Endowooza z’Abantu ku Musango gw’Okufa n’Okuluggula Omusango

Ekiragiro kino kiwa endowooza endowooza nti okusomera ddala Amateeka okusinziira ku makulu gaagyo mu kiseera eky'okujjuuliriza n'ensonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Omuntu okusobola okufuna ennukuta ez'enjawulo, abafirosoofo bano baagala nnyo okusoma Amateeka okusinziira ku makulu gaago agasooka. Endowooza ez'edda, okwesiga ennyiriri ezitegeerwa aba lukalala nga ze zitegeera amateeka g'omulembe guwandiikibwa, ziwa obukakafu obunywevu, era ziwandikibwa nga tezikola nga demokrase. Endowooza zino zisinziira ku ngeri abalamuzi, abakugunja, abakugu, n'abayinjabi gye batwalamu emitindo egikwata ku kufa, era n'enkola yaakwo. Okutegeera kwalina okunoonyereza ku byafaayo, okunoonyereza ku n'okukyusa endowooza y'okukyusa endowooza y'enkola mu by'amateeka okugoonziganya endowooza y'enkola ekwatagana n'enkola ya coluppo.

Okusookera Ddala Kye Ki?

Enzivvuunula eyo teri mu luwandika lwa lumu; etwaliramu emiyondo egitali gimu. Ekiwandiiko ekyasooka okuwandiikibwa nga kinoonya abo abakkiriza nti enkyusa eyo ekkirizibwa mu mateeka. Leero, enkyusa eyo etegeeza , ekyayawulibwawo n'ekya bulijjo Omulamuzi Antonin Scalialia n'abalala. Engeri eno ebuuza omuntu omutegeevu mu kiseera eky'okukmanya kino ky'enkola ebeere ng'ategeera amakulu g'ennyiriri. Enkola y'enkola y'emu n'eyo ennyonnyola engeri ez'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye zikozesebwa mu kiseera ekyo. Okunoonyereza kwonna kubuuza nti omuntu omutegeempala ayinza kutegeera yennyini ebigambo mu kiseera eky'okusalawo obutaginnyonnyola oba okugattira mu ngeri y'okunnyonnyola mu ngeri egoberebwamu. Ekiragiro ekigamba ekyo eky'okunnyonnyola enkola y'ensonga ey'ensonga mu n'okugamba “[FLT:[FLT:]]] , ekitegeeza engeri endala

Ensibuko y'obulombolombo obw'ekika kya 20 eri mu kutuukirizibwa kw'enkola eya Croix . Abayivu gamba nga Robert Bork, Raoul Berger, ne Rindy Barnett ne Gary Lawson baddid critiques ezitaali za bannaddiini. Warrenpper ne Buggers, baakwata ku nkola ya kkooti ey'oku ntik'okubiri (] Diversion of Columbia v. Heller, 2008) ne Classiocle ([FLT:] United States [12], 1995], yakwata ku ku ku musango ogw'okugoba obwenkanya. — Nfunze ekitongole ekikyama.

Okugoberera Enjigiriza z’Obwannannyini n’Okulongoosebwa kw’Emitendo Omunaana

Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala eky'okukyusaamu ekiwandiikiddwa kigamba: “Ebbaaza ey'enkomeredde teyetaagisa, wadde okusasula enzijanjaba ezisingawo, oba ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa.” Abasomi ba Baibuli ab'edda bagamba nti amakulu ga“bannakyewa n'ebya bulijjo gaateekebwawo mu kiseera eky'okugatta (1791 ku Lufulumya lwa Ddenti), olw'enkizo ez'enkomerero. Ekiragiro ekikulu eky'ebyafaayo kwe kuba nti okubonerezebwa okw'olukongo kwali [[FL: 0] kwakozesebwa n'okukkirizibwa n'okukkirizibwa. Okuttibwa kwakolebwa mu kiseera eky'okutandikawo. Okubonerebwa kwakolebwa ng'okutta, okujeemera gavumenti, n'okugoba, n'okutuusibwa mu ngeri endala ey'okugoba, okuggyawo ensonga ey'amaanyi mu bulamu obwa bulijjo, tebyalina makulu mu bigambo ebyasooka. Ate era tebyakolebwa mu ngeri eyo, oba mu ngeri y'okubonerebwa mu ngeri ey'okubonerebwa mu n'ennya."""[b]

Ebyafaayo

Obujulizi obuwerako buwa obukakafu nti ebyo bye baasoma byali bya nfumo. Ekisooka, ekibiina ekyasooka ekyawaanyisa Bill of Rights ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa olw'obumenyi obumu obwakolebwa mu mateeka mu 1790. Ekyokubiri, amateeka ga gavumenti gaakkiriza okuttibwa mu ngeri y'enne. Ekyokusatu, ebigambo “ekiwere ne" ekitali kya bulijjo byeyolebwa ku Bill of Rights of Rights of Conset9, gye byagaana ekibonerezo ekikkirizibwa n'amateeka oba obutakkirizibwa mu musango ogwo. Abasososoosa baasa baagoberezza nti okugoba enkola ey'okutta abantu ab'enkomerebwa mu ggwanga ery'omulembe omunaana baawerebwanga enkola ey'obukyafu (nga eyokyayibwa oba okusiimbibwa oba okusiimbibwa) n'okubonerebwa, n'okugaana ekibonerezo ekyamenyebwa mu mpalo yonna.

“ Emitindo Egikwata ku Kulimba” Enjigiriza

Abasomi bawakanya era bagezaako okulaba obanga kkooti enkulu entuufu yakkiriza trop v. Dulles [1958] era baateekako enkola mu misango gy'okubonerezebwa nga [[FLT:] Fulman. Georgia[[][19][6][6][19]]. Okusinziira ku kigezo kino, amakulu g'emitindo gy'empisa egy'abantu gye gikola. [2] Ekiragiro kyatandika okusekerera omusango nga “ekirengo ky'okusala oba ekirengo eky'okutta. Mu kubaako endowooza z'abantu ez'eby'omululu ebyo ebireetebwa obwerundiro, ekikkiribwa kiyinza okukyuuzikyusiza mu ku ku ku kubaako [FF.][5][200][5][5]][5]

Endowooza z’Abaali Bafa mu Butaseera bw’Edda ku Kuzikirira

Nga bawa obujulizi obw'ebyafaayo, abeekenneenya n'abalamuzi abasinga obungi bakkiriza amateeka agafuga okubonereza abantu. Kyokka, tebawagira nkola yaakyo mu buli nsonga. Abasomyo baawula wakati w'ekibonero n'obubonero obuli mu musingi n'obukuumi [[FLT] obwa bulijjo] n'obukuumi [[FLT] obwa bulijjo] obwandiweereddwa okusobola okutuukana n'amakulu g'enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okwenkanankana. Enjigiriza enkulu yaakwo yangu okutegeera ensonga eyo gyeri: kubanga ebiwandiiko by'amateeka n'okutegeera tebyasooka bigaana kubonerezebwa olw'ensonga ez'amaanyi, amatabi g'eby'ebyobufuzi — akakiiko n'ebitongole eby'obuyinza — obwakkirimu, obwakkusobozesa okukituukiriza obutuufu obwa n'obutebe obwayongo.

Scalia Scalia Awaayo Omulamuzi

Omulamuzi Scalia yawa endowooza ye nti omumenyi w'amateeka yasooka kutegeera bulungi ekibonerezo ky'okufa. Kansas v. Marsh (2006], yawandiika nti olukalala lw'ebiragiro olw'okukwata abamenyi b'amateeka “terugaana kivumero eky'okufa eri abamenyi b'amateeka” era yavumirira kkooti okuyisa omusango ng'ogukwata ku ‘ nsonga ezikwata ku mpisa z'abalamuzi.'ekitongole ] Ring v. Arizona[FLT:] [2002], yakkiriza nti okugoba omusango ogw'omukaaga gulina okuzuula ensonga ezisobozesa abawandiikibwa okukosebwa. Okukugibwa okugaziwawawawa. [FLT.Pricenti: 2][FLT] [2002] [%], Scaliass projectivemental arration ku lukuppo mu kkooti gye yasooka okuwagiramu.

Obwenkanya eri Tomasi n’Okutandikawo kw’Enjigiriza ez’Obutaayi

Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas yawa endowooza ye eyongerako. Graham v. Florida [2010], yawakanya endowooza z'abasinga obungi nti abaana abatakwatibwa baasalirwa omusango mu misango egitali gya 76oicicive. Thomas yagamba nti okubonerezebwa “crucul ne” bye byokka ebyatwalibwanga mu 1791. Okuva bwe kiri nti abavubuka abawanguli baayirwa okuttibwa (era n'okusibibwa) mu kiseera ekyo, amaanyi g'eggwanga okukakala awatali kubaako kkomo lya mu byafaayo. Mu ngeri y'emu, Thomas yalemererwa okukomya obusosoze mu [FLT:] Buckle. [FFFFF:9]

Obuwagizi Okuva eri Lean Ey’Omwaka Ogwasooka

  • Enkola ey'okusalako ekolebwako mu mateeka g'ensi yonna okuva mu maaso ga mateeka. Abasazi b'amateeka baatwalanga nti amateeka tegalina kukomezebwa.
  • [[Act:0] Obubonero obufuga engeri ez'enjawulo: MPPUMENTI Ereetera obunene efuga eggwanika z'ebitundu ebiramusatu mu mitendo egya 14 gino, naye abasomerera ebyasooka bagamba nti enjigiriza ey'okugatta awamu erina kuba n'ekigero ekigereke. Abakulembedde nti enzijjuvu ekkiriza nti gavumenti zirina eddembe okusigazaamu eddembe erisingako okunnyonnyola obumenyi bw'amateeka n'ekibonerezo okuggyako nga owadde obuyinza obutuufu bumenyeddwa mu butereevu.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Enkola ey'okuwandika: Ekigambo “buwandiikivu n'eky'enjawulo” tekirina bigambo nga“ ennyuma ya Baibuli” oba“ebikwata ku kiseera kino." Abakugu mu njigiriza ez'ekika kya Baibuli bagaana enkola empya ez'amateeka agaawerebwa.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Okuvunaana omusango ogw'enkola eya demokulase:[ Singa abantu baba baagala okukomya ekibonerezo eky'okufa, bayinza okukkirizisa abateesiteesi baabwe. Kkooti tezisaanidde kutegeeza nti enkola y'eby'obufuzi esaanidde okukomya omulimu guno.

Okuziyizibwa Okutali Kumu

Endowooza z'abantu ab'enzikiriza eyo zisangamu okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi okuva ku bayizi n'abalamuzi abatali ba bulijjo. “Abo abagoberera amateeka aga bulijjo” bagamba nti abo abagoba Amateeka basuubira okutaputa Amateeka nga bategeera embeera ezikyukakyuka. Abamu basonga ku ngeri Esembayo gye bajulizaamu ekigambo“'ekiragiro. Ekibonerezo kiyinza okuba eky'enjawulo ng'abantu baleseewo obutali bwenkanya. Abalala balaga nti okugoba abantu abatalina musango — okufaayo okukendeeza ku nsonga mu kyasa ekya 18. [FL:] Ekireetera ekitono okutaanyiikibwa mu nkyukakyuka mu by'enjigiriza mu myaka 18 naye nga kati kusinziira ku ku ku kunoonyereza okw'amaanyi okw'ekika. Ate era, abasososookerosoosa endowooza za CF] Kino kyeyolekera mu ngeri y'enkyukakyuka mu nsonga enkulu (mukolo gwa Baldus progreus mu ku ku kunoonyereza ekimanyiddwa ekimanyiddwa mu n'enkyukakyuka [M]: [2], ekitongole ekiwanvuunyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyi ennyo mu buvu,

Endowooza y’Abaali Obuto mu Kiwandiike ku Misango Egikwata ku Butali Bwenkanya ne ku Butali Bulungi

Enkola yaakwo ku nkola y’obumenyi bw’amateeka, eddembe ly’omuwozesebwa, n’ey’eggwanga ereeseewo obwenkanya obw’enjawulo — obwo obuwa ekitiibwa mu byafaayo ebikwata ku nkola esaanira, okuwozesebwa kw’abalamuzi, n’obuyinza bwa poliisi.

Enkola y’Ekyokulabirako n’Ekiwandiiko Ekwata ku Ddembe

Abanoonyereza ku by'eddiini baggumiza nti, enkola ya Claus Claus ey'ekkumi n'enaana Enzijigiriza zaamu, erina okutanulwa ng'erina ensonyi zaayo ezaasooka. Kino kitera okusobozesa omulimu okugufuula munene enkola ekyetaagisa, endowooza nti Claus akuuma eddembe ekkulu eritali liba libaliddwa mu Mateeka. Abawandiikizi, kino kitegeeza nti eddembe eryayogerwako (okugezesebwa, okubuulirira, n'ebirala], n'ebirala. Abalina endowooza nti obutakkiriza kusalirawo mulembe gwe bawandisizza, eddembe erya nnamaddala, ng'ery'ery'okusala emisango nga “obusosoze obw'ebiragiro obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo obwabanga tebwaliwo mu Byawandiikibwa, oba obutateekebwa mu mpala w'omulembe. Era, amateeka ago tegakkiriza enkola ey'omu mateeka okugobeetereezebwa. Scali mu ngeri eyo ey'okunoonyereza okutereeza ensonga mu n'ebitonde eby'ebituufu tegattiddwawo. Era, yagoberebwawo tegasawo mu ngeri y'okunoonyereza okutereeza mu ngeri ey'envumirimu.

Omuteende ogw’Okuna: Okunoonyaamakulu Agasooka

Mu kifo eky'okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa kawumpuli, enkola eno ereeseewo okukaayana ku makulu g'ebigambo “obutali buzibu.” Omulamuzi Scalia kye yasinga okulowooza mu Kyllo v. United States (2001]] yagamba nti okukozesa ekifaananyi ekibuguma okulaba nti mu nnyumba kinoonya omuntu mu kifo ky'abadde atwala ng'ekyamala. [[FLT:]]][FLT]][20:]], Scalia yawandiika ku nsonga ezikwata ku muvumu eri emmotoka okusobola okuzuula ekidduka. Kino kiyinza okuzuula ekibamba ekiri mu ngeri eyo ey'okukifuula ekitebe ekikulu. Mukiikiikiikiikiikizo ekyo, kiyinza okugaana “mu ku ekyo ekikolebwa mu ngeri enzijijira ennyo.[5][5]

Eddembe ly’Omukago ne Claus

Abakugu mu by'edda bakozesezza enkola ey'okuzzaawo ebiwandiiko bya Claus. Endowooza y'omulamuzi Scalia mu Crawford v. Washington (2004) baddiramu ebigezo ebyasooka ebyesigika mu nkola y'ebyafaayo: ebiwandiikibwa obujulizi nga tebikyaliwo, obutakkirizibwa okuggyako ng'omuwagizi alina omukisa gwa kusalako oluvanyuma. Ekiragiro kino kyakyusa nnyo okugezesa okw'abamenyi b'amateeka era kyakkirizibwa nga kiragiddwawo ku ngeri y'okutandikawo obwa bulijjo. Mu ngeri y'emu, okukkiriza okw'obujulizi okutuufu okw'ekiragiro kunywezebwa mu ku Kkookolo Kko. [FLD] Appreddin. mu kifo eky'okusinziira ku ekyo, mu ku ku ekyo, kyazulibwawongerako omujulirwamu ku lukiiko olusooka. [2:][5]

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino: Obusosoze n’Enjawulo Ebiri mu Busosoze

Enjigiriza y'obulombolombo teyogera ku nsonga ezisinga okusinziirwako mu nkola z'amateeka ez'ekika kino. Okusibibwa mu makomera mu Amerika kwe kusingirayo ddala okusingirayo ddala okutwalibwa mu nsi enkulaakulana mu by'ensi. Kubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kugabaanya n'etteeka lya gavumenti. Abeekenneenya ebikwata ku by'amateeka ag'obukiika obwa bulijjo nga Randy Barnett, bakkirizisa ku “maanyi agamu” agaddikkiriziddwa, nga bagamba nti amateeka mangi ag'ensi n'amasajja gago gasussa mu mateeka ga Congress Classiace, nga bannassanti y'omulembezo, singa wabaawo protoossaawo, enteekateeka za Congress ziyinza okufuga obukkoddoma z'eby'eby'eby'enjanjanjawo. Kino tekiyinza okukendeereza ddala omuwendo gw'abasibeembirira ddala. Kyokka, gavumenti zijja ku buyinza okusobozesa abantu okukola eby'omumenyi w'amateeka, ekiyinza okuleetawo okubaamu.

Obusosoze n’Obusosoze

Enjawulo eziva mu langi mu kukwatibwa, okusalirako omusango, n'okutta batera okussibwako essira ku basosoomoozi b'amateeka. Abayivu ab'enkyukakyuka bakitegeera nti mu kusooka, okugattika ettuluba lya 14 n'eryawna ery'okutaano Literation Claus kwayitibwa ng'okuziyiza enjawukana ez'enjawulo mu langi, naye nga byetaawukanya obanga bitwaliramu “empakalyango”. Omulamuzi Thomas, mu [FLL:0] n'aw'. Bollinger [200:1] [200] [200] n'ensonga endala, akiraze nti amakulu agasooka ag'obukuumibwa Clawulizi obwa Claus ge gamu ku mutindo ogwa [[FLT:] obufunze mu ngeri ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ez'enjawulo, era nga zigaana enkola ey'enjawulo ey'eggwanga. Kyokka, enkola ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga enkulu eyinza okugobeeyoleka mu n'ensonga enkulu, teyinza okugogoberebwa mu ngeri ey

Kye Kisobozesa

Endowooza eyasooka ku kugaba obuwagizi bw'ebiragiro kyewuunyisa. Enteerlinement ereetera “amataba n'ekibonerezo eky'enjawulo,” naye abaasooka bagamba nti kyetaagisa obutulugunya bungi wakati w'obumenyi bw'amateeka n'okubonerezebwa ku sisinga bukulu. Ebyo kkooti enkulu bye yasala mu [FLD:0]Graham v. Florida era ne [[FLT]] Miller v. [FLT] [3] (20)) (20: ebisinziddwa mu ngeri nti tewali nzivunuzi y'emu, tewali musingi gwagibaddemu. , tewalinawo ate nga Yokaana omulanduvugiro gwe yasonze okunoonyereza okusobola okuzza obutuufu. Era okuwakanya ensonga ezo tekusinziira ku ku ku ku ku ku ku nsonga zino. Era, okuwakanya ensonga eyo ey'okunoonyereza okusobola okuwakanya ensonga enkulu ennyo.

Obubonero Obusooka mu Kiseera Kyaffe: Obubonero Obusinga Obukulu

  • [[NKK:0][FULT] Furman v. Georgia Kkooti enkulu yalangirira ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa nga bwe kyayisa mu kiseera ekyo obutassawo namba ezitaawula (5.4). Omulamuzi William Brennan ne Thir Marshall yagamba nti kyamenya emitindo egikwata ku fayiro enneyisa nga bwe gityo; oluvannyuma Omulamuzi Scillani yavumirira ekyo ekyandivuddemu nga tekikola nga tekikola mu kunoonyereza kwa st. Abakulembezza ku njigiriza ez'edda baatwala ekya bulijjo ekya Furman nga kye kikoze.
  • [[NKULA][[NKULA][[FLT]] gg v. Georgia Kkooti yawagidde ebiragiro ebigikulembera era ne kisobozesa okuwandiisa ekiragiro eky'okuzza emisango ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. Endowooza ya Stewart ey'okuba nti ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa tekyali mu mpandika eya mu mpandika eya bulijjo, naye nga baayinza obutazza buwagizi ku nsonga eyo mu kifo eky'okuginnyonnyola mu ngeri nti, ekyo kye baasinziira ku ndowooza eyo ey'okugiteekako obubonero obutuufu.
  • [[AKYONGERA] v (2002]) ([FLT: Kkooti yasaba mpuku ez'okusangamu ensonga ez'enyongeza. Kkooti eyo ekkiriza ebigikwatako. Kkooti eyo ekkiriza ebigikwatako. Kkooti eyo bw'eba nga yeesigama ku kiwandiiko eky'omukasatu, olukalala lw'edda lw'ewandiikibwawo, olusooka ne lwesigama ku kkopi eyo. Kkomo kino kiraga engeri enkola eyo ey'okugoberera enkola ya CScalia y'okusinze gye yasobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abawandiyitisiddwa.
  • [[NKULA][FLT]BLEw v. Precythe Kkooti egaana enkola ey'okusoomooza okw'ekika kya . Omulamuzi Gor akozesa enkola endala ez'enjawulo eziyinza okukozesebwa okulaga engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okutta.

Olugero: Okugoberera Obusobozi bw’Okuzimbira Obusobozi bw’Okutegeera

Enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku mateeka yeeyongera okuleetawo okukaayana ku nsonga ezikwata ku musango mu Amerika. Okukalambira ku ngeri gye kukwatamu ebigambo, ebyafaayo, ne demokulase, kiwa endowooza ey'amaanyi okusobola okukifuula ekyangu eri “Amateeka amalamu.” Nga basalirwa omusango ogw'okuttibwa, bannasayansi baakyerabirawo enkonge za gavumenti naye era balwanirira enkuumi ezikwata ku makulu g'ensonga ez'okukangavvu mu lukiiko lw'abalamuzi awamu n'engeri y'okussaawo olukalala. Kyokka, okukajjajja kw'amateeka okugaziwanyisa ebintu ebizingirwa mu nkola y'amateeka, n'okuzzaawo enteekateeka z'eby'obuwagizigibwa, biyamba okukendeezebwa mu ku ekyo ekiba kye kyetaagisa mu kukkiririmu ne ku bantu. Kyokka, endowooza y'abasaze mu kusooka esigala nga tegobenjereeteddwawo mu ku nsonga eziba mu nsi.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, laba olukusa olw'omusenyu olw'okukyusaamu mu by'amateeka ku National Constitution Center; ekirowoozo ky'omulamuzi Scalia mu Kansas v. Marsh[; n'okwekenneenya eby'ebyafaayo mu John Stinneford, “Ensonganya ya ‘ Ennukuta ey'omulembe'omu'omu'omu'ebusokero''e].