Kampuni y'empandika y'amateeka ekozesebwa okuleetawo okukaayana ku mateeka. Enkola eyo etera okukwataganyizibwa ne Ssemakatika. Ago ago ge gasinga okukwataganyizibwa ne Ssenamenti y'Amerika gye gabadde gakozesebwa okumala emyaka egisukka mu kikumi. Abawagizi b'amateeka bakozesa demokrase okukomyawo amateeka n'okuteesa okugobera enkola, okugafuula ekimu ku bintu ebikubaganagana ennyo mu Amerika. Mu nviromenti yago, mu mutima gwayo, ennonowa y'omusenesini omu oba ekitongole ky'abakyala bakkirizibwa okulwawo n'okwogera oba okukozesa obuko nga bakugira ekisenge obutagenda mu maaso. Akako kano kayamba ekitongole ekitono okuteekateeka enkola ya demokramenti, naye era ne kubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ngeri y'okutuukirizaamu enkola ya demokula, n'okufuga.

Okutegeera omuyinja oyo kimwetaagisa okwekenneenya ensibuko yaagwo, engeri gye gukolamu, enkola z'abateesi b'amateeka ze bakozesa, n'engeri gye gulina okugoosaamu enkola y'amateeka. Abawagizi bwe beewakanya bakuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatono era ne bakubiriza okukekkiriranya, abawakanya bakkirizisaamu enkola zino ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku ngeri abawi b'amateeka gye bakozesaamu amateeka okusituunikiriza oba okukoma amateeka, era n'ensonga lwaki okuleetawo okuleetawo enkaayano mu kibiina kya Congress.

Ebyafaayo Bya Filibuster

Filibuster teyayogerwako butereevu mu mateeka ga Amereka. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, yasibuka ku mateeka g'olukiiko olukulu agafuga enkola ya bannalukalala agaatandikawo mu ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omwenda. Ekigambo “filibuster” kiva mu nfulegiro y'Oludda oluyitibwa Dutch vrijbuiter[] [ekiragiro eky'enkola y'ekika kya bannaalwa w'amasaza, era mu kusooka kyayogera ku bamenyi b'amateeka oba abavubi b'amaduuka. Mu mateeka, kyatandika okunnyonnyola ababuulizi b'amateeka abakuba obululu okuziyiza okukekkereza. Ekkulu ey'empalimu enkakaatabangawo olutuufu, okwawukana n'empala ennyunzirimu ey'abakkulembedde akafuzi, nga y'ewanjula ewa aba Homentibu.

Okukozesa Obulungi Edda n’Essaawa Ebiriwo ng’Ebikolwa Bitannaba Kubaawo

Kyokka, enjawukana mu by'obufuzi bwe zeeyongera era n'enjawukana mu nsi ne zeeyongera, enkola eyo yeeyongera okuba enfuumuko. Ekyokulabirako ekimu eky'enkukunala kyakolebwa mu 1841 mu Sénard John C. Calhoun filbuster bwe yamenya etteeka lya banka. Mu Sénalbacture mu kiseera ekyo, tewaaliwo ngeri ndala yonna ya kumalawo butakaanya nga bakyasobola okuyimirira mu mubiri. Kino kyaviirako okuwakana emboozi ez'ebiddukanya, nga mw'otwalidde n'ennyimba za Salator Huedy, eyayimba mu kibiina ekimanyiddwa ennyo ekya Sander Beally n'okusoma ku by'okunoonyereza.

Obwetaavu bw'okukuba akasooboobo bwajjawo ne bufuuka buzibu bwa maanyi nnyo. mu 1917, Olukiiko Olukulu lwatandika obufuzi 22, obwatandikawo: okulonda okwa bannaawereza emirundi ebiri emirundi esatu nga bawaayiriza era nga n'okulonda okukomya okukuba akakaanyi. Oluvannyuma kino kyakyusibwa ne kiba massaawa asatu 76 (60) aga Ksomero k'essaza mu 1975. Ekikolwa kino kye kikyasinga okusobola okumenya akakiiko akafuzi ka Pakima mu 1975.

Endowooza nti ebintu byajjawo byokka ya Makumi abiri

Kampuni eyo yafuuka eky'okulwanyisa ekikulu ennyo mu kiseera ky'eddembe ly'abantu. Abakulu b'amateeka ab'omu bukiika ddyo baakozesa nnyo okulemesa okuziyiza obululu, eddembe ly'okulonda, n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu. Act eya 1957 Civil Rights Act yali yasooka okuvvuunuka akakiiko ka firebuster, naye eky'amaanyi ekyasinga okuba eky'amaanyi kyali endagaano y'obusosoze ey'Obufuzi obwalimu 1964 Civil Rights Rights Act eyayolekagana ne 75361, obunik'ekitongole kya kinnamateeka nga tekinnasemba. Ekiseera kino kyanyweza ettujjuzibwe lya finbuster ng'ekyuma ekiyinza okukomya enzifuumuza enkaluza, nga kiwanjulwamu okulwanirira eddembe eriva mu langi ez'eggwanga.

Nga wayiseewo emyaka nga kkumi, akalondooti kaakulaanya okusinga ne ku ntalo enkulu. Abasawo baatandika okukakozesa buli kiseera, si ku bbanja lye baasangamu okuwakana kyokka naye era ne ku ngeri gye balagiramu obuwangwa bwabwe. Omuwendo gw'okusiimula okwakolebwa okuva mu 1970 n'okweyongerayongezi, nga kino kiraga nti engeri y'okukwatamu essente ezizirimu y'okukuba ebiwaawaatiro bya nviiri.

Engeri Ekibunooni gye Kikolamu

Bakakensa ba departs banyweredde ku mateeka agafuga olukiiko olukulu. Emirundi egisinga, singa ebbaasa liba liwawe wansi, omukulembeze asooka kusendeka. Singa ebintu ebisaasaanyizibwa bikkirizibwa, ebisaasaanyizibwa bisobola okweyongera okubaamu obutayogera. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, abanyabiina baba tebatera kwogera ku nsonga empanvu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, baba bawakana bannasayansi baba balina okulonda 60 okukomya akavvuunula.

Stemphane

  1. Bill aweebwa ogw’okuwandiika ku lukalala lw’abo abali mu kakiiko akafuzi era ateekebwa ku kalenda y’Olukiiko Olukulu olw’Abayudaaya.
  2. Singa wabaawo ekintu kyonna ekiri mu kakiiko akafuzi kye basalawo okuggyawo, omukulembeze w’eggye bonna asalawo nti akyalese.
  3. Okusobola okuvvuunuka ekiba kiviiriddeko obuzibu obwo, abasinga obungi bateekwa okusabiriza, nga basawo basisinkanye nga 16.
  4. Singa abakwasi ba 60 balonda okusemba, okuwakana kusingawo essaawa 30.
  5. Abasawo ne bwe baba bamaze okukaaba, batandika okugonjoola ekizibu ekyo, naye batandika okuwakana.
  6. Singa ekiwundu kilemererwa, abasinga obungi bayinza okusalawo okulekera awo okusasula ebbali oba okusalawo basobole okukakasa nti ekidduka ekyo tekivaamu kalulu ow’omulundi ogw’omukaaga.

Ekiwundu Ekisirikibwa Akasirifu

Wadde nga abafuzi bagoberedde abasooka beetaaga bannasayansi okuwanirira waaggulu, musekeni wa kika kino tatera kusirika. Omuwabuzi ayinza okuteeka obuwoowo ku “rupiya". Wabula alemenga okutambula. Oluvannyuma omukulembeze abasinga obungi alina okusalawo obanga anaakuba obululu. Okukyusakyusa eyo kiyambye abaana b'ekiwato okusobola okugumira ebiba biwandiikiddwa okumala ebbanga ddene. Kyokka, era kikendeeza ebbugumu eriba liba liba limaze ebbanga ddene kubanga abantu tebasobola kumanya nti ekiviiri ekivaako tekirina kulabika.

Obukalabakalaba Abaateekawo Amateeka

Abassaawo amateeka bakozesa obukodyo obutali bumu okuwanirira n'okuwa emboozi, okulwawo obuwagizi, n'okukwata ebiwandikiro. Obukodyo buno bugendererwa okuwaliriza abasinga obungi okukyusa oba okusazaamu amateeka. Buli kibusters zisobola okukozesebwa:

  • Kebera ssente eziyinza okugaana abantu okukaayana
  • Okukaka Ebiba Byolekedde
  • Entegeka z'obudde n'enkola eza amateeka
  • Yamba abantu okulaba bye boogera
  • Teekawo ebiwandikidwa ku bannamunisita
  • enkola eya negotiate ekyuse singa esuula namba ya firebuster

Kitundu “Ebyogerako” FILIbuster

Mu 2013, omuyizzi Ted Cruz yayogera okumala essaawa ezisukka mu 21 ku bikwata ku Affordcable Care Act, wadde nga teyali mujulizi wa nviiri za nnamba kubanga tewaaliwo kalulu. Mu 2021, omukuŋŋaanya w'ebyuma Ron Johnson yalwawo okusoma ekitabo mu ddoboozi eriwulikika okumala essaawa eziwerako.

Proccular

Ng'oggyeko okwogera, abo ababeera ku siniya bayinza okulondamu obululu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, bayinza okuwaliriza abantu okuyita procebralm, okulonda obululu ku bikolerwako ebitonotono, oba okwetaasa ebisale byonna. Buli kintu kye kitwala amasawo kiyinza okumalirawo ebiseera era ne kiyinza okusindika obululu obusembayo. Abasinga obungi era bayinza okulonda ebiba bisigadde wansi ne batwala obudde butono. Olw'okuba Olukiiko lwa fayiro y'ensi kiriko ekiseera butono, era n'ebigere ebigere ebiruubiddwa bisobola okuziyiza omutemwa okuyita nga teguyimirizibwa ekiseera ekigereke ekigereke.

Endowooza n’Ebiziyiza

Omukozaanya ayinza okuteeka ebbaasa ku kyama ng'ategeeza omukulu w'ekitongole eky'omungi ekitaagala kuyingira. Buli luvannyuma lw'okugiggyamu, ekiwandiiko kiyinza okukozesebwa okuggyamu ebiwandiiko oba okulwawo okutuusa nga wayiseewo ensonga emu. Wadde nga mu 2007 Honest Leadership and Open Government Act kyetaagisa okumanyisa omukulu w'ekitongole nga waakiri oluvannyuma lw'ennaku mukaaga, enkola eno esigala temanyiddwa mu bantu.

Ebyakwata ku Bukulembeze

Okukozesebwa kwa finbuster kutera okuleetera abafuzi okukaluubirirwa okussaawo amateeka mu bwangu. Wadde nga gasobozesa abantu abatono okubaako enkola gye bagoberera, abawakanyi bawakanya enkola eyo era ne balemesa enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezikolebwa mu nkola y'ekika kya nuckuster. Okukyusizaamu enkola y'ekika kya numericsssssspect kukwata ku nsonga z'eby'obudde gamba nga, obutongole bw'eby'obusawo, obutongole obukola ku by'enfuna.

Ebirungi Ebiva mu Kubeera Obutono

Abawagizi ba nukule bagamba nti kikuuma eddembe ly'ekibiina ekitono era ne kikubiriza okwekkiriranya. Okuva bwe kiri nti amavooti 60 geetaagisa okusobola okuteekawo amateeka amasinga, abasinga obungi balina okuteesa n'abasinga obungi okusobola okuzimba ebbanja eddungi ennyo. Kino kiyinza okusobozesa ebbanja erikkirizibwa obulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole ky'obukulembeze ekya Leach Reformation Act ekya 1986 ne Leaplen Reform Act mu 1996, byonna byalina akakwate n'ekiragiro kya bipartistanti, ng'ekitundu olw'okutiisibwa okuwaliriza abasinga obungi okuyita ku kisiikiriza abantu ku kisii.

Kampuni y'ekolamu era n'eremesa abantu abawerako obutakola ku mitendera emingi ennyo egiyinza okukyusibwa oluvannyuma nga ettuttumu lya gavumenti liba lisumuluddwa. Olukiiko olukulu lukakasizza nti enkyukakyuka enkulu mu by'obufuzi ziwagirwa nnyo, era nga kino kiyinza okusobozesa obutuuti bw'eby'obufuzi okubeera obunywevu.

Ebiva mu Bufuzi

Kyokka, abavumirira enkola eno bagamba nti emirundi mingi enneyisa ya filbuster kye ky'obukakafu obulaga nti amateeka mangi tegalimu. Mu myaka gya 1950 ne 1960, baateeka buli lukiiko mu nkola nnene emirundi emeka gye baakwata. Mu myaka gya 2020, omuwendo ogwo gwakula ne guba nga 300 ku congress. Enkola ya deciobuster ereetera akakiiko akafuzi ennyo okufuula akakiiko akafuzi ak'amasaza okuba akafuzi, ne kikabewa obuzibu okugonjoola ebizibu eby'amangu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okufuba okuweza omusaala, okusobozesa enkyungi ey'empakanya y'empandika y'empandika y'obudde, oba amateeka agareempandika obusinga obungi okugobeetaasa, oba okusobozesa okukyusaamu ku mateeka.

Learthlock efuga amateeka ga degrisitis lrorlock eyinza okulemesa abantu okufiirwa ebbanja. Bwe kigaana okuwandiisa ebisale ebitwala ebiwandiiko, gavumenti eziyiza okuzimya. Ekiragiro bwe kitayinza kukakasa bannakyewa abafuga, ebitongole ebikola nga tewali bukulembeze. era ekitongole kino kiyamba mu kukuzaamu ebiragiro n'emirimu gy'eby'okufuga nga bapresidentis Press Congress. Mu butuufu, ba deparce bakbuster baggya obuyinza ku ofiisi y'ekitongole ekikola amateeka ga gavumenti.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Enkola

Ekimu ku bintu ebyasinga okukolebwa mu ngeri eyo gye kyazuulibwa gye kyavanga mu 2013, kwe kuteeka ebbaasa mu kifo ekisobola okukebera ebiwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa mu kugula emmundu. Wadde nga waaliwo abawagizi ba gavumenti, ekipimo kyagwa ku mitendera 60 76vote, ne kigwa. Ebyokulabirako bino biraga nti 2021 eri abantu bakkirizibwa okuteeka mu nkola eddembe mu nfuna y'obulamu n'etteeka eribawandikiddwawo, byasobola okukomya etteeka erifuga emirimu gy'abakyala.

Ku luuyi olulala, omuyizzi oyo era akozesebwa okuziba amasasi agatalimu buwagizi, gamba nga 2017 okugezaako okuzzaawo act enkalu ya Affordive Care nga tazzeeko agiwandiise. Mu ngeri eno, abateeba nga Senators Susan Collinski ne Lisa Murkowski bateeka obulamu mu nviiri nga bagezaako okugonjoosa amasambu ga n'okutta.

Okubuusabuusa n’Okuvumirira

Omuyinja oyo asekerera enkola ya demokulase agamba nti efeesawo batono nnyo abakkiriza nti eremesa emisingi gya demokulase nga eziyiza enkola ya demokulase okuwera abantu 41 bokka. Olw'okuba n'abantu 41 bokka abeetaaga obuyambi okusobola okubuwanirira, kino kiyinza okuleetera akaweefube owa demokulasenti okuteekawo amateeka.

Obutategeeragana mu Ngeri ey’Obwenkanya

Enkola eya filbuster ey'edda ey'okukoma ku mateeka agabafuga eremereddwa abantu, eyo eyo eyonoonese. Abakkirizisa abakkusi bangi bagamba nti munnaago oyo y'avunaanyizibwa ennyo okukuuma olukalala era n'okulwawo okukolagana. Leero, abawakanyi bagamba nti okukuba obusolooza obwa bulijjo bulemesa emitindo gy'okulonda n'enkola ey'eggwanga, ekiviiriddeko n'abantu abatono. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka erikwata ku ntegeka y'obusobozi libajjuza eddembe lya nukuuti, liba liremezza eddembe ly'okulonda obwa nukuuti n'okutongoza.

Obuteefuga era Obutali bwa Ddemokulase

Ate era, abo abateekako akantu k'abasibe bayinza okukweka obusawo nga tebataddeko wansi oba nga bannyonnyola abantu kye bawakanya. Bwe bataba na kumanya baani abateesena okutta omutemwa gw'amateeka. Okugatta ku ekyo, ekyetaagisa 60 76ote bisobola okusobozesa abantu abatono okufuna obuyinza ku ngeri y'okukwata ebisenge ne ku bannaalubinda.

“ Ekizibu kya Nuleevi" n’Ebifo Ebisookerwako

Olukiiko olukulu lwakyusa amateeka galwo okukugira abafuzi ba gavumenti okusobola okutuuka ku b'obuyinza obwa bannalukalala. Mu 2013, Abasosi ba Democratic , nga baswadde nnyo Pulezidenti Obama, era nga baakyusa amateeka gaago ne kiba nti abantu abasinga obungi basobola okukomya enkambirira ku b'amatabi agasinga obungi n'okusala emisango. Mu 2017, Republicams yagaziya ekyo ku kkooti enkulu. Enkyukakyuka zino tezaakola ku mukifo kya Kkooti ya Leginonicbuster, naye bassaawo ekiteesobozese nti amateeka gago gasobola okukyusibwa abakungu abasinga obungi.

Abawagizi ba nukule bagamba nti okuggibwawo kwayo kuyinza okufuula Olukiiko Olukulu olw'amateeka amangi ennyo. Bawawaanya nti abo abafuga bagezaako okulemesa abantu bangi okujooga era ne batabawaanya. Kyokka, emirundi mingi kyereseza kweyisa ku mwana omuyawuka kubanga buli omu amanyi nti olukiiko luyinza okusirisa amateeka, n'olwekyo okuteesa kuyinza okugoonoona.

Embeera y’Enkyukakyuka Ezzeewo

Mu mwaka gwa 2025, ekitongole ekitegeka amateeka (propulbuster) kisigala nga kikyali kinywevu, naye okukaka abantu okulongoosebwa tekuzzeewo.

Okusinziira ku ssuula 1: Abolish the Filibuster

Abateesiteesi abamu, naddala abafuzi abakulaakulana mu by'obulamu, baasabiddwa okusaanyawo ddala abaana bonna. Mu nkola eno, amateeka gandibadde gayisibwa nga bannannyini ba kalulu nga 51. Abawagizi bakirabye nti obufuzi bungi bw'abantu businga obungi bukola nga demokulase era bukkirizibwa okugonjoola ensonga gamba ng'enkyukakyuka ez'amangu, ez'obujjanjabi, n'enkwaso. Kyokka, abaziyiza balabula nti okuggyawo obwannannyini ku nviirizi ku buyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu bwangu singa entegeka z'empala zigo zitandika okugootaanyezebwa, ne kireetawo okuddirira.

Okusinziira ku kya 2: Yogera Olulimi Olupya

Okulongoosa okwangu kwandibadde kukwetaagisa abakwasi b'empaka okusobola okukomako ebbali. Kino kyandikomya ekigezo eky'okugumiikiriza ekyaleetera abaana obutookeera. Ekibuuzo, nga kikwataganyizibwa n'oyo eyaliko omukulembeze era pulezidenti Joe Biden n'abalala, kitegeeza nti singa sinnaba okwogera ebigambo eby'enyongeza, okuteesa kuyinza okukoma era n'okulonda. Enkyukakyuka eyo eyinza okukendeeza ku busobozi bw'abaana abatono obw'okussaayo omwoyo ku nsonga enkulu. Kyokka, abanoonyereza ku nsonga bakyetegereza nti kiyinza okusobozesa abajulizi b'amakulu okubeera abalungi okumala ennaku n'ennakulembe, era n'ebyuma by'empuliziganya eby'omu kiseera kino biyinza okuteeka mu nkola ebyo eby'okwewandisizza obunene mu kifo eky'enkaago.

Emirimu 3: Kiseera eky'okugisaawa

Ekirala, kino kiba kya kukendeeza omuwendo gw'abo abakuba akalulu ne bakendeeza ku 60 oba ku muwendo omutono, nga 55 oba n'abasinga obungi mu buli ngeri y'amateeka. Ennamba z'okulonda, okulongooseza emitindo gy'empisa. Kino kiyinza okusobozesa ebbeeyi endala okweyongera okukolebwa nga akantu akasobozesa enzijanjaba okugobererwa, akayinza okukkirizibwa mu ngeri y'okwemalirira okusobozesa ebisale ebizingirwamu okuyita nga 51 ebikolerwamu okukuba akalulu.

Okusinziira ku Kiwandiiko 4: Kozesa Omutemwa gwa Nuukiriya Okusobola Okuteekawo Omukulembeze

Akawayiro ka nukuliya .Awanya aka '-' okusala olukalala lw'amateeka' ne kisobozesa olukalala lw'abangi" okusaanyawo oba okukyusaamu mu nkola za gavumenti. Kino kikolebwa ku kuteekawo amateeka naye nga tewali mateeka. Akatundu kalina okukiteekako amateeka ga desistamenti geetaagisa obululu bwa mirundi emirundi emirundi ebiri emirundi essatu essatu okuggyamu amateeka, naye ekibiina ekimu kiyinza okusiguukulula ekiragiro ekyo nga kigoberera akalulu akasingako akanene akanene akakozesebwa akalulu. Kyokka, bannabyabufuzi abamu bagezaako okukiziyiza nga balowooza nti kasobola okusaasaanyawo akabonero ako, era nti okukozesa ebbeeyi y'eby'obuyinza bwa nukuta endala nabo kiba kye baba bakozesezza okukola ku kibiina ekyo nga bafunye obuyinza.

fundikira

Neribuster akyawakanya enkola y'abafuzi ba Amerika. Abateefu bagiremesa okulwawo oba okukoma amateeka olw'ensonga ezitali zimu: okukomya amasasi ge bawakanya, okuwaliriza kekkiriranya, okulemesa ebyo abasinga bye baagala okussaawo. Empalana eyo eyinza okuviirako okuteekawo omusingi ogw'amaanyi n'okuwaliriza ekkomera ku mateeka. Olukiiko bwe lweyongera okuzikirira obunene n'amaanyi g'entalo ezikolebwa mu baana bannazaala zeyongera, ekiviiriddeko okuleetawo enkaayaananya ez'amaanyi ku n'enkyukakyuka.

Oba nga filbuster asigalawo mu ngeri ye eriwo, n'alongoosebwa, oba nga amala kugigootaanya, kijja kwesigama ku buyinza n'okupikirizibwa kwa bantu. Okutegeera engeri gye bikolamu n'ebivaamu kikulu eri buli muntu yenna agoberera eby'obufuzi bwa Amerika. Okusobola okweyongera okusoma, genda ku Sande] endagiriro y'olupapula olukwata ku [Foldbusters oba taper [[FLT:][FLT]] ], [[FLT]]], [[FLT]]], [[FLT]] [5]], [E] era [FLT][5][FFF][5][5][5][FFFF]]