Engeri Abakulembeze gye Bakolaganamu n’Ebiragiro mu Bufuzi bwa Buli Lunaku

Enteekateeka z'abafuzi, ez'okufuga, ez'okufuga, era n'ez'okusala emisango gye zikola. Wadde ebitabo byo binnyonnyola amatabi gano nga gaawukana, nga gakolera wamu, era nga gavuganya ebiseera ebimu. Amatabi gategeera engeri amatabi gano gye gakolera awamu, era ne gokkanya enkola ezikola ku mateeka gaffe, n'enkola ez'okukuuma eddembe lyaffe, era nga gavumenti tezivunaanibwa. Ekitundu kino kisingako ku nnyinyonnyola engeri amatabi gye gaasengekebwamu, nga gagoberera ebyokulabirako ebiragiddwawo mu kiseera kye kimu era ne mu byafaayo okulaga engeri enkola eno gy'ekolamu mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.

Ettabi Eryali mu Mateeka: Erisingawo ku Kuwandiika Buwandiike Amateeka

ettabi ly'ekitongole ekifuga amateeka ga gavumenti, okusingira ddala liyitibwa Conseils, naye emirimu gyalyo gisinga kufuga n'amasasuli g'ebbanja.

Entegeka y’Akakiiko: Omulimu We Gwonna We Gukolebwa

Enteekateeka z'ekibiina kya bannakyewa zikola mu bukiiko obukola eby'amateeka n'obulabirizi. Akakiiko akayimirira nga akakiiko k'Akakiiko k'Ennyumba oba akakiiko k'Eby'Eby'Eby'Enfuna akatuula mu Ssaawa kateefu kalina okubaamu amateeka, okutuula obujulizi n'obujulizi obukugu, era n'okuteeka akabonero ku b'amasasi gye bateeka nga tebannatuuka wansi. Assessomero ga kakebeebaga ku bintu, okuva ku bulimi ne ku bukuusa bwa Internet. Enkola eno esobozesa abantu okufuna obumanyirivu mu by'enkola ez'enjawulo naye era ereeteeyambisibwawo n'enkola ez'okuzza enjsumbizi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Akakiiko k'enyimbakko ka ofiisi z'amatabi, okunoonyereza ku by'obukumpanya, okusaasaanya amasasi oba okubunnyalanya amasa oba okubukuusa.

Amaanyi g’Emmere

Obuyinza bwa gavumenti okukugira enkola y'eby'amasasuliro mu gavumenti y'ensi eno oba okuteeka embalirira y'enkola ku ofiisi y'ettabi. Ekiragiro kino kiwa Congress obuyinza ku ssente ezisaanira, nga kitegeeza nti prezidenti tasobola kusaasaanya ssente nga takkiriziddwa gavumenti. Amaanyi gano gakozeseddwa okukugira enteekateeka z'abakungu, gamba ng'okusigira ssente ez'okuwaayo mu bya magye agamu oba okugobererwa embalirira embalirira y'enkola. Gavumenti y'ekola mu kukebera embalirira y'abakulu mu by'obuyinza, era nga ebivaako emirundi mingi ereetebwawo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu n'enkola.

Obulabirizi n’Okunoonyereza

Obukulembeze bw'Akakiiko akafuzi kajja kweyongera mu maaso. Akakiiko kalonda abakulu b'ebibiina n'abakungu ba gavumenti okuwa obujulizi nga basinziira ku ngeri gye basalamu amateeka. Obukiiko obwa waggulu butwaliramu okuwozesa obukodyo bwa KIA mu ngeri ze ez'okubuuza ebibuuzo nga kiwandiisa bannaabwo era n'okubunoonyereza ku Nnyumba. Okulumba kwa Capitol.

Ofiisi y’ettabi eriddukanya omulimu gw'okuddukanya ebitongole: Okuva ku Prezidenti okudda ku Bukiiko bwa Bunnaakyemi

Ettabi lya nnannyini kampuni likulemberwa Prezidenti wa Amerika, naye libaamu enkola ennene ennyo: ebitongole bya kakiiko akatuula ku matabi, ebikumi n'ebikumi (nga EPA, FDA, ne FBI), n'abakola ku kampuni abasukka mu bukadde bubiri. Obuvunaanyizibwa bwa prezidenti ‘ okwegendereza amateeka gabeesigwa mu bwesigwa, buwa amagezi mangi mu ngeri amateeka gye gagobererwamu. Obukodyo obwo bukozesebwa nga bayisa ebiragiro, ebilango, n'okussaawo amateeka agafuga.

Ebiragiro by'Abalagizi n'Ebiragiro bya Pulezidenti

Ebiragiro biteekeddwawo ku bakwanaganya abafuga enzijanjaba, naye bateekwa okukkirizibwa mu buyinza oba mu mateeka. Abakulembeze baazo bateekawo enkola nga tebalindako Congress. Ebibonero bitwaliramu Prezidenti Obama’s Deferered Action for Childhoome Applawals (DACA), Prezidenti wa Trump okuwera ensi eziwerako ez'Abasiraamu, ne Pulezidenti Biden ebiragiro ku nkyukakyuka z'embeera y'obudde. Emirundi mingi kkooti ziddamu okulayira ebiragiro bya bannakyekereza ku biragiro bya bappeeti si bye basinga okusukka ku buyinza obwa prezidentemu. Ekyawereza kino, kkooti esinga okukiggaza esvumba okuwera okutambula mu [[FLT:] v. Hawaii .[208] ate nga n'osemba ebimenyeddwa mu ku ku kufuga kwa ntandikwa y'okufuga kwa .

Engeri y’Okufugamu

Ebitongole bya directorl bissaawo amateeka agafuga enkola y'enkola mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga. Kino kizingiramu enkola empanvu ey'okussaawo amateeka agakolebwa gavumenti, okuwandiika ebitabo, n'okunoonyereza mu ngeri eddiriŋŋana mu Federal Register. Munsi y'ekitongole ekifuga enfuga y'ekitongole ekikola nga addippedirect. Ebibiina binaawagira amateeka gaabyo era ne biddamu ebyogeegoberezaamu ebyo bye bawa. Okussaawo amateeka gayinza okuba n'okubaamu eby'amaanyi ku bulamu obwa bulijjo.[[FLT:][PA:1][22]

Okugobererwa kw’Ebitongole by’Eby’Ennimi Endala

Pulezidenti ye kampuni asinga obukulu era omukulu w'abasirikale. Wadde nga prezidenti asobola okukola endagaano, yeetaaga olukiiko lw'abakungu ababiri mu bitundu bisatu okusobola okukomyawo. Okusobola okwewala empaka zino, bannabyabufuzi batera okukozesa endagaano eza bannakyewa ezitakkirizibwa mu kkooti. Obukyayi bwe busingawo wakati w'obuyinza bwa bannakyewa n'eby'obuyinza bwa bannaakyewa mu nsonga z'ensi endala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, bannaakyewa w'obufuzi bwa Iran Nuclear Deart (20) yali ndagaano ey'okufuga so si ndagaano, era oluvannyuma bannaawunzi ab'enkola eyo baagibwawo, nga balaga obutuufu bw'ebyo ebikolebwa mu magye.

Ettabi Erisalira Abalamuzi Omusango: Abatwazi, Abakuumi, n’Abakuumi

Kkooti z'emisango zinnyonnyola amateeka era ne zikakasa nti gakwatagana n'amateeka. Ekiragiro kya kkooti kya gavumenti kizingiramu kkooti za disitulikiti (kooti) ez'ebitundu (kooti). Enkola y'ebitundu (kooti ezisaze) ne kkooti enkulu. Kkooti zirina obuyinza obw'okulambula oba okuyisa amateeka oba ebikolwa ebikontana n'amateeka. Amaanyi gano agaateekebwa mu marbury v. Madison [1803], gafuula ettabi ly'okusala emisango okuba nga lirina obusobozi obw'okukebera ebitongole ebyo byombi ebikola.

Engeri Emisango gye Gituuka ku Kkooti Esingayo Obukulu

Kkooti enkulu ewa emboozi nga 70-80 buli mwaka okuva ku kwegabiza 7,000. Emisango giva mu kujulirwa ku misango gya kkooti essaawa oba mu kkooti enkulu ez'ensi. Kkooti eno ewa ensonga bwe zikwatibwako. era ewa abakyala okuba nga gye bavunaanibwa ku misango egizingiramu ebibuuzo ebikulu oba obukuubaganyi mu kkooti z'ebitundu. Ekiragiro kisala emisango ku buli kakwate ku buli kakwakyo ([[FLT:]]]]]] n'ebbssssss n'eviromenti z'abakyala ab'eby'obulamu [[FLT:], 202]]]).

Okulonda n’Okutegeera Obungi Ebikwata ku Bulamu

Abalamuzi abafuga akakiiko akafuzi balondebwa pulezidenti era akakase nti Servetus akakwasizza abalamuzi abo obulamu bwabwe bwonna, nga bakwasiddwa okubaawula ku kupikirizibwa kwa bannabyabufuzi. Kino kireetera okusala emisango kukolebwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi kubanga okulonda okugatta kkooti emu kuyinza okukyusa endowooza ya kkooti okumala amakumi g'emyaka. Okusemba okukajja kw'omukulembeze Ow'e Merma Merrick Garland mu 2016, nga kugobererwa olukujjubo lwa Justice Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, okulaga engeri okulondebwa okwo gye kufuuse olutalo olw'ebyobufuzi.

Engeri Enkebe z’Ebitundu eby’Omu Kibiina gye Zikozesebwamu

Abakola olukalala lwa freyimenti ezo essatu baazikola nga “ziba za njawulo naye nga zenkanankana.” Zaakolebwa zisobole okukola ku buli ttabi ereme okusattulukusibwa endala. Bino bye bisooka okukeberwa nga(na bwe bikola) era ne engeri gye bifugamu:

  • [[NTL:0] Ekiragibwa ku nnamba eya waggulu: Consert eyinza okufuga akakiiko akattukkulu aka 'presidential centoto' ne tritatus' nga kiwandikidwa mu mayumba go gano gombi. Era kiyinza okukomyawo pulezidenti ate n'amuggyawo, nga bwe kyagezesebwa emirundi esatu mu byafaayo by'Amerika (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump emirundi ebiri). Congress kiteekwa okukakasa nti obukulembeze bwa preziden departial and ravity provity.
  • [[AMENTI:0] Etuukiriza ku mateeka: Pulezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka, okuyita Congress okuyingira mu ntegeka ey'enjawulo, era n'okulagira abakungu abannyonnyola engeri amateeka gye gagobererwamu. Omumyuka wa pulezidenti, nga Pulezidenti wa Ssemakenti, asobola okukuba obululu obumenyawo.
  • Enkola ya kooti zombi: Ziyinza okuyisa amateeka agatakkirizidwa (kwengulula kw'amateeka) era ne kilagira ofiisi y'ettabi okukomya ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Bannassaayansi abali ku bubweru Emitwe essaawa &lamp; Tube Co. v. Saayy[ [1952], Kkooti enkulu yaziba pulezidenti ya Truman okubuutirira pulezidenti w'ebyuma mu kiseera kya Direekirwa.
  • [[AKMENT:0]] Kkompyuta ku lukiiko olusala emisango:[ Consert eyinza okuwa kkomo erigguka ku kusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu, okukyusiza obunene bwa kkooti esinga obukulu (amaanyi agatera okukozesebwa naye nga tegatera kukozesebwa wabula nga galiko akakalu, era n'okussaawo entegeka y'enkiiko z'ensi.
  • [[Act:0] Ekibonerezo ku lulango: Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna era ayinza okusonyiwa n'okuzza omusango ku sistemu okuggyako nga waliwo omusango ogumenyese.

Okukebera kuno kuleetawo siteesitemu ewataagisibwa ettabi we liyinza okufunirawo ddala. Affordble Care Act (ACA) ewa ekyokulabirako ekirungi: Conseum yayisaawo, Pulezidenti Obama yakissako omukono, era okusoosa kwa mateeka kungi kwatuuka ku kkooti enkulu. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], Kkooti Kkooti yakibwa omusolo nga gwe gwassawo omusolo naye nga tewandikiddwawo Médicaid. Oluvannyuma, enteekateeka yakyusa ebitundu bya ACA, ne Pulezidenti ya TRUmp n'ewandiika ebitongole ebikola ebizingirwamu mu nteekateeka eziba ku n'akakwakkusi.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Ensi Ennyo eby’Enkaayana n’Okukolagana Obulungi

Omutemwa gw'okugenda okusengusaamu: Okulwana okusoosa kwa mirundi esatu

Okugatta abakungu kulaga engeri okugoba abawagizi gye kiyinza okukolebwamu bulijjo. Congress essaawo amateeka g'okuva mu ggwanga (um'omut..., okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga, naye bwe kulemererwa okuzza ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezo, ba maneja baayisa empandika mu buyinza baateekawo ebiragiro ebitegeeza nti abadduukirize ba DEAM baagezaako okukomya ekiragiro kye mu era ne bajjuza amatwale ga Home Security. Pulezidenti Obama yakolebwa oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera kya Conset Act. Pulezidenti Trump yagezaako okukomya ekiragiro kya DREAM Act. Munnaant Trump yagezaako okukomya ekiragiro mu ngeri ennyanguyamu, era nga egenda mu n'okusengeka mu n'okusengeka mu n'okusengeka, buli lukuuso lw'ego, Regents of prosent Asset. proset , ebitongole by'omukulembeze w'omukulembeze w'ebukko arse.[2]2020

Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka mu Butonde: Enjigiriza y’Ekkereziya n’Ensobi Zayo

Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, omusingi gwa Cheevron [okuva] ku CHEVron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council[[[FLL:3]], 1984]) gwatendeka kkooti okussaayo omwoyo ku nnyinyonyonyonyo erikwata ku mateeka agatategeerekeka obulungi. Ekireetera obunene obwa k'amatabi okuteeka mu kifo eky'okwerinda oba okukuuma obwengula, n'obusuubuzi. Kyokka, mu , obuwanvu bw'amatabi gaago gaago gaago gaagibwa, obugazi bwawanjula ebitongole ebikola mu n'amatabi, obugazi obugazi bujja bujja kuteekamu zzaamu mu kkooti z'ebyawere mu n'amatabi, ebitongole ebikola ebikola ebikola ebitongole eby'omukibwa obugazi, ebikola ebikola ebikola ebiva mu waggulu, ebiva mu kifo kya proputoffafu, ebi

Amaggye n’Enkozesa y’Akakiiko k’Eggye

Constitution ewa Konsole obuyinza okulangirira entalo naye pulezidenti, nga y'omuduumizi w'amagye, atera okusindika amagye nga tegalaze. Muwaanya wa War Powers Resolution owa 1973, asaba pulezidenti okutegeeza Congress mu ssaawa 48 okusemba amaggye era n'enyinza mu kugateeka mu kifo ekisukka ennaku 60 nga tegaweereddwa lukunkumenti. Abakulembeze b'obuyinza bombi baawakanya eky'okusala ekiteeso nga basinziira ku mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, U.S yiribujaamu mu Libya ya Libya tekkirizibwa gavumenti mu 2011, okuyingiza ebyamasaza ebiwanyi ebiwaanibwa ku n'ebitebe ebiyimirira. Okuteesa okwo kusigala nga tekugo, era buli ttabi kulaga nti amateeka gaafuga.

Omuntu ky’Akola: Okwenyigira mu Kikolwa ky’Omubi n’Okuvunaanibwa

Ng'oggyeko amatabi asatu aga bulijjo, abantu balina ekifo ekikulu mu kufuga. Okulonda kusalawo ani ajjuza amatabi g'abafuzi. Votervout, ebiweebwayo, n'obukungu ebikola ku bintu abakungu abalonde bye bakulembeza mu bulamu. Ofiisi y'okusala emisango, wadde nga yakwatibwako okulonda, egoberera enkola ey'okulonda abalondezza prezidenti ne bannaawe.

Ebibiina ebikola ku by'obwetaavu by'eggwanga bitera okuleeta obujulizi obulaga ensaze eziba ziteekeddwawo okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebireetebwawo gavumenti.

Ebibiina ebifuga abantu biyinza okukaka abantu okukolagana. Ekibiina kya ba ddembe kyawandiikirwa ku mateeka (Kivil Rights Act of 1964) ne ku kusalawo kwa Kooti enkulu.[[FL:0] Brown v. Akakiiko ak'Essomero[). Ekyakadda n'ekyakadda , # ekibiina kya MeToo kyakubiriza Consement okukomyawo amateeka agakwata ku mirimu n'okusala empala okuva ku balamuzi. Ebyokulabirako bino biraga nti okukolagana mu gavumenti tekuliko amatabi ga mirundi esatu; eno y'abantu b'omu Amerika.

Okwogera mu Mafundikira: Omuntu Alina Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Enteekateeka z'abafuzi tezikola ku bikwata ku nkola y'amateeka, ey'okufuga, era n'ey'okusala emisango, era teri nkola ereetera obulamu okubaawo ku bikwata ku bujjanjabi, okubusimba, okubusimba, n'obutebenkevu mu nsi. Abatandikawo kino baakitegeera nti amaanyi gaalina okusimba amaanyi singa tegateetegeerwa, bwe kityo ne bateekawo gavumenti erina gavumenti ez'enjawulo ezigabana obuyinza obumu. Gakola enteekateeka zino zikubiriza okulwanyisa obukyayi era ne zikuuma eddembe nga gageefuula kizibu ku ttabi limu okufuga.

Okutegeera engeri abantu gye bakolaganamu bino kikusobozesa okwenyigira mu ngeri ey'omuganyulo mu gavumenti yaabwe. Bw'olaba pulezidenti nga asagirira ku kiragiro ky'omukulu, nga atunudde akasaze ak'omu kkooti ey'oku ntikko, oba ng'asoma ebikwata ku kuwulira kw'amatabi, oba ng'olaba eby'obugagga eby'okunoonyereza bingi nga [.Governv[FLD] [1] okusobola okumanya ebifaananyizo, Homesmenti. [O] Ennyumba y'empaka ez'amatabi gye zikola, n'eb'eb'ensonga [[FLT:]] era n'enkalo [FLT:] Kkooti ezitongole]. Ebitongole bino biyamba abantu mu nsi eyo bwe biba nga bakyawambi.