Ennyanjula: Foundation of India’s Federal Polity

Buyindi ye ddiini enkola enjawukana mu mateeka ga gavumenti gye gaamanyiira enjawulo eriwo wakati wa gavumenti ez'empaka ne gavumenti. Obumu obwo bweyolekera ku njawukana z'ab'obuyinza ate era n'obw'ebitundu ebitegese, obw'enjigiriza eza politiki, n'obw'okukwataganya. Obufumbo buno bwetaagisa okusobola okutegeera engeri Buyindi gye bufugamu abantu baayo ab'enjawulo, era n'engeri gye bugonjoolamu enkaayalagamu enjawukana. Enteekateeka y'ensi tekoma ku ndala; tejjawo okuyitira mu mirimu gy'akyeko, ne mu by'obufuzi ebigenda bikyukakyuka.

Olukalala lw'Essaawa y'Essaza n'Enkola eya Intima

Ekiragiro kino kyatandikawo enkola ey'ekitongole ekirina obusosoze. Ebitundu 245 okutuuka 255 bissa olukalala lw'enkola y'amateeka, ate Ebitundu 256 okutuuka ku 263 bissaawa ez'oku mampuliziganya wakati w'eby'ensi, era n'Ebitundu 264 okutuuka ku 293 Ebitundu ebisooka okusobola okugattibwa. Enkalala ssatu enkulu wansi wa Olukalala olwoleka amatwale ga gavumenti: Olukalala lw'Eggwanga, olukalala lw'Eggwanga, ne Olukalala lw'Eggwanga. Okugattako, enkalala lw'Emiteerezo ez'eby'eby'eby'ensimbiriraasatu ziweebwa Palamenti ya Nhlangano w'Aka (AFLT: 248).

Lukalala lw'Ebigambo Ebikwatagana, Olukalala lwa gavumenti, n'Olukalala olwa Ddaaki

[[AKYONGERA:0] Olukalala olw'Ebigambo lulimu ebitundu 97 (nga nga kati) byokka olukalala gye lusobola okusemba(dense, amaanyi ga nukiriya, ebiva mu nsi endala, banka, empandika n'obugambi bw'empuliziganya.] Olukalala lwa gavumenti mu kusooka lwalina emitwe 66, naye oluvannyuma lw'okukyusa kwa '194] n'enkyukakyuka endala, lutwaliramu enkola eza poliisi, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, n'okulima, ne gavumenti ez'omukitundu. Olukalala olw'enkyukakyuka lukkiriza amateeka ga gavumenti ez'omuka ne gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka, okutegeka ebiko, n'okuyingiza mu n'okugobeetaawamateeka wakati w'etteeka eri wakati w'ekibiina kya 'OMMMMG orgE'ebuviromenti, 254].

Entimba z’Eby’Okuzimba

Mu bintu ebyo ebisatu, gamba ng'obutaba na bukakafu ku bintu, oba tekinologiya awatali kulwalaanya, gavumenti esobola okussaawo empandika empya eziyinza obutalowoozebwa mu kiseera kya kuteekawo Amateeka ga gavumenti.

Enkolagana mu Bukulembeze ne mu Bukulembeze

Obukulu bw'ekibiina ekyo bukolera wamu. Ekitundu 256 kyetaagisibwa okukolagana n'amateeka agafuga ekika kya Union Union, era Union eyinza okuteekawo ebiragiro okukakasa nti etteeka libagondera. Akatundu 257 kawa obuyinza mu kibiina ky'ekitongole okuwa obulagirizi okusobola okukakasa nti amaanyi gaakyo tegalemesa bantu kukozesa buyinza bwa Prezidenti mu Kibiina. Gavana, eyalondebwa Pulezidenti (omu nkola y'Ekibiina ky'Abakulembeze), akola ng'omutwe gwa gavumenti naye nga akolera ku n'okugattirawo wakati wa Cent ne gavumenti. Gavana w'obukulembeze w'ekitongole ateekwa okulekawo ekitongole eky'omutiibwa ekya 200 eky'omutindo.

Empandika z'eby'enfuna: Enkyukakyuka mu by'entalo

Ebitundu by'eby'ensimbi wakati w'Essaawa 268 ne 293 bifugibwa Ebitundu ebireetebwawo Empagibwawo Ebitundu 268 okutuuka 293. Ekiragiro kya mateeka kikakasa nti emisolo egimu gikuŋŋaanyizibwa ekibiina kya Union (um'e., emisolo, ebikolerwa mu bya bulijjo, emisolo, ebikolerwamu, okusasula emisolo okuggyako essente eziva ku mulimu gw'okulima), ate emirala gikuŋŋaanyizibwa gavumenti (umg. Ssente ezikozesebwa mu ku ttaka, omulimu gw'okutema amasasimu, ebbaayire, ebbeeyi y'ebintu). Kyokka, Ekitongole ekyo kikuŋŋaanya obungi bw'ebbanja era kigabanyizaamu omugabo mu magaso g'eby'ebitongole.

Omulimu gw’Eby’Eby’Enfuna

Akatundu 280 kalagira okutandikawo Omukutu ogw'oku Bitongole bya ssente buli myaka etaano okusemba okubunyisa obusente bw'omusolo wakati wa Union ne gavumenti. Ebiwandikiro ku Ssente Ssente Ssente kizitwala nga za mugaso nnyo okusobola okukuuma omukutu ogwa sente ezisukka mu kkumi. Omukutu gwa Ssente ogukolera ku mu Njijiri w'ensi yonna gusobozesa okuteekawo obukwasijeezebwa obw'edda n'obukwakulizo obukyaliwo. Ekiragiro kya kitongole ekya 15 ekya Ssente (2021-2026) kikubirizibwa okuggyamu ekiwandiiko 41% eky'omusolo ogwa divvumbalimu mu masaza, ekiva mu ku ku ku kukolebwa kw'ekiwandikiro ekya 42%.

Omusolo (GSTE)

Entandika ya mu 2017, yali nkyukakyuka ya maanyi esobozesa obusawo obw'enjawulo okukola entengo ey'ensi yonna. Ekiwandiiko kino bwe bumpirikiti bwa misolo bwa mirundi ebiri: Central GST (CGST) ne State GST (SST) ebitegekeddwa mu kiseera kino, naye nga mu kiseera kino bitegekeddwa enkalu z'ensi ez'enjawulo, GST ekoleramu esobole okukolagana wakati w'eby'ensi emu. Olukiiko lw'eggwanga, olutegekeddwawo obukulembeze bw'eby'eby'ebyamaguzi n'eby'eby'ebbeebbeempewo, olusala emiwendo, n'obuwandikiro. Wadde nga gy'ongera ku kulongo egiva mu bya bizineesi, era n'okusasula ebizingirwamu.[FFON][3]

Grants-in-Aid

Ng'oggyeko okusasula omusolo, ekiwandikiro kino kiwa ebiwagiro wansi w'Akatundu 275 (abalabirira banyayi) era ne wansi wa nteekateeka endala (uml., ekitongole kino kiwandikiro ekiwandikidwa enkola nga Ayushman Bharat[ ne [FLT]]P-KISITAN)]. Ekiragiro ekitongole kya Amerika kiwandikiro kiwandikiro enzikiririza enzivvuunuzi ez'okuteekako enzivvuunuzi nga ku kafundikwa aka 243-I ne 243-Y'.

Engeri y’Okukolaganamu n’Abalala n’Eyosa Ekwata ku Buzibu

Wadde nga Amateeka gawa ekkomo, okusobola okufuga obulungi, waliwo ebitongole bingi mu Buyindi ebikola enteekateeka ezisobozesa gavumenti okukolagana obulungi.

Olukiiko Olukwata ku Ntegeka

Akatundu 263 kakkiriza Pulezidenti okuteekawo olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga okunoonyereza n'okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu aba bulijjo. Olukiiko lwakolebwa mu 1990 wansi wa bukulembeze bwa nnannyini mu Bukulembeze era nga luzingiramu Abakiiko Obukulu, Abaweereza mu Kibiina, n'abalabirizi b'obukwanaganya. Lukola ng'olukiiko olusooka okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku ntegeka y'obutebenkeera, n'okugonjoongera okugonjoola obutakkaanya. Olukiiko lw'ekitongole olw'ebitongole'ebitundu bya Game. [ lubaamu ebisalwawo n'obukulembeze obukola ebizingirwamu.

NITI Aayog

Mu 2015, ekitongole ekitegeka nti Niti Aayog kyadda mu kifo kya Ksystem n'ekola nga ekikola ekitongole ekiteekateeka enkola ey'okutegeka ekiwandikiro n'ekikola ng'eteekateeka nga kigenda mu wansi. Obutafaananako ekitongole ekitegeka ssente ekikola ku by'enkola, okusobola okuleetawo enkola ya tanka, okukubiriza gavumenti okwenyigira mu nteekateeka y'okussaawo enkola eyo. Kitegeka enkuŋŋaana n'abakulembeze b'abakwasi b'ebiwandisi abakulu, ekitegeka ebiwandiiko ebiwandiddwa mu kwolesebwa, n'enkola entegeka z'ebitongole ebiddukanyabiddukanyabina. Wadde nga Niti Ayogog, ebiwandike eby'obukulembeddwa mu bitundu bino bikyusizza essira nti enteekateeka eziba bikolamu zisobola okusobozesa embeera y'okukka wansi.

Ekifo kya Gavana n'ekitundu 356

Gavana, ng'omutwe gwa ssemateeka w'eggwanga, ayinza okusemba Etteeka lya Programu [Akant] [FUMENTI 356] (Akabonero ka gavumenti bwe kataba kasobola okukola nga egoberera enteekateeka ya kiwandiiko n'obukwakkusiro. Kaweefube ono kabubadde nga kabuusibwa okugoba gavumenti ezikulemberwa ebibiina ebiwakanya gavumenti. olukalala [1994]) obwateeka ekkomo eriko ekkomo ku ku ku kukozesa obubi Olukiiko lw'empandika 356, nga kiraga nti obumativuzi bwa Pulezide oyo buteekwa okwesigamizibwa ku b'ebyuma ebizingirwawo mu ngeri y'okulongoosa Ekitongole ekya waggulu ekya 356.

Ebitundu Ebikulu Ebibaamu Obutakkaanya

Emirundi mingi enkaayana zino zibaamu enjawukana mu by’obufuzi, okuvuganya ku bintu ebiba bikoleddwa, n’engeri emisingi gy’eggwanga gye giyinza okugobererwamu.

Okuyingira Abakulembeze n’Okuzza Obukulembeze

Amakampuni ga gavumenti gayinza okuteekawo amateeka ku nsonga eziba ku lukalala lwa gavumenti, naye Gavana ayinza okutereka ssente ze yeetaaga okusobola okuganyula Pulezidenti. Singa etteeka ektongole lissa etteeka ekkulu ku lukalala lw'ensonga ezikwata ku kiseera kye kimu oba singa libaako ky'ekola ku matwale ga Union, gavumenti eyinza okukiziyiza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti eziwerako ssente eziragiddwa ku mikutu gya Intaneeti okukuba z'omwenge, oba okukozesa ettaka, guyinza okuziyimirizaawo ne zireme okuleetawo empala olw'obufuzi.

Amazzi g’Omugga Gagabana

Amazzi ge mitwe egitali gimu ku nsonga ezifuga gavumenti (Lukalala II, Longezi 17), naye Union esobola okukolagana ku mugga oguli wansi w'Akatundu 262. Aspendix awassawo akatundutundu w'amazzi ag'omugga. Ekiragiro kino kissa essira ku kugattika amazzi ag'omu mugga nga , ], [[FLT:]]][FLT]]] Maadi]]] [[FLT]]][FLT]][FLT]]] [at [[FLT]][FULD]] [[FOM]] [offeddlo [oce'ose], [[Foffinpulse]], ne Courtspencessss ekigo ekigo ekitebe ekya waggulu kya waggulu kya Sukput'omuti ekigo kireesaakyusa kyagibwa kiwa yagibwa

Amateeka n’Entegeka: Ekkomera Ekyali mu Gavumenti Ezeesamba Etteeka

Ekiragiro ne poliisi bye bifuga. Kyokka, Centre esobola okugoberera amagye ga poliisi agabawadde obukujjukujju[[FL:1] (KAFF) nga CRPF oba BSF mu mateeka nga basabye gavumenti oba nga bagezaako okugootaanya obukuumi obwa mu munda. Ekiragiro amagye gagaana amagye ag'omu nkumi n'eby'ag'obuyinza okugateeka mu nkola. Okulwana okwo kulinga okumenya amateeka oba obusambattumu.

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) ne Consitud

CBI ekola wansi w'ekitongole ekiwandiikiddwa Delhi Special Police Acct, 1946, esobola okunoonyereza ku nsonga nga kiyisiddwa mu ggwanga nga kikkirizibwa mu Kitundu 6 eky'omukago. Ebirala nga West Bengal, Maharashtra, ne Chhattisharh, byesaze, ne bikugira obusosoze mu kkooti. Kino kiviiriddeko enzitalo ezikolebwa abanoonyereza ku nsonga ez'ekitongole okuzibalukawo mu mateeka ne mu by'obufuzi okuzinoonyereza.

Obukiika Ddyo bw’Ebibiina by’Abayizi

Delimitation(okulonda Lok Sabba ne ssemat'aw'ebukiika kkono (buzibu bw'abantu). Ekiragiro kino kiteeka essira ku kugoba abantu mu kifo ekiba kyetaagibwa okutuusa oluvannyuma lw'omwaka gwa 2026 CM. , ebiwandike eby'okuwera kw'abantu mwe bakoma okuwezaamu omuwendo gw'abantu mu bitundu eby'omu bukiika kkono era n'okuteeka ku biwandiiko ebisingako obulungi eby'okuteeka mu nkola enzivvuunuzi z'ekibiina. Agumenti eno efuuse impakalugambo ezisookedde obunene mu bitundu eby'ebukiika kkono. Ekiragiro kino kye kiwandikiro kya k'okweyongera okukakasibwa obusiikeebweyongera ku n'obugazi.

Endowooza nti Ebintu Bijja Kujjawo Byokka

Mu myaka egyakayita, Buyindi evudde ku nkola eya "command ne ntegeka" yokka ey’eggwanga okudda ku kyakulabirako ekikolaganira awamu, wadde ng’okukattululagana kukyaliwo.

Obuwagizi mu Kukolagana

[[NKULULA] Olukiiko olw'eggwanga kye kikolwa eky'obulabirizi eky'okukkaanya mu ntegeka ya bannaakyewa, gye kusalawo kukolebwawo 75% (okukakala emirundi esatu ku buli kikumi], bwe kigatta awamu kikwatamu ebitundu bibiri mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga olw'okugabanyizaamu obutundutundu bwa ' Obuyinza bw'ekiwandikiro (NFMA) n'obubonero [[FOLT:] obusinga obunene obufuga ekitongole ky'eby'obulamu bw'eggwanga [[FOLT:] kitwaliramu ennyiikizo ez'okuteekateeka n'okuwagiramu ennyimba ez'okugabana.[FLT:] Ekirabonna n'enkola y'enkola y'enkyukakyuka wakati w'ekibiina ekibadde bye by'omukimanyibwa.[FOK'omukizo ebibadde by'omukizoonderomenti ekibadde by'omukizo.[FLT]

Okugabana

NITI Ayayog ekubiriza enkola ey'okuvuganya ng'eby'obulamu, eby'enjigiriza, okuteefu okukola bizineesi, okutandikawo ebintu ebipya, era n'okukulaakulana okunywevu. Tungent Extut Extubed Index era School Education Security Index[] Kino kikubiriza abantu okuvuganya mu by'enkola mu bya waggulu ne mu mpalo ezikkirizibwa. Wadde nga kino kiwandikiddwawo, abanoonyereza ku nsonga eziba nga z'obuteerefunze era nga tezingirwamu.

Alipoota y’Omukago

Enteekateeka z'ensi ezitegekebwa mu ngeri eyo zikola nga Ennaku ez'Ekyeya , P eyawawulibwa Yoyanya[, [[FLT]]], [[FLT]][[FLT]]],[[AKYUM],[[[[AKYUM]]],[[NKUBALA]], [KiTEEKA], [Kibaawu, era [[FLLL:]]] ne [[FLT] bye baagezaako okukyungibwa obwa bulijjo Missionive Missssss [ ebigo eby'okuleka ekisenge eky'okumanyisaamu enviromenti ne bye baddisezza ebibabikkuteevuuzibwamu ebiba bizzibwa mu bitundu eby'omutiibwa.[FFomati: 14][F.][FLT][FFF

Ekifo ky'abalamuzi mu kitundu eky'enkola eya Relations

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Buyindi ekola ng'ekyasembayo mu kuleetawo obutakkaanya wakati wa Centre ne gavumenti. Akatundu 131 kassawo entegeka za Kkooti enkulu mu ngeri eyo. Omusango oguyinza obutazuulibwa guzingiramu State of West Bengal vs Union of India (1963)[[FL:1]] ku kugaba obungi bw'amatwaleetwaze ga gavumenti, ne [[FLT:].R.BMAI] Omusango ogwafuga enkola gwa Bulambo gwa Western Bental vs Constitution of Indian 356. Kkookolo era n'okunnyonnyola okutambuka kw'olukalala n'obukwakulizo obwa Gavana. Ebyamasaza nga [FFON] K'amalaanyi'obujulirwa mu kifo ekiragiro kya K'otina ku ku kunoonyereza ku nsonga ezireetebwa [FF.]

Ebitongole Ebikola ku by'Eddwaliro n’Ebifo by’Okubeeramu

Obusobozi bw'enjawukana mu Buyindi bwetaagisa okukkiriza enkyukakyuka.[1] Telangane mu 2014, ne Jarkand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarankhand, n'ebifo bisatu ebippya ebigattiddwamu mu 2019 (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh) byeyoleka engeri ekitundu gye kitwalamu ebiruubirirwa by'ensi eyo. Kyokka, okusobola okufuna obutuuze mu bitundu nga Vidarbha, Saurashtra, Bodoland, ne Gorkhaland tebinnategekebwa. Ekitongole ekyo kikwata ku mbeera eyo.

Embeera y'ekitundu eky'enjawulo

Mu byafaayo, ekirango kino kitwaliramu ebifo eby'ensozi, ebiva mu kifo eky'enjawulo gye kikolera, oba ebifo awasangibwa abantu abangi nga baddiŋŋanwa, ebiva ku ntegeka ey'okutegeka ekika kya ekiwandikiro. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekigaba obuyambi n'okusasulwa emisolo kisobozesa enjawulo wakati w'ekika kya 14DNALS commentive Commission okukomako n'okukoma kw'ensolo. Ebitundu bingi nga Andrace Pradesh ne Bihar byetaart byetaawe emitwe gy'embaliriraazo.

Ebibaddewo Gye buvuddeko awo n’Ebirowoozo eby’Omu Maaso

Zino ebisomebwa mu kiseera kino nga Amateeka ag'omu nfuga (2021) gaaleetawo obutategeeragana obw'amaanyi wakati wa Punjab ne gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za Puntab, Haryana, n'endala. Amateeka agafuga gaayoleka ekkomo ly'obuyinza bwe gan'enfuga ne kampuni bwe gasiikiriza. COVID-19 [ era gaagezesa n'enkolagana wakati w'eggwanga: ekikongookko kya Centreece nga kisalawo (KWUM 2020) mu kiragiro K'ekiragiro ekikolebwa ku nsonga z'obulamu, ne kireeta enkaayawuluwa w'amasaza. Okugoma kw'empala okukolagana okugoberezebwa era n'okugabaawulamu.

[[NKULA:0][[FUNT:1] ebijulizo ebiweebwa abakungu ba gavumenti [[FUNT:1] [2010]] biwandikiro nga bino: “‘ okuleetera Gavana obutasosola, okukoma ku kuteekawo nkozesa y'obufuzi obwa Prezidenti, era n'okuteekawo enkola ey'okukwata ebisookereza ku mazzi. Eky'okutumbula enkola eyo kyeyolese bulungi mu gavumenti ez'enjawulo naye gavumenti z'ebiwandikiro n'ebyuma ebizikwata ku bukulembeze bye zikozesa.

Buyindi bwe kigenda mu mwaka gwa 100 ogw'okwemalirira, nga kikwatagana n'ebitundu by'ensi eby'omulembe kiyinza okugendera ku ziragasa ssatu: fiscum (okusumulula enzijjuvu n'enkyukakyuka z'enkakwasibwa), ennukuta ezikozesebwa mu by'obufuzi [[[[FLT:]]] ennongobosso nyingi] obugassimu obwesige obwa bulijjo[[] [okuteekako kabonero mu by'obufuzi [[[[FLT]] nga bikola nga bikozesebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo mu lukiiko, nga kituukiriza Olukiiko lw'empala, era nga lugoberera enkola ya Pint, era nga kiyinza okutereeza ebitongole ebitongole ebikola ebitongole eby'eby'enkola mu n'enkola ya Bunnalukalala. Naye, obumu bujja kwesiga enkolagana wakati w'ebyo ebiva mu bitundu eby'ebyo ebivanyunzitibwa mu Buyinjabiina by'ebyo ebivamu

Abasomesa n'abasomesa mu Buyindi nga banoonyereza ku ebyo ebikolebwa ku politiki, ennono enkulu nga Amateeka ga Buyindi era ne lipoota okuva ku S Legislative Research[ omugaso ogw'okumanyisa olugendo lwa Buyindi. Ekiragiro ekigeraageranyizidwa wakati w'ekitebe ekikulu n'ekireempandika ya obuntu kisigala nga kye kinnyonnyola mu lugendo lwa Buyindi.