Okutegeera Obutuufu bw’Ebikolwa by’Omusango mu Mateeka g’Omusango Ogutazingirwamu

Endowooza ekwata ku nkola esaanira y'emu ku mpagi enkulu mu nkola z'amateeka ez'omu kiseera kino, naddala mu Amerika mwe gawandiikiddwa mu Amereka agataano n'ekkumi n'ena. Mu nkola yaago emala, kitegeeza nti gavumenti erina okugoberera enkola nga tezinnaba kubuza muntu yenna bulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu. Omusingi guno gukakasa nti abantu abavunaanibwa omusango gw'amateeka bayisibwa mu bwenkanya, era ne guwa omukisa okuwulirwa, era ne gukuumibwa okuva ku nkola y'eggwanga. Abayizi, abakugu ba mateeka, n'abasomesa, okutegeera okusobola okukuuma obugolokofu bw'enteekateeka y'amateeka, tekulinaakolebwako mu bwenkanya.

Ekiragiro kino kituukiriza emitendera ebiri egy'enjawulo naye egikwatagana: okusoosa n'okuteekawo ekiwandikiro. Empandika eteekwa okubeera ekwata ku nkola ey'ekiragiro how ku bikwata ku by'omu mateeka //ebikolwa ebiteekwa okuba nga biteekwa okuba nga biwalibwa omuntu omu. Gavumenti bw'eba ng'ekolagana n'omuntu omu. Enkola eno ekola y'enkola enoonyezebwa okusobola okulaba era ekikolebwako [[FLY:3]] nga kimenya oba ekikolwa ekya gavumenti ku nnono, ka kibe nga kikozesebwa mu ngeri y'enkola emu. Enjigiriza zino zonna zikola enteekateeka y'emu esobola okumanyisa obulungi embeera y'obutebenkesaze ne &8.[NUlt17]

Ensibuko Eya Ddala ey’Ebyafaayo Etuuka ku Biseera Ebigezo

Endowooza nti okukangavvulwa kuteekwa okuba okw'obwenkanya era nti tewali muntu n'omu ayinza kubonerezebwa nga tasoose kutongozebwa nga tewannabaawo lukalala lwa Amereka. Omuteesiteesi asingirayo ddala kwe . Magna Carta[[FL:1], eyafulumizibwa mu Lupapula 3915, ng'egamba nti #8220; tewali muntu wa ddembe ajja kukwatibwa oba okuggibwako oba okuggibwako ebintu bye, oba okutwalibwa mu buwaŋŋangu oba okutwalibwa mu ngeri endala yonna, oba okukolebwako n'amaanyi okusobola okumulwanyisa, oba okusindika abalala okukola bwe kityo, okuggyako nga bajjulidde ddala abo abalinga benkana nabo oba amateeka gaamu. &pa822; akatundu kano ka &520; olupapula olusooka olupapula lw'ensi olusooka; oluyitibwa oluyitibwa &58; oluyitibwa oluyitibwa oluyitibwa oluyitibwa &12222; olusooka olusooka olusooka olusooka olupya olupapula lw'amateeka olw'amateeka olw'omulemberwamu mu kifo kya bulijjo.

Amateeka g'Abangereza gaayongera okulongoosa ennyinnyonnyola eyo okuyitira mu biwandiiko ebigoberera empandika eza bulijjo nga Kugitwala ku ddyo (1628) era ne[FLT]] [FLT Bill of Rights (1689)], ebyayamba okumanyisa olukalala oluli ku bufugendo n'okugezesa. Abakonkoddookisi bwe baajeemera amateeka ga Katonda, baatwaliramu okwegaana obukuumi obwo obw'omu mateeka. Mmende, obwatongoosebwa mu 1791, bwafuuka kiwandiiko ekisooka ekiragira enkola ebeere: & #82; tewali muntu n'aweewanya obulamu, oba ebintu, nga tewali mateeka gaagitwala. &81;[81;[2221;[221]

Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'omunda, Amereka agafuga ebiwandikiro (1868)] gaagaziya ku bukuumi bwe bumu ne buweebwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro 1 ku ebyo ebinaamalibwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo kigamba: ̴...Nayo gavumenti yonna ejja kutwala omuntu yenna, eddembe, oba ekintu, nga tewali ngeri ya kukwata mateeka; oba obutagaana muntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwayo okukuumibwa amateeka genkana. 𔄣 ̴ Incorporation Doctive, ̵ Ksources, ̵ ekyakukolebwa kkooti Esinga obukulu mu kyasa ekya 20, ekyayo.

Engeri Enkola gy’Egwana Okukulaba: Emasimu Ageeyisa mu Ngeri ey’Obulungi

Nteekateeka Ki Eba Etuukirawo?

Okusinziira ku nkola eno, gavumenti y'ekyetaagisa okuwa omuntu amagezi ageetaagisa era n'okuwuliriza obulungi nga tennamuggyako muntu gwe yeetaagira. Mu ndukusa eza bulijjo, kino kikyusa n'entegeka ez'enjawulo ezikozesebwa mu kiseera eky'okukwatibwa nga bayisiddwa. Kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika zoogedde ekigezo ekikyukakyuka mu ngeri ennyangu okutegeera, nga (1) okwefiiriza okwa nnawookeera mu [FLD:0] Maws v. Eldiridge[[FL:1], okuzuula obukuumi obutuufu obukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Ebiwandiiko ebyo ebisatu by'ensonga zino bye bigeraageraageranyako: (1) okwetaasuzaamu omutemwa mu [FL:0] mu miteeko egibadde tegibwa mu ngeri endala era n'omutindo gy'ennyonnyonnyo obulala obuteennyonnyonnyolwa, ne (3) prosebwa obusinga obungi, nga n'obuddunjabibwa obutongole obukolebwamu n'obukulembeze obutongole obukolebwamu.

Wadde ng’okunoonyereza okwakolebwanga Mathews kwasibuka mu bantu, amateeka mangi agagobererwa mu mateeka gasibuka mu mateeka, abawaabirwa balina obukuumi obusingawo obutono kubanga eddembe, so si bintu byokka, liba lisobeddwa.

Obukuumi Obuva mu Mitawaana

  • '[[FOLT:0] Akakwakkuliro ak'ensonda:[ Emperamya ey'omukaaga ekakasa nti omuwayirwa alina okumanyisibwa ekiwayirwa. Kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti erina okuwa obulango obwa nnannyini, obuwandiisi obusingako ekiwandiiko ekiraga obumenyi obwo.
  • [[NKULA] Ennukuta Esooka eri okuwa amagezi: Omusango ogufuga amateeka Gedeon v. Wainwr (1963) Yakkiriza nti okusumulula okw'omukaaga kwetaagisa okuwamula omuwayiriza okuteekawo amateeka ag'amaanyi. Oluvannyuma okusalibwa omusango guno gugazibwa ne wabaawo akasonga w'okusibibwa. [[[FLT:]] Arginger v. Hamlin[FL:5], 1972],. Omusango ogwo gulina kye gukola ne ku nsonga endala eziyinza okusalibwa mu mitendera, okubuuza oba okusawo.
  • [[NKULA:0] Obukuumi obutatatandikirwa ku budde obw'okwefuga: MPMENTI ey'okutaano ewa obudde obwandimaze ateera ku buggwegwe. Miranda v. Arizona (1966]]], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti poliisi eteekwa okuteebereza nti ezzadde lino lya ddyo, awamu n'erya ddyo eri munnamateeka nga tannagibuuza, oba kugiwanyisa. Okulemererwa okukola ekyo kiyinza okusobozesa abakunguzi bonna okukkulira.
  • [[NKULULA] Ku ludda olwa ddyo oluba ludde ku lukiiko olw'empewo n'olw'okubunyisa abantu bonna: Entegeka ey'omukaaga ekakasa nti abawayirwa tebawanikibwa mu kkomera nga balindirira okuwozesebwa era nti byonna ebisalibwa byanguyirwa okukeberebwa mu lujjudde. Kkooti eri mu Bark v. Wingo[[FLD:3]2] Kino kyakola ekigezo eky'ebigeraageranyo ebina mu bwangu: obuwanvu bw'ekiseera, olw'okuwazesebwa, olw'okuwanyiriza, oluseetuka ̱ oluseetuka olulaga olutuufu, n'olwoyingi oluyi olw'omuwayingi.
  • [[NKULA] Ekirabo kitwalibwa mu Jury: Emperamyation ey'omukaaga ekakasa nti omusango tegusosola mu kitundu. Omulamuzi akiikirira omusanvu ow'oku ludda olumu olw'ekika kya mu kibinja. Voir attaganye, era akawayiro akalonda abalamuzi okulonda olukalala lw'abalamuzi, kaleka bannamateeka okubuusabuusa n'okusoomooza abo abasobola okusalira omusango omusango.
  • [[NKULU]] Ku Ddooti n'en'ennimi Abajulirwa: Ekirango ekya omukaaga Amerekalw'okuwerezebwa awawaanyisibwa obwannannyini okubawa obujulizi ku bajulizi ku baazo. Klaammenti ya CFRAT Claus ekkiriza abawandiisi okukozesa olukiiko ’ amaanyi gasobozesa abawandiisi okuwa obujulirwa obw'omukisa.
  • [[NKULA:0] Empandika eraga obutuufu bw'ekiwandikiro (ekya bulijjo): Ekibuuzo ekiba kiragiddwa kikwetaagisa okuwa obujulizi obulaga buli kimu ku nsonga eyo nga tewali bukakafu bulaga nti ddala ekimenyedwa mu mumenyi w'amateeka kituufu (]] mu kuddamu okuguwawa [], 1970). Buno bwe bukakafu obusingayo obutuufu obw'omu mateeka ga Amerika, okulaga ebiva mu nzikkiriza y'abamenyi b'amateeka.
  • [[AK:0] Obukuumi Obufuga Obukyamu: Omutemwa ogw'Okutaano gulemesa gavumenti okuvunaana omuntu olw'ensobi y'emu emirundi ebiri oluvannyuma lw'okumutongoza oba okukkirizibwa, wadde nga waliwo obufuzi obwawakyo obuteefuga.

Entegeka Egwanidde: Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa

Wadde ng'empandika ekolebwako essa essira ku nsonga eziragibwa mu nkola za gavumenti, omulimu ogukolebwa gukebera oba nga amateeka oba ekikolwa kya gavumenti kimenyawo eddembe ek'enkomeredde. Kkooti Supper ennyonnyola oba ekikolebwako nga mu ngeri eyoleka obwenkanya. Entegeka ya 'Centre Proces Claus' ewandikiddwa okusobola okukuuma eddembe erimu er'empandika za kika kino. Enkola eno etegeeza nti, 'Centernet' oba 'FLT'''. Connecticut, 1937'; oba “ ebikobera ddala mu nyimirimu n'ebyafaayo ebiri mu National R &8222; (;[FLT]]][FFFON]][FP]]

Mu mateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka, enkola ey'ekiragiro etwalibwa nga tegobereddwa okusoomooza amateeka agatategeerekeka. Empandika “ tebaamu njigiriza etategeerekeka ̵ ekwetaagisa abamenyi b'amateeka okuwa ebiragiro ebibalabula okukwata abaami. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [[FLT:] ebigereke] ebituufu byagootaanyezebwa mu kifo kya tteeka eriba tebirazesezza ku mateeka ga gavumenti. [[5], nga[5], olukalala olwo oluvanyuma lw'amateeka gaamenyemenyese], olumu oluvanyuma lw'ebibinja by'abamenyi b'akyewaze. [[5], olumu ku buli mulundi:[FLT][5], olumu ku nsonga ezisingako: [FLL][5], olumu ku mateeka:[5]

Ensonga Ennyo Ezeetisse Omusango mu Mateeka g’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Tetusobola kutegeera nsonga lwaki ebintu byajjawo byokka nga tetusoose kwekenneenya misango egyali gikola ku mateeka.

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon yavunaanibwa okumenya amateeka n'okuyingira mu Florida. Olw'okuba yali tasobola kusasula munnamateeka, okusaba kwe okwalondebwa kwagaana kubanga Florida yaweebwa bannamateeka bokka mu kkooti z'ekibonerezo. Gidyoni yasalirwa omusango era n'asalirwa emyaka etaano mu kkomera. Kkooti enkulu yawa kkooti omusango omusango nti, Omuteesi ey'omukaaga y'ensonga y'egwanidde okusalirwa mu bwenkanya era n'esaba okukuba kkooti mu kkooti okuyitira mu kkooti ekola escrect Admittery Programme Claise.

Miranda n’ekitundu Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda yakwatibwa olw'okuwamba abantu n'okukwata abakazi era oluvannyuma lw'essaawa bbiri nga bamubuuza ebibuuzo, yassa omukono ku kkomo eryalimu etteeka lye yalina ne ̴ okumanya okujjuvu okukwata ku ddembe lyange. ̵ Kkooti, mu kusalawo 5-4, yawa obukakafu nti olukusa olw'okumenya amateeka okugattika eddembe lyabwe nga linnaalyo ligenda kukolebwa. Kati lirina okulabula ku ngeri y'okusuubira nti olukalala lw'okusibawo olukalala olulina okumenya amateeka nga tebannabawanyisa. Miranda kulabula kwe[[[#1]; okuyimirira okusirika, nti buli kintu kyonna kiyinza okukozesebwa okumenya etteeka, eriri ku ddyo erikwata ku muyimbi &82; lirgiro wa ku munnamateeka eyalondebwa.

Maryland (1963)

John Brady yasibibwa omusango ogw'okutta oluvannyuma lw'okusalirwa omusango, era okuwa obujulizi obwalagira nti munne yali yayatula obujulizi obw'okutta. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, STATES Proce Claus yeetaaza abawaabi b'amateeka okuwa obujulizi obukakafu nti ekintu kivunaanibwa omusango oba ekibonerezo. Ekiragiro kino ̴ Abrady asrady as ” kyeyongera okuwa obujulizi ku bawaabirwa abawaabi b'oluddandiikko oludda oludda oludda oludda oludda oluvanyuma okuzza obujulizi obuvunaavuzi, era okubusambaanyirizibwa kwaakyo kuyinza okuviirako abawaabi b'ensonga nga . [Gret:]

Mu kuwangula era (1970)

Kkooti eyo yawa obukakafu obulaga nti abaana baalina okukangavvulwa, era yagamba nti etteeka eryali likwata ku nkola y’ekitongole ekiyitibwa Status Process Claus lyali liragira abavubuka n’abantu abakulu obutuufu bwe bumu kubanga ebyava mu kusalawo okwo byali bya maanyi nnyo.

Engeri Enkola y’Ekibi gy’Ekolebwamu: Essomero ly’Omumenyi w’Amateeka

Okutegeera engeri emitendera egitambulamu gye gikolamu mu nkola y’amateeka, kikulu nnyo eri abasawo n’abayizi.

Okukwatibwa n’Okuwandiika Ebitabo

Okukwatibwa kulina kusigirwa olw'ensonga eziyinza okuba nga zeetaagisa, ekiva mu nteekateeka ey'okuna ey'okuyisa ebireetebwawo mu Amerika ate nga bikwatagana bulungi n'engeri gye kikwatibwamu. Omuntu avunaanibwa omusango alina okutwalibwa mu maaso g'omulamuzi awatali kulwawo (̴GErstein'empulizi, ebireetebwawo ebiva mu GESTEins v. Pugh[, 1975) okusobola okumanya obanga ensonga ziwagira okusibibwa.

Engeri gye Yakulamu ne Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Mu kusooka, omuwawaabi ategeezebwa ku misango gye bavunaanibwa, ategeezebwa ku ddembe lyabwe, era aweebwe omukisa okulaba nti bamalirira okusasula bbaasa. Empeereze ey'okufuga e Ente mu lusenyi egaana ebbaasa. Naye okusobola okuzuula okuzuula obubenje obw'akabi oba obw'akabi eri abantu ( United States v. Salerno, 1987). Amawanga mangi kati gakozesa ebikompekero eby'okusibawo ebiyinza okutegeeza nti abadduukiddwa mu musango gulina okubuuka oba okuzuula ebisalekulibwa.

Ekintu Ekitandika Okuwulira oba Okujjukirwa

Okusobola okuvunaana omusango, Omutabaganya ogw'Okune kyetaagisa abalamuzi okutandikirawo oba okusalira omusango amangu. Amagezi agasooka gawa omulamuzi omukisa okulaba obanga omusango guwa obujulizi; okuwozesebwa kusobola okuwa obujulizi obw'okusala ekisingidde mu misango egitali gimu era n'ebitundu ebimu, kiba kyetaagisa abalamuzi ab'ensonga, nga bawulira obujulizi obuweebwa omuwaabi mu kyama era ne basalawo oba nga bawa obujulizi obwa mu nkukutu (olugero olwa nnamaddala).

Okutongozebwa

Ku mutendera guno, kkooti ekakasa oyo avunaanibwa nti ategeera ebyasalibwawo n’ebibonerezo ebiyinza okuvaamu, era nti oyo avunaana eddembe aba wa ddembe era aba wa magezi.

Okuzuula Ebyaliwo n’Engeri ze Nnyinza Okutambulamu

Okusobola okuzuula ekituufu, abawaabi bateekwa okuzuula: Okumenya obujulizi obulagira nti ebintu ebiri mu kkooti biwa obujulirwa, n'okunoonyereza ku bajulizi.

Okugezesebwa

Omusango gwe guba gusinziirwako okunnyonnyola ekiba kyetaaga. Omuwawaabirwa ateekwa okuteebereza nti talina musango, avunaanibwa alina okulaga nti avunaanyizibwa mu bujjuvu olw'ensonga, era nti avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga, era nti alina okuwa obujulizi ku musalabi era n'okukaayana n'abalamuzi.

Okusasula Empeta n’Okuzannya

Oluvannyuma lw'okukkiriza, omulimu ogwetaagisa okusalirako omusango omusango gwesigamye ku bujulizi obwesigika era nti omuwayiri alina omukisa ogw'okuteekawo ensonga eziyinza okusaasaana. Apprendi Kino kitegeeza olunyiriri olw'ebiragiro ([]]] Appndi v. New Jersey, 2000; [[FLT:]]][KNKULAN]] n'ok [.], 2004; [[FLT:]] Alleyne v. [[FLT] v.FLT:7], 2013] Kino kitegeeza nti ekiyinza okwongera ekiteeso eky'omulembedde ekiteeyambiddwa oba ekitono kirina okuzuulibwa okusinga okubuusabuusa ek'okunoonyereza. jjuka olw'okunoonyereza n'okubonerezebwa (ekiragiro ekituufu) ekigo ekiba kye kikozesembye ekiba ekiba eky'ekiragiro ekiba.

Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu Okujja Kukolebwa

Wadde ng’embeera y’eby’obufuzi yasimba amakanda, ekiseera kigezesebwa nnyo mu ngeri eyoleka obwenkanya bw’omu kiseera kino.

Enjawulo mu Busosoze ne mu Nkolagana y’Abantu

Okunoonyereza okutajjulukuka kulaga nti abawayiri abadduganyi abanzi abawayirizibwa mu Busupaniya batera okukwatibwa, bavunaanibwa nnyo, baweebwa obukaanyi obutonotono, era basalirwa ekibonerezo eky'obukambwe okusinga abawayirizibwa abazungu olw'empaka ezifaananako ezo. Okusosola okw'obugagga kitegeeza nti abawayiribwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo baweebwa obutuufu mu mateeka obuteetaagisa okuva ku bakuumi abanene ̬ nga baabwo obujja obujja obujja obujja obugaaggwere Gideon[FLT] ekisuubizo. [FFL:2] progrees Union progrees [ACU] n'ak'attirayo endala zeeyongera okuggya ebiwandiiko bino ebireetebwa oba okuzza obukyayinja.

Okuyuza Omusana n’Okusiba Olubala

Emisango egisukka mu 90 ku buli kikumi gigonjoolebwa nga gigonjooleddwa nga bayitira mu kusalira abawaabirwa ssente so si ku kkooti. Ebbeetu zonna, nga kw'otadde n'emisango eminene ennyo egisalibwa wakati w'okwegayirira n'emisango egisalirwa oluvannyuma lw'okulabba, gireetawo okukaluubiriza ennyo abo ababawawawawawawawaanyi okulemesa eddembe lyabwe okuwooya etteeka eribavunaanibwa.

Engeri ebya tekinologiya gye Bikolebwamu

Olukiiko olw'okubiri oluyitibwa Constrament ’ olukuutira okusobola okwewala okusena obujulizi obw'ekika kya disiki. Kkooti enkulu egezezzaako okumanyisa ebifa ku mutindo gwa kompyuta. California[FLT]] [2001] (Kimu ku ebyo ebitera okukolebwa abasirikale okwetaaga olukusa olw'entuma okusobola okukebera ebiba bikolebwa mu kompyuta okusobola okukwatibwa, era mu [[FLL:]]] Katriendi oba mu lububonero olusooka, olwo kiba kyetaagisa okuzuula obujulizi obw'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku nkola ya mu mpalo, obulagibwa mu lukubisi, n'okukebera ebiteeyambisibwa mu layisensi ya layisensi, n'okulabulabulabulabulabula ku nsonga eziba ku kumanya ebiba ku bya mu manya ganna, ne ku nsonga ezibalukawo.

Okulondawo Ekifo Ekiba Kigeddemu n’Enyinza

Okusalawo okubaamu abantu okuva mu ggwanga eryo tekusobola kukuumibwa mu ngeri yonna. Abamenyi b'amateeka bayinza okukuumibwa awatali kugattibwa, era bayinza obutafuna magezi matono (gatagakolebwa gavumenti), era ne batwalibwa mu buwagizi obwa wansi. Kkooti esinga obukulu etegedde nti okusibibwa okw'ekiseera ekiwanvu kuyinza okwetaasa enkola egobererwa, naye abagenda mu bifo ebyo basigala nga bawagidde.

Okunyweza Enkyukakyuka Egeetaagibwa mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Okukuuma n'okugaziya enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okulwanirira etteeka, kyetaagisa okufuba okusobola okukkaatiriza enkola y'amateeka mu mateeka. Abakola eby'okussaawo enkola eno bateekwa okuggyawo enkola ezikkirizibwa mu bantu okusobola okusoosa obubonerezo obukyamu obukyamu obufuga enkola y'okuyisa obulambeze, era nga kiba kyetaagisa omuntu okulabirira mu ngeri esobozesa okusala emisango mu ngeri etegekebwa obulungi. Ebisobozo eby'okuzza emisango mu bantu okusobola okuzza emisango mu bantu, gamba nga okuzza emisango egigobeesaawo okuzza emitindo gy'amateeka, bisobola okuvaamu abantu abalungi n'okuvunaanyizibwa mu ngeri esaanira.

Ekiragiro kino kisoma ebiva ku ntegeka z'amateeka mu nsi yonna era ne kikebera n'obufunze obw'omu n'obukugu.[FLT][1]] Olupapula olw'amakuru ku Cornell School of Law School[, [[[[[FLT:]][[FLT]]][FLYUM]]][[FLT]]] project[[FLT][FLT][FLT]][FLT][FLT]][FLT][5]][FLT][act:%MBI][omati]][octiventivo'occooption.[

Omuntu k'abe muyizi eyeetegekera ebiba biyigiddwa, oba omuyigiriza ateekateeka ebitegekeddwa mu mpagi oba omutuuze afaayo, okutegeera n'okuwagira enkola esaanira, osigala ng'ogumu ku mirimu emikulu ennyo mu bantu abagoberera demokulase mu bwenkanya.