Enjawukana eriwo mu Masi Obwannannyini

Ebitundu bino ebikola enziganya z'amateeka birina ekigendererwa eky'okuteeka mu nkola enziganya ez'enjawulo mu matabi asatu agabalibwa: Etteeka, ekifuga oba ekitongole ekifuga enfuga, n'eky'okukwata. Enteekateeka eno, eri mu Katundu I, II, ne II ak'amateeka, yakolebwa okuziyiza okuteeka obuyinza n'okukuuma eddembe. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku buli ttabi era ne kitandikawo enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okulabirira emirimu, n'abo abataddewo enkola ebaddewo okumala ebyasa ebikumi bibiri. Okutegeera engeri amatabi gano gye gakolaganamu si mu b'etwale, naye eri buli mutuuze yenna ayagala okwenyigira mu nkola y'eby'ebyobufuzi. Ekitundu kino kikebera buli ttabi mu bungi, era kikebera engeri ezigobeeyambisibwamu n'okulimu mu kufuga kwa kampala akakutaano.

Ettabi ly’Abantu: Oyo Akiikirira Abantu

Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebibiina era nga luteekeddwa mu Katundu I ak'Etteeka, luweereddwa obuyinza okuteekawo amateeka. Conseil , kizingirwa mu kizimbe ky'ennyumba ey'abalaguzi ne Ssemakati. Ennyumba, ng'erimu abantu 435 abagabanyizibwa abantu mu ggwanga, etegekeddwa okubaako kye bakola eri abantu. Olukiiko lw'ensirimu n'abakwasire b'ebitongole ka buli ggwanga, buli kika kiwandikiro kiwandikiddwa nti ebitongole bya gavumenti birina ekikiikirira ebiwandiiko byabyo era nga bikola nga ebiteeyambisibwa ebitongole ebikola nga ebibaawula. Enteekateeka bino byo byombi byali byawukana ku bibiina ebinene n'ebitono mu Kibiina kya Kkolo kya Ksettuuti ekya 1787, era byeyongera okukiikirira ebibiina by'amala ga magoba ga gavumenti gaamu leero.

Obuyinza bw’Okussaawo Amateeka n’Eddagala

Omulimu ogusingayo okulabika gwa kakiiko akakola enteekateeka y'okukuba kampuni ku mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kirina okuyisa enzigi zombi mu ngeri y'emu nga tezinnaweebwa Prezidenti. Kyokka, Consell era alina obuyinza ku kasawo akafuga gavumenti: byonna ebisale by'essente bisibuka mu Nnyumba, era ebisenge byombi bikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okussaawo embalirira y'omwaka. Amaawundike ga ka kampuni eno gawa olukusa okuba nga buli kigikulembedde ku ttabi ly'omukungu.

Amagezi n’Okukkiriza

Olukiiko olukulu luwa amagezi era ne lukkiriza. Omukulembeze wa gavumenti alonda ba bawandiisi, abalamuzi, ababaka, n'abalamuzi ba kkooti enkulu, naye olukiiko olukulu luteekwa okusemba buli muntu okusemba obululu obusinga obungi (bwetaagibwa omuzadde, kino nga kimwetaagisa okulonda 60). Kino kireetawo enkenyera ey'amaanyi ku ku kulondebwa kwa bannannyini mu kibiina. Mu myaka egyakayita, enkankanyi eziwandiikivu zifuuse nga zeyongera obukkirizi, nga ziresezza obuvunaana ku bifo ebya waggulu mu lukiiko olukulu olw'obusawo.

Okukozesa Obuyinza

Era Licerdooteede okuggyawo omukulembeze, Pulezidenti era n'abakungu abalala mu kifo ky'okukakasa. Ennyumba eno y'erina obuyinza bwokka okuleeta emisango. Akalulu kabaamu abantu abasinga obungi ne kasalawo. Olukiiko olwo era ne koza, era ne kalonda emirundi ebiri mu ssatu nga kabe akalaga nti omukungu oyo alina okusibibwa. Kino kyakolebwa ku kigero ekitatera kukolebwa: bapreseddosanti babiri baasaawereddwawo Ennyumba naye ne baggibwawo ekizimbe ekizimbe, ate abalamuzi abatonotono baggibwawo.

Ettabi ly’Omulimu Ogufuga: Limenya Amateeka

Akatundu II kassa wansi w'obuyinza bwa Prezidenti omu era nga ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga ayambibwa Bukiiko obukola Pulezidenti, Kabinada (emitwe gy'ebitongole ebya bamaneja, gamba nga State, Defense, Treasur, ne Justice) era n'omulimu omukulu ogwa bakungu abafuga. Ofiisi y'ebtabi esobola okulaba nti amateeka agayisibwa Congress attibwa mu bwesigwa.

Omuduumizi w’Ebyafaayo n’Omulala

Pulezidenti y'akulira amagye era y'akulira abafuzi b'amagye gonna, era n'essa ettabi erifuga omulimu mu nsonga z'eggwanga n'eby'amagye. Wadde nga Consert yokka eyinza okufulumya olutalo, Prezidenti asobola okusindika amagye mu nsi endala ennaku 60 mu nkola ya Ssemauganda Desort Resolment mu 1973. Mu mateeka g'amawanga amalala, Prezidenti ateesa n'amawanga amalala nga gabawagidde endagaano z'ewagidde akakiiko k'ensi yonna. Endagaano z'ekitongole eky'omu kibiina kya gavumenti, ezitatakwetaagisa kka kikkiriza kkooti ya Sset'ensi yonna, zifuuse enkola y'okukwata ku nsonga zonna ez'ensi yonna.

Ebifuga Ebiragiro n'Ebigambo

Ng'ekyokulabirako, bannabyabufuzi bagezaako okuwerera ddala enkola ya gavumenti mu Korea nga tebalagidde kuteekawo mateeka. Ebiragiro bino bisobola okusaasaanyizibwawo ba pulezidenti abaddako oba okusalibwawo kkooti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Pulezidenti Truman agezaako okunyangirira emiwendo gy'ebyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'e Korea, naye Kkooti enkulu yakubawo olukiiko olukulu mu . Bavubuka ba Johannesbown Comment & Lamp; Co. v.Sawyter [192].[192]

Amaanyi ga Veto

Ekimu ku ngeri eggumivu ennyo ettabi gye likeberamu obutereevu Ek'empewo y'eyita mu nviro. Conseils bwe liyisa etteeka, Prezidenti ayinza okulyisa mu mateeka, alileke lifuuke etteeka nga teritaddeko siginnayo (oluvannyuma lw'ennaku 10 nga Congress ebadde mu nteekateeka), oba nga lirina ky'ekola. Aveto asindika etteeka eriri mu kizimbe ky'eggwanga eririkulembera, eriyinza okugufuga nga kirimu abantu abasinga obukumi mu bisenge byombi. Olw'okutongoza obunene obwo kizibu, omukulembeze wa gavumenti awadde omukulembeze w'ekitongole ekikulembedde ekyo ekikolera ku n'ekitongole ekitono.

ettabi Erisalira Abalamuzi Omusango: Okutegeera Amateeka

Akatundu III katongoza ettabi ly'abalamuzi, nga kali wansi w'omu kkooti enkulu mu Amerika era nga kazingiramu ne kkooti za gavumenti ezaatandikibwawo Congress. Obuweereza bwa judicary kwe kunnyonnyola amateeka n'amateeka, okugonjoola enkaayana ezijjawo wansi w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Abalamuzi balondebwa obulamu bwabwe bwonna mu mpisa ennungi, ne babakuuma okuva ku kupikirizibwa kw'eby'obufuzi era ne babakkiriza okusala emisango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya.

Okwetegereza Omusango n’Amaanyi ga Kkooti

Obuyinza obw'amaanyi ennyo obw'Ekkomera erina akakiiko akalamuzi bwe bukulu bw'okulambula: obuyinza obw'okuyisa amateeka oba ebikolwa ebikontana n'amateeka. Wadde nga tteeka eryali libawa obuyinza buno, kkooti enkulu yakiwa olukiiko olwo mu kkooti y'ensi yonna. Marbury v. Madison [1803]]. Okuva olwo, okunoonyereza ku mateeka kufuuse kwa musingi gwa Amereka. Kkooti Ekkooti enkulu ewuliriza obutundu butono obwa buliwo obutono obwajulirwa ku nsonga ezo, era nga 80 ku mwaka ku buli lukumi na 80 ku buli lukumi.

Kkooti Ezikola Empewo n’Engeri y’Okunoonyerezaamu

Kkooti z'abalamuzi zitegekeddwa mu mitendera esatu: kkooti za disitulikiti (kooti), kkooti z'ebitundu ez'okujulira, ne kkooti enkulu. Emisango gitandikira mu kkooti ya disitulikiti, omulamuzi w'asalira obujulizi. Akakiiko kayinza okujulira mu kkooti esaanidde okunnyonnyola ensonga. Ekitongole kino kikakasa ensonga eyo. Singa ensonga zizingiramu ensonga enkulu mu gavumenti, ziyinza okusabibwa mu kkooti enkulu esalawo obanga kalina okuwa ensonga eyo ensaze.

Obukuumi eri Ennimi Zokka Ezeenkana Wa

Nga bayisa olukusa lwo olubibi, Bbugwe likuuma eddembe eriteekeddwa mu Bill of Rights era ne liryoka lilongoosebwa. Okusalawo okw'ekitongole kya Landmark kwayinza okuba nga [[FL:0]rown v. Akakiiko k'Essomero. (1954) era ne k'etongola entegeka ez'enjawukana ez'eggwanga, [[FLT]]]] [[FLT]][1273]]) n'okuteekawo eddembe eriva mu ku kuggyamu embuto z'enjawukana ez'ennibaanirikiti, era n'okutongozaamu okussaawo empalanawo. Kyokka, olukiiko olwo lw'enyigidde mu ku k'enkiiko olukulu mu ku k'ewaze.

Ebirabo Ebiri Wakati w’Amatabi: Enkola y’Ebitundu eby’Okuyiga Ebiriwo n’Ebiriwo

Obukugu mu nteekateeka y'Amerika tebwesigamye ku kwawula ab'obuyinza bokka, naye ku nkolagana ekwatagana esobozesa buli ttabi okuziyiza ennaalyo.

Omuyambo Gukebera Omulaawe

Olukiiko olukulu lusobola okukomya Prezidenti mu ngeri eziwerako ez’amaanyi:

  • [[Akawayiro:0]] obusinzira ku 'veto'[[KITO:1] bw'obanga otaddewo n'obungi bwa fayiro bbiri mu bisenge byombi
  • Okukoma ku kugaana oba ku kugaana[[NKUMBO:1] okulonda pulezidenti (Enkyuuka k'empandika eya Senemba).
  • [[Act:0] Obulabirizi bw'amasannyalaze era n'okunoonyereza ku nkola za bamanejala.
  • [[Act:0] era n'eggyawo[[AK'AWULA:1] Pulezidenti, era pulezidenti ow'omu bukulembeze, oba abakungu ba gavumenti abalala.
  • [[Act:0]Control ssente[[[AK'AWATANDIKI] ez'okuteekamu ebitongole n'ebitongole.
  • [[Act:0] Amateeka ageesigamizibwa ku '[[NKULU].1]

Ebyuma bino bikakasa nti Prezidenti tasobola kukola nga tasoose kukkirizibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti Andrew Johnson bwe yamenya ekiragiro kya Office Act mu 1868, ennyumba yamuwabula (Wadde nga Ssemakati ga gavumenti yalimuvunaana buteeba). Gye buvuddeko awo, kakiiko kakozese obulabirizi okulambula empisa ez'obugwenyufu eza ofiisi, gamba nga Iran-Contrate mu 1980 ne mu ngeri ey'obuswavu mu myaka gya 1970.

Kircuit Akebera Omusango

Ettabi ly’omutwe ogufuga omulimu lirina obuyinza ku kakiiko akategeka olukuŋŋaana:

  • [[Akawayiro:0]VETO amateeka[[AK'AWULA] okulemesa ebifa ku tteeka okufuuka tteeka.
  • Ensengeka ez'enjawulo[[AK'AWULA][[Akawayiro]] ze kaleetera ekiragiro okuwandika mu lukiiko (era kikozesebwa ne mu kiseera kyaffe).
  • [[Act:0] Congress okuyitira mu buyinza n'obukulembeze bw'ekibiina kya Prezidenti.
  • [[Act:0] Kino kiraga ebiragiro ebya bannakyewa[[[NTANDIKA:1] ebifuga enkola eya %s mu ngeri emenya amateeka.

Munnaakyemalira Franklin D. Roosevelt yakebera 635 ssente 635 ze yateeka mu kiseera kye yakoleramu okusingira ddala nga yaakamalako omulambo. Ba prezidenti ba kampuni ab'omu kiseera kino batera okukozesa enkola eya w'enkusu okussaawo amateeka mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo.

Okusala Omusango ku Matabi Gombi

Ettabi ly’Omulamuzi likebera amatabi amalala nga likozesa amaanyi gaalyo ag’okulambula ensonga:

  • [[Act:0] Amateeka agatakkiriza mateeka[[:1] bwe gatyo gaba nga gamenya amateeka.
  • [[Act:0] Bw'ossawo omulimu gwa bannakyewa, ojja kuguleka omulimu gwa pulezidenti [ ogusukka obuyinza obwa pulezidenti.
  • Ekiragiro [[[:0] amateeka aga Interpret[[Akattu:1] mu ngeri eziyinza okulemesa ekigendererwa eky'okussaawo amateeka okugobererwa.

Ebyokulabirako ebirabika bizingiramu United States v. Nixon [797]), kkooti enkulu we yalagira Pulezidenti Nixon okufulumyako vidiyo eziri mu watergate, ekyamusobozesa okuzireka, ate ne 'National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20:2)], kkooti gye yakolanga ekitongole ekyo ne kissa omukono ku kikwata ku kiteeso kya Affordcation, naye ekyakwanjula ekiwandiiko eky'eby'okulonda Classisse kituuka ku kiko.

Ekkekkekke ky’Omuyaayi mu Lukiiko Olukulu

Olukiiko lw’Abayudaaya lulina ebintu bingi eby’okukozesa okukugira kkooti:

  • [[Act:0] Appendix oba tossawo[[[NKUMBO:1] Kino kiyamba mu kusalawo mu ngeri ekakasa ekiba kikkiriziddwa).
  • [[Act:0] Kino kisobozesa ekiragiro okuggyawo obusobozi bw'abalamuzi abaayisa obubi[[KIRAGIRO]
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] AMENTI [[[KITO]] Okuggyawo ennyinnyonnyola z'emisango.
  • [[Act:0] Kino kikyusa entegeka [[[LT:1] ey'ebiwandiiko [b'olukalala] ey'olupapula olw'ensi (nga lukyayimizibwa).
  • [[AGUMENTI] Kiyamba oba kiggyawo[[[LYM:1] oba kooti ez'empandika eza bulijjo.
  • Ekiragiro kino kikyusakyusa [[[Act:1] okulaba oba okuyisa mu ngeri etegeeza nti amateeka ag'okusalako tegajja kuba nga gasengekeddwa bulungi.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti enkulu bwe yakuba akakwate akakwate aka [FOLT:0] United States v. Lopez (1995), kaaweefube yandisobodde okuwandiika etteeka erikwataganira ddala n'eby'obusuubuzi mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo. Mu ngeri y'emu, etteeka eryateekebwawo okuzza essomero mu muliro era ne kampuni n'eraga engeri akakiiko gye kagezaakomu okuzzaawo amateeka mu kkooti.

Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu mu Biseera eby’Edda n’Ebyafaayo

Enteekateeka y'okukeberebwa n'okuliyitirira yakulaakulanyizibwa mangu. Mu kiseera kya mulembe ogwasooka, gavumenti y'eggwanga yali ntono, era amatabi gaawerera ddala nga kyeyagalire. Waayinsi ya Civil ne Reconstranment yagezesa ebiwandiiko bino.[Pudentint Lincoln yaleeka ebbas corpus, Consement yatandikawo Bukiiko bwa Freedmen, era kkooti enkulu yasala enzijirawo ebyo ng'ekika kya [[FLL:0] Ex ecuree Milligan[[[FLLY:1] [1866] obukiiko bw'awula empaka za maggyamateeka. Enkola ya New Acroult yatandika okukomya enkaluguka z'eby'eby'enfuna. Ssettulukulembero Resburgt.

Mu kyasa ekya 20 mu nga 20, Ekitongole Ekiramuzi ky'Eddembe ly'Abakungu kyeyongera nnyo era ne kikulira ddala ab'obuyinza. Kati Prezidenti alabirira abakozi b'eggwanga abasukka mu bukadde bubiri. Ebizibu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino gamba nga bannakyemalira, obuntu, oba endwadde endala, byaleetera ab'obuyinza okweyongera okukakaatika ku buyinza, emirundi egimu ne kivaako aw'obuyinza obwa gavumenti. Ofiisi y'amateeka teyolekaganye na kuddala mu ntalo ezirwanyisa abalamuzi, nga bwe kirabibwa mu kugattira kw'awerebwa kwa ba Justice Brett Kavaugh ne Amy Coneybett. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Congress Congress as as booleseaaaaaa aw'okuva mu lukujjuvu olw'okusala oludda mu nsonga z'amateeka.

Okukolagana wakati w'amatabi ago ga mirundi esatu tekutera kuba kwangu. gavumenti bw'eba tesobola kukkiriziganya ku ngeri y'okusaasaanya ssente.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Okukolagana kw’Amatabi

Okusobola okulaba engeri gye bikolamu, ka tugambe nti Prezidenti yateekawo etteeka ek'okussaawo etteeka ekkulu erikwata ku by'obujjanjabi. Consell ateekwa okusala ekiwandiiko n'okukuba empaka; Nnyumba n'Olukiiko biyinza okuyisa ebiwandiiko eby'enjawulo, nga bikwetaagisa akakiiko akatuulamu okugatabaganya. Singa etteeka liyitawo, Pulezidenti ayinza okuteeka omukono ku mateeka. Bwe kityo, Consement al alkhement ayinza okugezaako. Bwe kitemesebwawo, etteeka liyinza okusoosa ebiteesoosa; ebisale by'ebiwandiiko bijja kuyisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo; ebimenya amateeka gajja kugaamenya amateeka. Kkootiibwa ky'omu kkooti enkuluze kiyinza okujjuula omusango oba okugunjula olukiiko olukulu. Singa kimenyebwa, Court ayinza okugezaako okuzza enkyusa y'enkola oba okuzzaamu mu n'ensonga. ettabi lino liba terimu ku k'egobereber'ego limu.

Ekyokulabirako ekirala kye ky'ensonga enkulu ekola mu kusalawo obusobozi bwa pulezidenti obw'okukuuma endwadde. Mu Trump v. (2020), kkooti yasalawo nti Pulezidenti teyetongodde ddala okuva ku bamenyi b'amateeka ab'omu gavumenti, era nti n'omukulu w'ekibiina akkirizibwa mu mateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP [20]), kkooti yatongoza ekkomo ku by'obukulembeze bwa bannaakyewa gavumenti, ekiwandiiko ebirengo ebyakobera mu mateeka, ne ku bukiiko obukola entegeka abakungu.

Olugero: Amaanyi ag’Enjawulo

Okukolagana wakati w'Akakiiko k'Abafuzi, Abakulu mu Bukulembeze, n'Abalamuzi b'e Bulawuli y'ensonga enkulu mu Amereka. Ekiragiro kikuuma amateeka obutabaamu bujoozi ate ne kisobozesa embeera okukolebwa. Enkola eno teyinza okuba ennungi kutuuka ku ddaala eririnnya, eyinza okutabulwa, okukankankana, n'okusigala nga y'eky'okusiikiriza. Abayizi n'abatuuze ba Amerika bwe bagabana obuyinza obwawula amaanyi. Amatabi gayinza okukebera omu omugabo gwabwe. Nga Ssazesazesazesazesazesazesaanya eryasooka. Nga bwe yakiraba, “Enjigiriza ey'okwawula obufuzi bw'obuyinza tekkirizibwa mu lukuŋŋaana lw'omwaka 1787 okuleetawo entegeka ey'amaanyi."

Okusobola okwekenneenya emitwe gino gyonnako, abasomi bayinza okwekenneenya .gov obutereeze bw'amatabi[, ekiwandikiro eky'okukyusizako ebifa ku lukalala olw'ebiragiro.gov ebiwandike ebitongozedwa ku lukalala olwo[, n'ekifo [[[FLT:]] ekitongole [[FLT]]] ekifuga endagiriro ya KKOMERO [[FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]][5]] ekiri mu lububonero lw'amaterekero n'amaterekero. [FLT][FLT:]]