Ensibuko: Omusingi gw’Obutuukirivu

Endowooza ekwata ku bwenkanya nkulu nnyo mu kukola abantu mu ngeri gye bagoberera era n'amateeka. Ebaamu emisingi egikwata ku bwenkanya, okwenkanankana, n'okugonjoolera ddala empisa. Okutegeera obwenkanya kikulu eri abasomesa n'abayizi, nga bwe kikyusa engeri gye tukolaganamu era n'ebizingirwamu mu ngeri gye tukoleramu. Obwenkanya si ngeri nnungi naye y'eyamba abantu okumanya engeri gye bagabamu emiganyulo, engeri gye bateekamu ebibonerezo, era gye bagonjoolamu enkaayana. Nga tebategeeramu obwenkanya, okuzikiriza okuzikiriza okuzikiriza, era n'okuyigiriza okubutuukiriza emitindo gyabwo.

Okunokolayo Obwenkanya: Okuzaalibwa kw’Omuzadde

Obwenkanya buyinza okunnyonnyolwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, naye munda bukiikirira endowooza nti abantu balina okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya era nti eddembe lyabwe likuumibwa. Abafirosoofo n'abakugu mu byamateeka babadde bakuba empaka okumala ebyasa bingi nga bagezaako okunnyonnyola amakulu g'obwenkanya n'ennyinnyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola z'ebintu ebirala. Okusobola okutegeera obulungi ensonga, kiba kirungi okunnyonnyola obwenkanya mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ate nga tezisukkaamu:

  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro ekisala omusango mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya: Kino kiraga nti omukozi omusobe bw'akola ekibi, azza bubi nnyo ekibonerezo. Obungi bw'ekibonerezo bwe kiba nga 'ekibonero'. Obungi bw'ensonga eyo bw'ogiteeka mu nkola y'amateeka, obuba businziira ku nkola y'amateeka ereme okuzingirwa mu bubi bwa 'lex talionisis'. Kino kiva mu ndowooza nga Lex talionis' (eriiso eri eri eri eri eriiso) naye nga kitandise okunoonyereza ku kigendererwa n'embeera. Ekiragiro kya miteeso kya mu mitemwa gy'emikutu gy'amateeka gikya bulijjo kye kyesigama ku ku misingi egizingirwamu, wadde nga abawaayinjabuvugibwa bawakanya giyinza okuleetera akabi okubuzza.
  • Obwenkanya obw'ensonga: Esonga ku kugaba eby'obugagga, omukisa, n'emiganyulo mu bantu mu bitundu byonna. Omufiitirivu John Rawls, mu mulimu gwe ogw'enjawulo Alagirira Kkomo lya K'Obufuzi[ (1971], yagamba nti obutasosola buno bukkirizibwa singa buganyula butono. obwenkanya bukireetera okukola ku by'obugagga, eby'obuyigirize, ebizingirwamu, n'emirimu egikolebwa ku bantu, era busigala nga buli mu kifo kya bulimbaago ku nsonga ezikwata ku misolo, n'ensonga ezigo.
  • Kkomola obwenkanya obuva ku kuba nti obumenyi bw'amateeka busobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebireetebwawo enneeyisa ey'omumenyi w'amateeka okuyitira mu kutabagana wakati w'abamenyi b'amateeka, n'abantu abayigganyi n'abantu ababeera mu kitundu. Mu kifo ky'okubonereza obukangavvu, essomero likola ku kuzzaawo enkolagana n'ensonga ez'ekikulaakula ky'obumenyi. Okuzzaawo obwenkanya mu ngeri ey'okweyisa mu ngeri ey'okweyisa mu ngeri ey'ekiragiro, okusalira omusango omusango ogusingidde ekikoleddwa mu bantu abamenyi b'amateeka, n'okusengeka programu ezigobeegobererwa.
  • Obwenkanya obw'amateeka: Abawagizi ku ddembe ly'ebibinja ebigabanyizidwa era n'okuyisibwa mu ngeri esaanira mu bitundu byonna. Byogera nnyo ku nsalo ezisingirwa ku langi, ekikula, engeri y'okwetaba, n'obusobozi. obwenkanya, gamba ng'ekibiina ky'abantu n'enkola z'ekikula eky'ekikula n'enkola y'ekikula, ebisinziirwako okukakasa nti buli muntu asobola okwenyigira mu bujjuvu mu by'emba.
  • [[NKULA] Obwenkanya mu mateeka: Buggumiza obutuufu bw'enkola eziviirako omuntu okusalawo. N'ebivaamu ebitakkirizibwa biyinza okukkirizibwa singa abantu bategeera enkola eyo ng'eyanika, nga tesoosaamu era nga bawa ekitiibwa. obwenkanya mu mateeka buvumirira okunoonyereza ku mirimu, okunoonyereza ku mirimu, n'obukulembeze bw'eby'obuyinza.
  • [[NKULA] Ennyo] Esinga okubunyisibwa, Ekirabula, era n'okuzzaawo:[[KA] Empagi ezo essatu zitera okukolagana. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu butakkaanya bw'obutonde, obwenkanya bubuuza ani awanirira ebizitoowerebwa by'okwonoonebwa kw'obutonde, ate okuzza obwenkanya mu ngeri ey'okutereeza ebizitowa by'obutonde ne bikosebwa.

Abafirosoofo nga Plato baatwala obwenkanya ng'obumu wakati w'emmeeme n'eggwanga, buli kitundu gye kikolera omulimu gwayo ogutuufu. Aristotle ya njawulo wakati w'obwenkanya obutereevu (okuggyawo ekikyamu) n'okuggyawo obwenkanya (ebigasa ebigasa). Abafirosoofo abakyusa ebiseera nga Martha Nussbaum, baagaziyizza endowooza zino nga bakozesa obusobozi bw'okusala omusango nga gulina okusobozesa abantu bonna okufuna obusobozi obw'eby'obulamu, obusookerwako, obusookerwako. Okusobola okubuzza obusiikiriza mu nfu w'ebyobufuzi bw'ekifirosoosoofo, laba [[FLT] Encyclopedia of Filosophysity on prosociation

Ebikwata ku Butuukirivu mu byafaayo

Ebyafaayo biraga engeri abantu gye balwawo okuteebereza ensonga era n’okulaga nti obwenkanya bubaawo mu kiseera ekituufu:

  • [[NKULULA:0] Ekiragiro empandika ez'amateeka ez'edda ennyo Amateeka ag'edda, nga g'omu Babulooni (akakolosa aka 1754 B) gaateekawo emisingi egy'obwenkanya okuyitira mu mateeka agaafuga ebibonerezo n'enkwaso, gamba ng'ebintu n'amaka. Amateeka ago gaago gaayambanga mu kutuukiriza emitindo gy'amateeka egyabanga gigobererwa abafu, nga bannamwandu ne bamulekwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, amateeka ga Misiri egy'edda gaafuga entegeka entegeka ez'empala n'amazima, abafuzi bye baali basuubira okuwanirira.
  • Abafirosoofo ab'Oluyonaani: Abantu abalina endowooza nga Plato ne Aristotle baanoonya engeri y'obwenkanya n'ekifo kyabwo mu bantu. Leerabunnabbi Kino kiraga obwenkanya ng'ensonga wakati w'obwenkanya n'obwenkanya mu mmeeme, abafuzi, abajaasi, n'abakozi gye batuukiriza emirimu gyabwe. Aristotle, mu by'omutindolo gwe [[[FLT:], ne mu bwenkanya (muteetwale).
  • [[NKT:0] Amateeka g'Abaruumi era n'obwenkanya obw'omu butonde: Gavumenti y'Abaruumi, naddala okuyitira mu Corpus Juris Ciliris wansi wa empula Justinian, emisingi eginywezeddwako nga "buli omu ku bubwe agiwandiike" era n'ensonga ey'obutabaako musango. Abalamuzi Abaruumi era baakulaakulanya endowooza egamba nti Kino kibeera nga eeya bulijjo, ekitegeeza nti eddembe ly'omuntu lirina mu butonde era nti lirina kubeera mu butonde bwonna, era nti lirina endowooza endala ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Ekiseera eky'omu biseera eky'omulembe: Ebiwandiiko by'eddiini, naddala Baibuli ne Quran, birina engeri gye binnyonnyolamu obwenkanya mu mpisa n'amateeka. Abakugu mu by'eddiini Abakristaayo nga Thomas Aquinas yagatta obufirosoofo bwa Aristotaliyani n'enjigiriza z'Ekikristaayo, nga bagezaako okugamba nti amateeka g'omuntu galina okuba nga gagendera ku mateeka ga Katonda era n'omu butonde. Mu Basiraamu, obwenkanya (]) kye kintu ekikulu ekikolebwa mu ndagaano, nga kyetaagisa okukolebwako mu misango, n'okubonereza.
  • Enkola ey'okukuuma obulamu n'okukyusaamu: Ekyasa ekya 17, ne 18. Endowooza ez'enjawulo zaaleeta endowooza ez'enjawulo ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu n'enkyukakyuka mu maaso g'amateeka. Abateeyisa nga John Locke baateekateeka nti gavumenti zikozesebwe okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'envuma mu bulamu, eddembe, n'ebintu. Endagaano y'abantu eggumiriza obufuzi bw'ekibiina ne gavumenti eza Bume. Ebiwandiiko nga U.SDraccument of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the French of the Counstment of the (1779), ebyandibadde biragira ddala mu bwenkanya obw'eggwanga.
  • Enzivvuunuzi za commonth Developments: Ekyasa ekya 20 obwenkanya bwasaasaana mu mateeka mu nsi yonna naddala oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Ekirangiriro kya Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) kyateekawo ekisinziirwako mu nsi yonna okuwerezebwa n'okulingana. Ebigezo ebya Nuremberg ne kkooti z'ensi yonna byakulembereza emisango egiva ku bantu. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ebibiina eby'ensonga ezifuga enfuga enfuga mu ngeri y'obwenkanyankanya, eddembe ly'ensi, n'obwenkanankanankanankanankanankana, nga bino bye biyongera ekkubo ery'obwenkanya mu nsi yonna.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kiba kizuunuza obwenkanya nga kiwandikidwa mu nkola z'amateeka ez'edda, kiba kitegeeza ekitundu eky'ensonga mu mpandika eya '[[NTLT'.0] nga kyogera ku bwenkanya.

Obwenkanya mu Kiteera kya Baibuli

Mu nsi ya leero, obwenkanya bubunye buli wamu mu buli mbeera y'obulamu bw'abantu bonna. Buzingiramu eddembe ly'omuntu, obwenkanya mu by'enfuna, entebe y'obutonde, n'abamenyi b'amateeka okuvunaana omusango.

Obwenkanya

Ekiragiro kino kituukiriza enkola y'amateeka okugobererwa.[1] Ekiragiro kikola ku mateeka, kkooti, era ne ku kuwabula nga zzaabu.[1] Amateeka gagobererwa bulungi era n'abantu abavunaanibwa omusango baweebwa empalana ezisaanira. Kyokka, okuteesa kw'ekibiina ky'abantu ab'eggwanga n'ab'eggwanga okusobola okusibibwa mu mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Amerika erimu omuwendo gwa waggulu ku bantu ababali ku nsi yonna, era n'abantu abangi ababunnyiikivugibwa. Abawandiisi bagezaako okuzza obusokero mu ngeri y'obwenkanya, oba okugoba obukyasinze emisango.

Enkizo z’Obufuzi n’Obwenkanya

Amawanga gakyeyongera okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu mu ngeri ereetera abantu okukkirizibwa era n'okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu nga bagoberera amateeka. Ensonga ezigasa zizingiramu okulonda, okulingana kw'obufumbo, okukomyawo obulema, n'okuva ku busosoze. Ekiragiro kino kiyamba nnyo okuteeka essira ku busosoze mu nkola y'ekika kya ba poliisi ne ku nkola z'amateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, ekibiina kya # MeToo kitadde essira ku bikolwa eby'ettemu n'okutulugunyizibwa abaami, nga kisikiririzaamu enkyukakyuka mu mateeka n'obuwangwa. obwenkanya bw'abantu tebuzingiramu kukyusa ndowooza za bannakyeko naye era n'engeri z'eby'amateeka ebikolebwamu.

Obwenkanya bw’Ennansi

obwenkanya bw'ensi bulaga engeri gye kiyinza okugabanyizibwamu obulungi ebyetaago by'obutonde bw'ensi. Omuntu afuna ebizito n'abantu ab'ebifaananyi ebiva ku langi ez'enjawulo, ayoleka obutonde obut'omu nnyangu okubuteeka mu kifo ekimu, kazambi n'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebizibu by'amazzi ebiyitibwa Flint byayoleka engeri gye bisobola okuleetera abantu obutafaayo ku nfuna byetaasa. Era endowooza eyo ezingiramu okufuna empewo ennungi, amazzi, ebifo ebya kiraga nti obutonde obwa langi, n'obusokeerezi bw'ebbeebwenyi. Amawanga mangi nga ga Paris Climateant ekigoongera okugonjoola ensonga eziva mu kuyonobera omuliro.

obwenkanya mu by’Enfuna

obwenkanya bw'eby'enfuna bukoma ku kukendeeza ku njawukana mu by'enfuna, n'okukakasa nti empeera zigobererwa, n'embeera z'emirimu. Omusanvu wakati w'abagagga n'abaavu gugaziyizza ensi yonna, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku misaala gye bafuna, ebyetaago by'emisolo, n'emisolo egigenda gitambula.

Obwenkanya mu Nsi Yonna n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Abantu

Kkooti enkulu ey'ensi yonna ejulira omusango singa kkooti z'eggwanga ziba tezisobola kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwazo, nga zenyigidde mu by'obufuzi, era nga zivumirira okusala emisango ku bwenkanya. Ate era, okukuba obusolo mu nsi yonna ensonga ezikwata ku busuubuzi obw'obwenkanya, obuwoolereza, obuwoowooza, n'eby'obugagga ebiva mu kugaba amasasi.

Engeri Obwenkanya gye Butaatuukirizibwamu

Wadde ng’okunoonya obwenkanya kisinga obukulu, twolekagana n’ebizibu bingi, nga bino bye bino ebikulu ennyo:

  • Ebitundu ebigattidwa mu mpandika ez'enjawulo ebiva ku busosoze obw'edda byeyongera okulemesa ebibiina ebigabanyizidwa obunene okuteekawo obwenkanya mu byafaayo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu nsi nnyingi, abantu ab'enjawukana mu mawanga, n'abantu aba bulijjo, n'eddiini entono byeyolekaganye n'okusososookebwako kwa poliisi, okusalirwako ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi, n'okweyambisibwa obukulembedde mu mateeka. Obusosoze bw'eby'eby'enfuna buleetera abantu okuteekawo obubonerezo obw'amadunda mu mateeka, ate nga n'abaavu baavu busobola okugula obutuufu obw'omu mateeka ate nga n'obukulembedde obwa bulijjo bwe busobola okugula abakungufumbo.
  • [[NTANDIKO:0] Enkola ey'enkola ey'obulyi bw'amateeka okusobola okwefunira amagoba oba okwefunira ebbeeyi mu bya bufuzi ereetera okuvuusibwamu obwesige. Obulyi bw'enguzi busobola okubeera mu ngeri nnyingi: abalamuzi abawaayiriza, okukyusiza mu mateeka, oba okunyaza aba poliisi. Obulyi bw'enguzi obw'ensi yonna bulaga nti ensi ezibaddemu obulyi bw'enguzi obw'enkunvu tezisobola kufuga mateeka na kukendeezebwa mu bantu. Okukyusiza obulyinjabi ku mateeka n'okumenya amateeka agakwata obukkujjukutaaguzi kitera okukolebwa mu bwangu.
  • [[NKULA]] Bias and Plus: Obusosoze obw'enkomeredde mu mateeka buyinza okuvaamu obutali bwenkanya. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti obusosoze mu langi busobola okugonjoolera ddala abo ababa balondeddwa okulonda abalamuzi. Obusosoze buleetera omuntu obutasanjabibwa mu nsonga ez'okwetaba oba ez'ettemu mu maka. Abalamuzi abagendererwa obuteefu ne bannamateeka okukolagana n'ebibiina ebimu. Okutendeka obusobozi, n'okusalawo okw'ensonga, era n'okulabirira ebyo bikolebwa biyamba okukendeeza obusosoze buno.
  • [[NT:0] Abantu bangi tebalina ngeri ya kukakaatika oba okutegeera eddembe lyabwe. Mu nsonga ezikwata ku bantu, gamba ng'aw'okusula, omulimu, oba obusangwa bw'abantu, obutawabula ku kuwabula kusobola kukozesa bubi ebitongole ebya bulijjo. Enteekateeka ez'amateeka ziteetegekebwa bulungi mu bitundu bingi, ne zikola olubala lw'obwenkanya. Tekinologne-stiki, nga ku Internet bwe kuliko obuwayiro obukkirizisaamu n'obuyambi, zisobola okusobozesa abantu okubukozesa mu ngeri ey'amagezi.
  • Ekiragiro ekikozesebwa okukomyawo obukwasiro n'okukuba Populical: Gavumenti bwe zinafuya abalamuzi oba bwe zibuusa amaaso enfuga za kkooti, omusingi gwa bya bwenkanya guyinza okusasika. Abakulembeze b'eddiini mu kipopulinti bayinza okusekerera ebibiina ebikuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatono ennyo, nga bo boogedde nti okubaako kyekubiira. Obwetwaze bw'amateeka bwe bwe bweyongera, amawanga mangi gayinza okuzibuwalibwa.
  • [[NKULA] Obufuzi mu Bizibu ebiriwo mu Kiseera kya Nsi: Obwenkanya mu kiseera kino bureetawo ebibuuzo ebippya: Enkola za maawundiike ezikozesebwa mu kusalira abalala b'obuyinza ku nkula y'enkola oba okufunira ab'obuwandisi amateeka gandikuwadde zitya obutakwata ku nsonga za nukuta oba ezitabaganya ku nnukuta.

Okumanya ebisingawo ku kusoomooza kw'obwenkanya mu nsi yonna, laba Project Aupplication of Law Index[, ebisinziirwako okukugira gavumenti, obutalya enguzi, n'obwenkanya mu bantu.

Okuyigiriza Obwenkanya mu Kibiina

Abasomesa bwe bayigiriza abayizi bannaabwe mu ngeri ezitali zimu, basobola okubayamba okutegeera obulungi ensonga eyo basobole okufuuka abatuuze ab’ekisa era abanyiikivu.

Okwogera n’Okuwakana

Kubiriza abayizi okwekenneenya endowooza ez'enjawulo ku bwenkanya. Okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga nga "Ekibonerezo eky'okufa?" oba "Emitendera egigobererwa mu matendekero ga yunivasite gisaanidde okutwalibwa ng'empaka ez'enjawulo okusobola okutumbula endowooza n'obukugu mu kunoonyereza.

Okunoonyereza ku Case

Kozesa ebyokulabirako eby'ennamba ebiraga obutuufu bw'obwenkanya. Weekenneenye obbewa brown K'obubaka obwa bulijjo, obugwa nga zzaabu, obutuuti (defanction), obuwanvu bw'amateeka, oba Miranda v. Arizona (ya lwatu okusirika), oba Obergefell v. Hodges (obufumbo obw'omu ngeri y'emu). Suzunga ebbeegin, gamba nga okuwozesebwa kwa Derek Chauvin mu kutta George Floyd, okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga.

Ekifo eky'okuzannya n'obubonero obukozesebwamu

Okusobola okuyamba abayizi okutegeera engeri abalamuzi gye balamulaamu, abakungubazi, n'abalamuzi. Okusala emisango ku nsonga ez'ebyafaayo oba ez'obusobozi kiyinza okubayigiriza obujulizi, obuwagizi, n'obutuufu bw'ensonga eziragibwa mu bantu. Emitwe gy'ensonga ezikwata ku ntegeka, okuzannya enkola z'ekika omulanga omulaga nti omuyizi awagira omumenyi w'amateeka atali wa njawulo, era n'emirimu egikolebwa ku ssemwanyi, gamba ng'egye egikwata ku mbeera ey'ekibamba oba ekitongole ekikola endagaano nga kyeyawonera ddala ekigwa mu butonde.

Okwenyigira mu Kitundu n’Okuyiga Obuweereza

Mwetaaze okukolagana n'abaana mu by'amateeka oba mu mirimu gy'amateeka. Bayinza okukola nga bannakyewa mu malwaliro agakwata ku by'amateeka, okwenyigira mu kuddaabiriza obwenkanya, oba kaweefube ow'enkyukakyuka mu nkola ezikolebwa ku nsonga gamba ng'obut'obw'okulya oba okusula.

Engeri ez’Okukangavvulamu

Omusango tegubeera mu masomero agafuga abantu oba mu bibiina by'amateeka byokka. Mu bitabo, abayizi bayinza okukebera omutwe ogukwata ku butali bwenkanya mu bitabo nga Okutta Omuntu ali mu mpuku oba Omukyayi UP[. Mu kiwandike, bannasayansi bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'empandika ez'ekika ekya ba enkula oba ez'obutonde. Mu kubala, bannasayansi, bakebera ebifaananyi okumanya ebifa ku ssente ezifunibwa ku mungi.

Okuyiga okusoma n'okusoma ebifulumira mu bugazi bw'ebifulumya

Mubabuuze okugeraageranya firimu n'emikutu gya ttivi ebiraga ebikolwa eby'obwenkanya oba ekirabo ky'amateeka. Kino kiyamba abayizi okumanya obusosoze, pokopoko, n'ebigambo eby'obulimba, era basobola okwesalirawo ebibakwatako, gamba nga ebiba mu mikutu gy'empuliziganya, oba vidiyo, nga bawagira ensonga ezikwata ku bwenkanya.

Olugero: Obwenkanya ng’Okuluubirira Okutuuka ku Buwanguzi

Endowooza ey'obwenkanya egoberedde mu bantu baffe era ne mu ntegeka z'amateeka. Bwe beekenneenya ennyiriri eziriraanyewo, ensonga ez'omu kiseera kino, n'ebizibu, abasomesa bayinza okuteekateeka abayizi okumanya n'obusobozi obwetaavu okusobola okulaga nti obwenkanya bulina okukolebwa. Okutegeera obwenkanya si kye kintu ekikulu eky'okufuga obutuuze. Obwenkanya bwetaagisa okunyiikivu buli mulembe gw'okunnyonnyola n'okugoberera emisingi gyabwo ku mbeera empya. Okuva ku mateeka okulwanirira eddembe lya digulibwa, okulwanirira obwenkanya kye kintu ekisinziirwako okumanyira ddala ekyukakyuka mu ku kukulaakulana kw'abantu. Mu kuyigiriza abaana okulowooza ennyo, okukola ebisaanira, era n'okukolagana n'abantu mu kifo eky'okuwagira mu biseera eby'obugolokofu, okukyalira [FL:]