1]] yakakasa ekiragiro kino. Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo, ekitongole eky'ekitongole eky'ensi yonna, ekiwerera ddala 145 eky'Ekyombo kya Desisitementation Claus yafuuka ekikozesebwa mu ku kukozesa “enkola ya“incorporation" — enkola elondebwa mu ngeri y'entegeka entegeka za gavumenti. Mu myaka gyakumi nakumi na kikumi na kikumi, mu kkooti eyo gy'ewera obunene, era nga kumpi giwandikiddwamu byonna: eddembe ([FLD][F][3]VFF], obug.[4][4], obukkulembe obunene, obukyasi bw'ewaze:[F.Fog.[10][10], obukulembe obunene, obukulembedde ku ddyo][19][19], obutuufu

Ekitongole ekigaba emirembe ku lutalo (1865-1870)

Wadde nga wandibaddewo okugattika obulyi bw'entalo ku lutalo olw'ekinvu (Lwamu n'olw'ekkumi n'ena) olw'okuleeta ebiwerezo ebyawerebwanga mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, era nga bonna awamu baategeeza obutuuze, obukuumi, n'okulonda, wadde nga kyandyetaaze ekyasa ekirala okutuukirizibwa.

Ekiwandiiko eky’okusatu (1865)

Mu Ddesemba 1865, olukalala olw'enkola eya 13 olw'okuwerezebwako obuddu era n'olw'okutuusibwako obuddu “ng'ekibonerezo eky'okuzza omusango omuntu oyo.” Ye nkyukakyuka eyasooka mu mateeka okugaziya eddembe ly'omuntu okuva ku Bill of Rights. Ekitongole ekiwerezza ente era ne kikkiriza okuyisa enteekateeka yaakyo nga “amateeka agaategekebwa,” obuyinza obwakozesebwa mu Kkoyiro ly'Eddembe lya Civil Rights mu mwaka gwa 1866 ne Antibânage Act eya 186. Kyokka, “ensongarikiti” yandikkiriziddwa gavumenti mu maserengendo g'obukiikaddiringi nga kikozesa amateeka agaavunaanibwamu n'okugobamumumumumu. Jim Crow, era yayongera okukaka emiwereebwa nga banna okuzza obutemu ekibonerezonyootifu mu mateeka g'onya enziro.

Ekiwandiiko ekya 14 (1868)

Oboolyawo ekivuddemu enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo bya Amereka, Amereka ak'okukwata obutuuze ekya 14 yawa “abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaakolebwako mu Amerika,” nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abaali abaddu, era n'ebyagaana eggwanga okukendeeza ku ‘ ddembe ly'abatuuze, eddembe, oba ebintu, awatali kugoberera mateeka.” Ebigalimu bibadde omusingi gwabyo:

  • [[Act:0] Obutuuze obutuufu okuzaalibwa kw'ekiwandikiro[[NT:1] (obukakasibwa mu [[NT]]]United States v. Wong Kim Ark[, 1898])
  • [[AKYONGERA] Okukireetera Bill of Rights[[[AKKULA] (nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu])
  • [[AKYONGERA:0] Akawayiro aka '- kasobola okukozesebwa mu kusosola mu langi ([[KATA]]]]rown v. Board of Education], 1954]), obusosoze mu bifaananyi ([]] Reed, 1971], ne `[berged v. Hodges]
  • [[NKULA] Emirimu egigwanira[[[NKULA]] ekiragiro eky'okukuuma obukwasiro [[KATANDIKI:1] obuwagizi obwa obwa obwa obwa obwamakulizo n'obw'omubiri ([ Roe v. Wade], 1973; oluvannyuma eyafuga mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization , 2022]]

Ekigabano 3 eky’Enkola y’Okukyusa enneeyisa y’Abantu, ekyaggyawo obwewagguzi, kyazzibwawo mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri n’ekisooka nga bakubagana ebirowoozo ku ngeri eyali Prezidenti Donald Trump gye yali asuubiramu okubaamu obuweerero oluvannyuma lw’obulumbaganyi bwa Capito.

Ebiwandiiko 15 (1870)

Ekitongole ekisembayo mu nteekateeka eno ey'okuyisa abafuzi kyalangirira nti eddembe eryali liba liteekeddwa “teriba lya kugaana oba okusibirwa gavumenti yonna ekola obuddu olw'eggwanga, langi, oba olw'obuddu obwali bukyali.” Kkooti eyo ye yali esooka okukaka obusika obwa kalulu. Kyokka, entegeka y'enkola eyo tekkiriza kulondamu ddala busombi; gavumenti okweyongera okukaka abantu okupimira abantu okusoma, okusasula emisolo, oba okutiisatiisa. Kkooti enkulu mu United States v. Reese[FLT: 76]

Ekyusa Eddaakulanye (1913 - 1920)

Wakati wa 1913 ne 1920, enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi ensangika okukolebwa zaakakasa nti mu kiseera ekyo wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi ezikoleddwa ezina ezikwata ku nkola ya demokulase n’entegeka.

Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Esatu (1913) – Omusolo Gwaweebwa Abakungu

Oluvannyuma lwa kooti enkulu mu Pollock v. Abalimi ba Loan & Trust Co. (1995]) baasaanyawo omusolo gavumenti gwe yateeka ng'omusolo ogwabanga gubateereddwawo obutereevu, abakyusiza ku kuddaabiriza ssente mu mateeka okulongoosebwawo. Omutemwa gw'ensi yonna ogwatongoza ssente ezifunibwa mu ggwanga lya Isiraeri emu “okuva mu buli kifo, nga tewamu gaawulamu.” Kino kyasobozesa okuggyawo engeri y'omusolo ogw'ensolo ogw'ennono n'enkubisalo ezikozesebwa mu kuwaayo ez'enkola z'eggwanga.

Ekiwandiiko Seventeen Constment (1913) – Okutongoza Obukiiko Obutereevu

Emabegako, abakwanaganya baalondebwanga sistemu za gavumenti za Amerika, enkola eyatwalibwanga ng'enguzi era nga y'enguzi.

Ekitongole 18 eky’Eddembe (1919) – Okuvunaanibwa

Mu 1919 era n'ekola mu 1920, olukalala olw'empewo olusooka olwawera okukolebwa, okugulibwa, n'okutwalibwa kw'ebyalo eby'amaanyi mu Amerika. Kwali kuwangula kwa kaweefube ow'okusalamu omwenge, gwe batwala okuba ensibuko y'obwavu, obumenyi bw'amateeka n'okusasika kw'amaka. Kyokka, Prohibition teyakkirizibwa, yaleetawo okusuubula kwa maanyi, era n'eviirako obumenyi bw'amateeka okutandikawo.

Empeereze ey’Ekkumi n’Eceesa mu 19 (20) – Okusiba Abakazi Amateeka

Ku nkomerero y'olutalo olwamalanga emyaka nkumi na nkumi, Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essatu yagaana okutongoza eddembe ly'okulonda olw'okwetaba. tekwasobozesa bakazi bonna okukakaatika abakazi abangi(abakyala) olw' langi, naddala Abamerika ab'omu Amerika n'ab'omu Asiya, okuwera okukkirizibwa amateeka amalala. Okugakyusa okwo kwalina obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Okukyusa okwo kwalina amaanyi ge gamu n'okuleetawo okuteeseeseteesiteza ekkomera erisingako. Era kyali kyetaagisa okusaasaanya kwa bannabyabufuzi bw'eggwanga.

Okugaziwa kw'Eddembe ly'Obwannannyini (1950s-1960s)

Mu kyasa ekya 762, ekibiina kya Civil Rights Movement, ekyali kikulemberwa abantu nga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, n’abalwanyi bangi ab’omu kitundu, kyamenya amateeka era ne kiwa gavumenti obukuumi mu kulonda, mu kuzimba amayumba, ne mu mirimu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mu kusalawo okwali kuteeseteese, Kkooti enkulu wansi w'omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yalangirira nti okusosola mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti tekwali kwa nkomeredde, era nti okusobya ku Eddensuleede Ecenced Claus ku Wed 4th Amerekance. Kkooti yaguyimura 'enjigiriza ey'empandika naye nga yenkana'” okuva ku P. Ferguson[FLD] [[FLD] [186] [186].' okukola kino kyalwawo nga kilwazeeko obukulembedde ne kiziyizibwa okw'amaanyi.[1]

Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omukaaga 1964

Ekiragiro kino kyagaana okussaawo olukalala lw'ebika, langi, eddiini, oba ensi yonna okuteekawo olukalala olw'ebikolobero. Kyagaana okussaawo olukalala lw'ebika bya gavumenti (mayumba, amaduuka, amaduuka), okusala emirimu mu ntegeka, era ne kinyweza ntegeka z'okulonda. Act eno yatongozebwa mu buyinza bwa Congress Claus (Tit II) wansi w'obufuzi bw'ekibiina kya 144th Amerekation (Tit VII). Etteeka lyayo ery'okwetaba okw'ekika kyalwongera ku balabe nti, enkola y'ekikula, yafuuka kitongole eky'ekikula kya maanyi ekisobozesa abantu ab'ekikula okulingana.

Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu eryayisibwa mu 1965

Oluvannyuma lw'1946 “Obwanvu obwali bugenda okukolebwa era n'obulumbaganyi ku bamenyi b'amateeka mu Selma, Alabama, Prezidenti Lyndon Johnson yawaliriza okuyisa mu mateeka ag'okuvvumula. Act yawagidde okukebera okukaka abantu okusoma n'okuwandiika. Kkooti eyo yasobozesa gavumenti okuteekawo obulabisi mu bitundu ebya bulijjo okulondamu n'okuteekawo amateeka ageegooleka okulondamu. Mu mwaka gwa 2013, Kkootikko ya Ssazenvu yatongodde ekitongole ekya “preblication” okuva ku kitongole kya Justice. Kkootiveze yawagira ekikolwa ky'omulembezo mu [[FLT:] South Carolina v. Katzenbach[FLD][6] era n'okuteesa ku nsonga eyo empya.

Eddembe ly’Okuzaala Ery’Okubeera Ery’Obwannamunigina n’Ery’Okuzaala

Wadde nga tewaaliwo kukyusa, etteeka eryali liragira tteeka ery'okussaawo mu kiseera kino. Growold v.Connecticut[[FL:1]] (1965), kkooti enkulu yazuula “ebbanga” ey'ekyama mu Bill of Rights ekuuma abafumbo obutakwata ngeri ez'okwerinda. [FLT:] [FLD]] [2]] oluvanyuma lw'okuggyamu enzire. [[FLT][FLT][6]][2][2], olumu ku ngeri ekkiriza obuwangwa bw'omu mateeka okukomangawo okuzaala omwana. [2]

Emirimu Egivaamu Abantu kinnoomu mu Kyasa Ekya Maaso ga Miri

Wadde oluvannyuma lw’Enkola ya Civil Rights C.E., Kkooti Enkulu yeeyongera okulongoosa n’okugaziya obukuumi bw’amateeka, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly’okwogera, enkola y’obumenyi bw’amateeka, n’eddembe ly’eddiini.

Eddembe Eribaawo mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Kkooti za Warren ne Burger Courts zawa obukuumi mu bigambo eby'akabonero (Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969, nga zikuuma empaka ng'okwogera okw'ebyobufuzi, okusaasaanya (singa kudda watawaana, ] Backley v ow'akabonero. Valeo[]], 1976, kyatwala nti okusaasaanya ssente gye kwogera, era nga kumpi byonna ebikolebwa okuggyako ekinyusi kya butereezo, okusiikiriza. [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]]0]), olukiiko olwo lwayisa ekiragiro ekiwera ekkongojjulula ekkujjulula ekkujjulula mu n'empagiro, era n'okukusambaamu mu bya bya bufuzi bwalwoosaa byalwo.

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Okuva ku Mapp v. Ohio (1961) — eyakozesa amateeka agasala ab'obusosoze eri eggwanga — ate Marinda v. Arizona[ [196]], ekyetaagisa okumanyisa abapoliisi eddembe lyabwe ery'okusirika n'okubuulirira, Kkooti n'ekireetera okukyusa engeri amateeka gye gabafugamu n'abantu. Ebisalibwamu bino, wadde nga byawakana, biwagidde eddembe ery'okutaano n'ery'omukaaga. “Mandandanda" Kino kifuuse ekiteeso eky'obuwagizi obwa bulijjo, wadde nga gye buvuddeko awo obutuufu tebuliiko kkomo.

Omutemu ogw’Okubiri n’Eddembe ly’Engalo

Mu byafaayo by'Amerika ebisinga obungi, olukalala lw'abateesiteesi lwatwalibwa ng'ekirabo eky'okubiri ekikwataganyizibwa n'obuweereza obw'abafuzi. Ekyakyuka mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller [2008]] (2008), kkooti enkulu bwe yakkiriza nti Omuteesi entegeka y'enkumbo ekuuma eddembe ly'omuntu okwerinamu bbuwa enfumu. ]]Mcnald v. Chicago [2010]) kyeyateekamu ebigambo ebikontana n'amateeka agafuga ebikolebwako. Ebisalibwa nga New York State Rhiflen /Pixol Association.[FLD][FFF][2][202] [202], ebikongobe ebikobera mu ngeri ey'okulagibwa obutuufu, ebijuliziddwamu mu ngeri ey'okugonze, ey'okugonze. Esfrenchmentment Revenvenvenment.[2]

Okubuusabuusa kw'amateeka okw'omu kiseera kino (2000/% Presenters)

Ekyasa ekya makumi abiri n'ekisooka kireeseewo eddembe eriva mu mateeka mu bifo ebippya: obusobozi obuva ku kompyuta, okulingana kw'abantu, n'okugobererwa kw'abatuuze.Ekakaapiira zino ziraga nti amateeka ga gavumenti gasobola okubaako kye gakolawo nga tegagooleddwawo n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu bya tekinologiya.

LGBTQ+ Obusobozi n’Obufumbo

Oluvannyuma lw'okugobererwa, kkooti yakitegeera nti Amateeka gakuuma obulamu bw'abantu nga balya ebisiyaga era n'okwagala abantu abafaananya ebisiyaga. Lawrence v. Texas [2003]] (2003), gaasaanyawo amateeka ag'ekikondo nga gamenya eddembe mu nkola eya Cevension Claus. (2013]) era [[FLT:] OFMbergefell [[FGULT:]][5] (20) gaazuula amateeka agamu n'omukono ogwa ddyo nga buli kamu ku buli kamu ku busokeseera.[10] era ne ku ngeri y'okugobeeyambisibwamu.[5]

Ebyama mu Kiseera ky’Okuti

Ekikolwa kino eky'okuna eky'okunoonyereza ku nviiri za kyo tekinologiya kigezeseddwa bulungi. Riley v. California (2014, kkooti yagamba nti poliisi teyinza kunoonyereza ebigikwata ku ssimu ey'omu nkozesa nga terina bukakafu. ] Karmeter v. United States) yagaziya endowooza eyo mu kifo eky'ekiwandikiro, nga ekakasa nti abantu balina kye basuubira mu byonna ebikolebwa. Ebyo bye kisalawo biraga nti Kkoluunti eno egoberera amateeka gawandikiddwawo ku by'ennamba, ne ku by'amampulizimu.

Okulondawo Ennimi z’Ekiwandiiko kya Gavumenti n’Ekkomo ly’Ekiruubirirwa

Kkooti enkulu era efuga engeri gye yayisamu abagwira abatali ba ggwanga lya . Kkooti enkulu era egamba nti n'abagwira abatali bakkirizibwa nabo bateekeddwa okussaawo enkola ekkirizibwa n'obukuumi bwe bumu mu nnyiriri ezimu. Plyler v. Doe (19982]] yasattulula etteeka lya Texas erigaana okuyigiriza abaana obutakmanya, nga balowooza nti abaana tebaliiko kya kunenyezebwa era nti okugaana obuyigirize kijja kuleetawo kkomo lya nkomerero kuddala. [[FLT:]TM] v.[FLTLD:3], 2018], naye oluvannyuma lw'ekiwandiiko ekyo kyekikozesezza mu kifo ekya Plateesitenzi ku nsonga ezikwata ku DC, n'okugezesa enkola y'okulondoola amateeka.

Okufundikira: Ekiragiro ekitennaweebwa

Enzijikirano y'enkalo z'enkola eya puligation teyenkanankana naye y'emitwe egiba giteekeddwawo buli mulembe olw'okwegatta ebiwandiiko ebisookerwako. Okuva ku Bill of Rights oba Civil Warme Amereka, okuviira ddala ku Entuuko Ey'entuuko y'Eddewo okutuuka ku y'Eddeempandika Ekwata ku digiti, enfunda n'enfunda, Amerika bannyonnyodde enfunda n'enfunda ku lukalala, okwenkanankana, n'okwawula, n'obwenkanya. Amagazi agamu gabadde gajuunyuse, gazziddwa, oba gawayirizibwako nnyo nga gawayitiddwako obujulizi oba nga bwewagguzizza obujulizi . Wade v., okusuubira obuteesoozesebwa kw'okukuba akasa, n'okwesoozesebwa.

Okutegeera ensonga zino enkulu kikulu si kumanyibwa bumanya bya byafaayo kyokka, naye era n'abatuuze ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso tekikyuka. Ebiwandiiko bya 'Constitution' tebikyuka, naye era amakulu gaabyo n'obulamu, nga bikyusibwa, nga kituukiriza etteeka, amateeka, n'entalo mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ebizibu bwe bijja okujjawo.[1] Bwe wajjawo okusoomooza okuppya, enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde, okugezesa obuteefu ku Amereka ne siteesiteesi kuddamu okugezesa obanga essaawaasertri ennukko enzivu era n'amaanyi ga Amerika ziyinza okukuuma eddembe ly'eggwanga ery'enjawulo era ery'amaanyi.