Okutegeera Obunafu bw’Empisa mu Ssayamenti y’Eby’Omu mateeka mu Amerika

Omusingi ogukwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri gwe gumu ku bukuumi obukyasinze okubeera obw'enkalakkalira mu mateeka ga Amerika. Gusigibwa mu Mmaapu ey'Okutaano ku Mateeka ga Amereka, gugamba nti tewali muntu n'omu alikkirizibwa okuteekebwako akabi ak'omutemu okusukka mu kamu. “ okubeera omusingi gwa kubonerezebwa okw'emirundi ebiri. ”[FL:1] Kino kiziyiza gavumenti obutasalira muntu yenna musango okusukka omulundi gumu oluvannyuma lw'okusala omusango ogusembayo ̬ okusonyiyibwa oba okukkirizibwa. Wadde nga endowooza eno eyinza okulabika ng'eyolekedde ddala mu bukuumi. Okukwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga, okusembayo, n'obuyinza bw'obukkulembedde.

Okufiirwa ekintu eky'emirundi ebiri si mateeka ga bulijjo; galaga omuwendo omusookedde ddala ogw'abantu abenkanya: gavumenti teyinza kukozesa bintu byayo byonna okulumya, okukoowa, oba okubonereza omuntu enfunda n'enfunda olw'ekibi kye kimu ekigambibwa.

Ebyafaayo Ebyaliwo ng’Ebibiina Bikomye

Endowooza egamba nti omuntu tasaanidde kutwalibwa mu ngeri y'emu emirundi ebiri ng'amateeka g'ensi yonna tegannayisibwa. Amateeka ga Rooma gaateekamu empandika eya bulijjo mu Lungereza era nga we kyatuukira mu kiseera kya Nkyukakyuka ya Amereka. Etteeka ery'omu Bungereza lyalina okugateekamu ebigambo debet bis bye bis pro ana eadem causa[ (teeba nga wateekwa okukwatibwa busungu emirundi ebiri olw'ensonga emu ey'omulembe guno).

Bannabyabufuzi baaleeta omusingi guno gye bali, era ne ssemateeka wa gavumenti agawerako nga tewannabaawo kabi konna kajja kukolebwa. Ekiteeso kya James Madison ̱ ekiteeso eky'okukyusaamu okw'okutaano ekikuumibwa mu kifo kino kireme okuba entiriyo oba olukumbo ” olw'ekibi kye kimu. Olulimi olwo lwagobererwa nga wabaddewo wabaawo obutakkaanya obulaga nti gavumenti terina kukkirizibwa kuddamu kugoba bantu.

Ekiwandiiko ekikyusa amateeka ga Katonda n’Amateeka: Okugakyusa ku Kutaano n’Okutongoza

Ekitongole eky'Okutaano ekiweesezza emirembe n'emirembe ’ ekiwandiikiddwa mu ngeri ey'emirundi ebiri ekiyitibwa “Okwawulibwawo Claus ” kigamba:

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] “ era omuntu yenna takkiriza kutuukibwako kibi kye kimu emirundi ebiri okuteeka obulamu bw'omuntu mu kabi. ”[[[KITAKO:1]

Ekiragiro kino kyakozesebwanga ku gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Isiraeri yokka. Olusaago olwo terwasooka kukozesebwa mu Kkounti Ekulu era nga lunamba ’ nga kusala ku Benton v. Maryland[ (11969] [1969] obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri] obwateekebwa ku gavumenti okuyitira mu nkola eya SCT Claus enzijirizibwawo mu kko. Leero, gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'eggwanga byombi zigattibwa n'etteeka lye limu.

Etteeka likwata ku mbeera ssatu ez'enjawulo: (1) olufulumya olw'okubiri olw'ekibi kye kimu oluvannyuma lw'okusalirwa omusango ogumu, (2) oluwaabi olw'okubiri olw'ekibi kye kimu oluvannyuma lw'okutongozebwa, era (3) n'okubonerezebwa okw'emirundi emingi olw'ekibi kye kimu ekiba kikoleddwa mu ngeri y'emu. Kyokka, amakulu gaakyo ga ddala ga ̴ omusango gwennyini & #8221; guyitiddwa mu bujjuvu.

Ddi Olukongoolo Lwe Luleeta Essanyu?

Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu mateeka agassawo obusolo: “jeopardy ” ddala kitandika. Mu kulamula abalamuzi, okusalirwa omusango we gukoma okuteekebwako akabenje. Mu kusaliriza obusaze, kikwatagana n'omujulizi eyasooka bwe alayirirwa. Mu kusala omusango ogw'ekikangabwa, obuvubuka busingirwamu kkooti bw'etandika okuwulira obujulizi. Akatyabaga bwe kakoba nga akagasse, omuwaabi aleme okuweerwawo olukujjuzi olwokubiri singa wabaawo aweyambisa aw'akaw'akabuli.

Singa akabenje tekabaamu mu ̬ ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omusango gusumululwa nga abalamuzi balayiridde okuwozesebwa, era singa omuwawawaabirwa yatuuka ku buwanguzi n'asaba okujulira omusango mu bujjuvu, era n'afuna omusango omuppya, akabenje tekaziyiza kutongoza nsonga kubanga oyo eyawandiirwa yagigobamu ng'anoonya obujulizi.

Engeri Obutemu obw’Enjawulo gye Bukuumamu Abatuuze

Omusingi guno ogw'emirundi ebiri gukola ebintu ebikulu bingi, nga kino kikoma ku kuziyizawo ekizibu eky'okubiri. Obukuumi obwo bunyweza obugolokofu bw'enteekateeka y'amateeka era n'eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu.

Enkomerero n’Okuziikibwa

Ekiragiro bwe kisala omusango mu nsala ku mukolo — ka kibe kivunaanibwa oba nga tekivunaanibwa — ensonga esaanidde okugonjoolebwa. Obubonero obw'enkomerero busaanidde okugonjoolebwa. Singa tebuliwo, gavumenti eyinza okweyongera okusiiga omuntu ssente, okumuggyamu eby'obugagga n'okuleetera okwennyamira. Kkooti enkulu emanyidde nti ̴ embeera n'eby'obugagga n'amaanyi gaayo byonna tesaanidde kukkirizibwa kugezaako enfunda na mirundi eginaawerebwa okusiikiriza omuntu yenna, mu ngeri eyo n'okumuswazaaza ensonyi. ̵ (). . .

Okuziyiza Gavumenti Okufuga

Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kya kusasula olukusa olw'okusasula ekibonerezo, gavumenti esobola okuggyawo ensala y'abalamuzi aginoonyezza nga tebasoose kugoberera enkola eyo. Kino kyandiba nga kiviirako okusala emisango mu bwangu era ne batandikawo enkola ey'okusibawo obujulizi emirembe gyonna.

Etterekero Erikwata ku Kusalirako Omusango

Bwe tuziyiza okuyigganyizibwa oluvannyuma lw'okusala omusango, akabi ak'emirundi ebiri kaleetera enkola ey'obwenkanya okukozesebwa obulungi era ne kiviirako n'eggwanga obutagula bintu oba okulumiriza.

Tuba Tufuba Okunoonyereza

Olw’okuba bamanyi nti okufuna obujulizi obumala, abo abawaabirwa bateekebwawo okuteekateeka obulungi ebiwandiiko byabwe era ne bawa obujulizi bwonna obuba bubaddewo nga boozesebwa.

The “ Same Offense ̵ Ebbeetu n'Ogwokubiri

Ensonga esingayo okuba mu mateeka agaagwawo obutereevu bw'emirundi ebiri kwe kulaba buli kigambo ekibeera mu mpandika eya “ omusango gwe gukongodde. ̵ Kkooti Esingirayo ddala yassaawo ekigezo eky'okufuga mu .S. .S. . [1932]]: singa buli mateeka gaba geetaagisa obujulizi obw'ekintu ekimu ekirala ky'etasobola kukola, biba bya njawulo, era n'okutongozaamu okuddirizibwa tekuwera.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuwawaabi anyaga banka era n'akozesa emmundu mu kiseera kya babbama ayinza okuvunaanibwa olw'okubba ku banka era n'okukozesa emmundu mu kunoonyereza okw'ettemu. Mu kukebera kwa Blockburger, bino bye bibi bya njawulo olw'okuba buli kintu ekimu ekimu ekirala kiriko ekintu ekirala kye kitalina (obubaamo obuba nga tebuli mu mateeka ga bayibi, era obubbi tebukkirizibwa okuzza obusasimu obwa bbulwanyisa) naye era kkooti enkulu era ekkiriza nti okugezesa okubukozesa mu kukwata ebyuma ng'amateeka gaago terimu.

Obubonero obwaddirira bweyongera okutereeza enkola eyo. Mu Grady v. Corbin (1990), kkooti ya 'LT], engoberera enkola eya “ enkola ̵ okugeza, naye nga okusalawo okwo kwateerekebwa mu United States v. Dixon[ [1993]), eyadda ku kigezo kya Blockburger nga ye mutindo. Leero, kkooti zeesigama ku Blockburger, era nga zeeyongera ku busomero obukola ku nsonga ezizikwata ku by'enkola n'okuvanyunzi [FLT] (filset).

Ebigwana Okufugibwa Etteeka ery’Omuze ogw’Ebibiina

Wadde ng’akabi ak’emirundi ebiri kayinza okusaasaana emirundi ebiri, tegatera kukozesebwa mu mbeera nnyingi enkulu.

Obufuzi bwa Yakuwa Obubunye (Bafuzi ba Butonde Bwonna)

Oboolyawo, obwetwaze obusingirayo ddala obukulu bwe buno: “ obwetwaze obwawule ̵ enjigiriza. Ku mulundi guno, gavumenti ya gavumenti ya gavumenti etwalibwa nga yeetongodde. N'olwekyo, ekikolwa kimu kiyinza okumenya amateeka aga gavumenti n'ag'eggwanga, era buli nnannyini buyinza okutongoza omuwawawa awatali kumuleetamu akabenje emirundi ebiri.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu anyaga banka mu Georgia ewambiddwa, asobola okutongozebwa gavumenti y'Amerika ne gavumenti ya Georgia. Kkooti enkulu era n'eddamu okukiggumiza mu Gwagget v. mu Amerika (2029), nga esambajja nti abamenyi b'amateeka ababiri babonereza ekibi kye kimu. Abakuwakanya ensonga eyo baddamu okuleetera endowooza eyo obutaba ntuufu, naye etteeka eryo teriteekebwawo bulungi.

Mu ngeri y’emu, omuntu ayinza okusingisibwa omusango gavumenti bbiri ez’enjawulo singa zimenya amateeka ga mulembe buli omu ogumu, wadde nga tegatera kubaawo era nga gakendeezebwako mu buwandiike.

Obukyamu

Singa omusango gumalirizibwa nga tegunnasalibwa bulungi, singa ojja kusalirwa omusango guba tegulina musango gwa mulundi gwakubiri. Ensonga enkulu eri nti, singa okunoonyereza okwo kwajjawo mu “ era nga tekyetaagisa kweyisa bubi ̵ (nga assessa akakiiko akasalirwa olukusa, oba obulwadde obw'omusawo) oba okusala omusango mu ngeri ekyamu okusobola okuleetera omuwaabi okugaana okunoonyereza mukyamu. Singa okunoonyereza okwo kwava ku muwaabi ’ okunoonyereza era n'okusemba oba okukkiriza okutaawerezebwa, okukkirizibwa okuzza omusango mu kukkiriza okubi.

Ebireetebwa Gavumenti

Ekiwandiiko kya Reoparde Claus tekigaana gavumenti kugaana bantu kugaana misango egyali gibasaliddwa nga teginnasalirwa musango (nga singa wabaawo okugaana enkola okukweka obujulizi) oba singa esala omusango ku kibonerezo. Kyokka, gavumenti eyinza obutawa kabonero ka maanyi ka maanyi ka maanyi kava ku mateeka kubanga omuwawaabirwa aba yateekebwako dda mu kabi era n'asalirwa omusango n'aba nga taliiko musango. Singa ekibonerezo eky'okuteresebwa oba okusalibwa omusango kiyingira, kiba kye kisembayo era tekiyinza kuddamu kukkirizibwa kukkirizibwa.

Oluvannyuma lw’Okunoonyereza, Abantu Baddamu Okukakasa nti Ekituufu Kye Kikirimu

Singa omuwawawawa yeeyisa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya n'afunamu enkyukakyuka, gavumenti ekkirizibwa okuzza omusango. Kino kiri bwe kityo olw'okuba omuwawaabirwa “waived ̵ obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri ng'anoonya olukiiko olupya. Kyokka, ekyewaawo, ekyawukana ku buno: singa obujulizi buvumibwa tebukkirizibwa kubaako kalonda yenna akwata ku nsonga, singa akizuula nti omuwandiisirwa omusango teyandizuuliddwa na musango zza omusango emirundi ebiri, ebisiba ebisaze eby'okusazesebwamu ebiyinza okukyusibwa mu lukalala olw'okuzza omusango ogumu.

Emiganyulo gy’Okukoowa okw’Ebibiina mu Mateeka ag’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Obuzibu bwa mirundi ebiri bukyakola kinene nnyo mu kusalira abantu omusango ogw'amaanyi. Okugukolako kukeberebwa kwa bannalukalala, obumenyi bw'amateeka obuva ku njuyi enva enva enva mu lala, n'obumenyi obwekuusa ku abo abawandiisi n'abawandiisi abalala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi 9, oba 11 gavumenti yagezaako okulumiriza abantu mu kkooti za bannakyewa ne mu kkooti z'agyenti era ne mu bukiiko bwa magye, era kino kyaleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kabi ak'obwannakyewanya emirundi ebiri.

Mu ngeri y'emu, enjigiriza ya bannakyewa ey'enjawulo ekkiriza buli omu okukomyawo, naye abawakanyi bagiwakanya. Kkooti enkulu terina kye yakolawo kulaga nti enyigidde mu kugoba Gamble, naye kkooti entono zeeyongera okutereeza ensalo, naddala singa gavumenti zikolagana bulungi mu mateeka oba awaba omumenyi w'amateeka omu ali mu mukolo gwe mu “ musham ” okwesamba K'ewandisizzaamu K'agwo.

Obujulizi obulaga DNA n'obunnyogovu era bureeseewo ensonga emirundi ebiri.

Okuvumirira n’Enkaayana Egenda Ebaawo

Wadde ng'akabi ak'emirundi ebiri kassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa, abamu bagamba nti enjigiriza ya nnakyewa erina okussibwawo essira olw'okuba ekkiriza gavumenti okubba olubu. Abalala bagamba nti okugezesa okw'emyoyo okw'emirundi ebiri kukolebwa kutuukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza butuukiriza mu nkola yennyini era ne balemererwa okutegeera obutuufu bw'amateeka agasokko agabonereza empisa y'emu.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu aba anyaze olubatu lwokka ayinza okuvunaanibwa okuvunaanibwa okusoosa okutali kumu okw'ekikolwa eki'okutulugunya ̬ obulumbaganyi, obuwoowo, obuwoowo bw'ebyokulwanyisa, okukwatibwa kw'enjaga, et'enjawulo, n'enj. — singa amateeka mangi gattululwa. Wadde nga buli kisalibwawo kiyinza okuyisa Blockburger, abawakawunzi bagamba nti ekibonerezo kivaamu ebibonerezo ebiwerako olw'ekikolwa ekyo kye kimu. Kkootikko ekyo tekiziyiza bannannyini kutongoza kibonerezo kya Blo, naye era kiziyiza okusalibwa mu musango gwe gumu.

Ekirala eky'okukaayana kye kimu ku ebyo ebiba biggiddwa mu ggwanga oba ebigobeddwa. Kkooti esinga obukulu egambye nti okuggibwawo tekusobozesa bantu kufuna bukuumi bwa mirundi ebiri naye singa omuntu asumululwa ne kiba nti aba abamenyi b'amateeka, kiyinza okugaana oluvannyuma lw'omumenyi w'amateeka okuggibwako omusango oba okusalirwa omusango ( United States v.Ursery], 1996).

fundikira

Akabenje ak'emirundi ebiri kasigalawo emusingi gwa kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka mu Amerika, nga bakuuma abantu okuva ku musango ogubavunaanibwa emirundi egisukka mu gumu. Kawa obujulizi obw'enkomeredde, era n'obukakafu obuva mu kusalawo kw'abalamuzi. Kyokka enjigiriza teyinza kukakasibwa; okusoosa okw'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri. Okusoomooza okuppya okubaawo mu mateeka bwe kubawalika obujulizi obw'amaanyi okuvaako obutuufu n'obujulizi obw'ekika kya gavumenti ̬ ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti okusobola okutuukiriza ebiwandiiko bya bulijjo ebyasooka n'ebyo ebyakkutuukirizibwa ku mu nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka.

Okutegeera akabi ak'emirundi ebiri kwetaagisa eri buli muntu yenna ayagala okumanya amateeka, obwenkanya, oba okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Okusobola okweyongera okusoma, laba Connell Legal Information Institute ̱ abeekenneenya ebikwata ku buzibu bwa mirundi ebiri[, U.S. oluwandika olumu olw'enjigiriza[, ne kkooti enkulu ̱ ebifaananyiirwa mu [[FLT:] State.Dixoid[1993]] [FLT:]]