Okutandika

Constitution y'Amerika ekiikirira etteeka ekkulu ery'ensi eyo, nga lissaawo entegeka ya gavumenti era nga likubawumbako eddembe ly'abantu. Wadde ng'ekiwandiiko ekyasooka tekivumirira busosoze oba okukakasa nti abantu benkanankana mu kiseera kyaffe, okulongoosebwa n'ennyinnyonnyola byayo bifuuse bya maanyi nnyo mu kulwanyisa obusosoze. Okuva ku Lukiiko olw'eddembe lya gavumenti okutuuka ku kkomo lya Ddaala ery'ekkumi n'erya kkono, era n'empewo n'erya steeka teriwagira kukolebwako. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku ntegeka z'enkola y'enkola eya ssemateeka, era n'okukaayakana mu ngeri eyolekamu engeri amateeka gye gavanyumira ennyo era n'enkola ey'enkola ey'enkola ey'okwaze.

Ennyanjula: Okussaawo Obutebenkevu mu Kwenkanya n’Obwenkanya

Pregear alangirira ebigendererwa by'Ekiwandiiko kino: “Ffe Abantu ba Amerika, nga tuteekawo Enteekateeka y'Ekibiina ekituukiridde, okuteekawo Omusango, okukkirizibwa mu maka, kituwa obutuuti obwa bulijjo, era ne tunyweza Entegeka y'Eddembe, era ne tunyweza n'Emikisa gya Ntebe y'Ensi, tutongoza era ne tussaawo tteeka lino erifuga Amerika.” Ekigambo “Ffe abantu be twali ab'amasaza ebiseera byabwe, nga tusinziira ku kukkiriza obufuzi mu kifo ky'okussaawo kabaka. Wadde nga Amateeka ag'edda tegaagaziya bantu, oba eddembe lya bantu, oba ery'obuddu, eri abantu ba Amerika." Ekigambo kino kitegeeza “Luult ne“ germal , ” nga gategeeza nti ab'obuyinza bafunye enzikiriza z'ensigo ezisinga obungi mu nsi enfumo.

Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe: Okukuuma Buli Muntu Eddembe okuva ku Gavumenti

Ebiba biggiddwa mu 1791, byonna awamu biyitibwa Bill of Rights. Byakolerwa okukomya obuyinza bwa gavumenti ya gavumenti era n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu. Mu kusooka, enzivuunula zino zaakwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo zokka, naye okuyitira mu njigiriza ey'okugatta awamu n'okuyingiza n'okuyingiza n'okuva mu kiwandiiko ekya 141 eky'Emperamyamyamyamyanti (Ssect Process Claus) Placed Rease //Primenti ezisinga obungi zikola ku gavumenti z'ensi yonna.

Omuteende Ogwasooka: Eddembe ly’Emboozi n’Enkuŋŋaana Ennene

Obukuumi buno busobozesa ebibiina ebiwa obuwaanyi obuweerero okunnyonnyola ensonga ze, okutandikawo okukajjala n’okulwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu mu myaka gya 1960, era amateeka agafuga enzikiriza ez’enjawulo agafuga enfuga ez’obufuzi gaagobererwa nnyo mu kukyusa entegeka ya Baibuli ey’okusooka, era Kkooti Enkulu gaagezaako okukugira emirembe mu kibiina oba okugezaako okulwanirira ennyinyonnyola enzikiriza z’abantu okusinziira ku ndowooza zaabwe.

Okugayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okwekuuma Abantu n’Obusobozi bw’Okunoonyereza

Ekitongole eky'okuna ekikuuma abatuuze abakiikiridde okubuuka mu gavumenti nga tekimanyidde ddala ku kwenkanankana. Obukuumi bwaakyo buyambibwa mu mbeera z'eggwanga n'ezo ez'okukyusaamu. Whren v. United States[ [1996]], kkooti yakkiriza okukoma, abawaayiriza ku nsonga ezikwata ku langi gye ziteeberezebwa, era n'abawaayivu ne bawakanya enkola y'amateeka agava ku langi. Kyokka, ensonga endala ezikyakasa Utah v. Strieff[[FT:] (20) ziddamu okukaayakana ku ngeri gye ziyinza okukozesebwa okusoomooza okuteekawo obukulembedde amateeka agava ku langi ez'enjawulo.

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Ekitongole kino kiremesa okusalirawo abo abawandiisi ekkomo mu mpalo ey'amaanyi, enzivvuunula yaasasulwa mu bungi, era ebonerezebwa mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo. Kiresezza nnyo okusalira omusango abo abawayirizibwa olw'ensobi ez'enjawulo. Furman v. Georgia[]][7]] [7]]), kkooti yatongoza ekibonerezo eky'okufa nga ekyetaagisa mu kuwera okuwera n'okusala abaana enziresebwa obukyamu, n'okumanyisa abaana okuteeba nga bakyayinza kubaako kye babadde babadde bawanjula.[FLT] GéorgOLT][197] Enkola eno, gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti ekoze ku ku ku ku kulembedde mu ngeri ey'okusalirawo abavuziganya obulamu, abaana nga balaga nti tebaba banoonya ku ngeri y'okunoonyamu.

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Olwazi olw’Okulingana

Mu mwaka gwa 1868, olukalala olw'ekkumi n'ena lwali lwa kukwata obutereevu mu ngeri ereevu ku bantu abaali mu buddu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'omunda. Lulina ebigambo ebikulu bingi, naye ekisinga obukulu mu kukwata obusosoze kye ky'okukwata ku Kkuumiro lya Claus: “Tewali gavumenti... ejja kugaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka nga genkanankanankana.” Olunyiriri luno lwe lwafuuka ekikongobo ky'amateeka mu n'ebikolwa ebisoomooza amateeka okubaamu okusosola.

Obukuumi Obwawukana n’Eby’Enjawulo

Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Foundation Claus kye kyasooka okutaputa mu Plaby v. Ferguson [1896], kkooti enkulu gye yawagira oluvanyuma lw'eggwanga wansi wa “enjigiriza ey'enkana”. Kkooti yasamba ebyo ebyateekebwa mu [[FLT:]B] brown v. . Ekiragiro kyayisawo enkola ya bannannyini mu matendekero, nga [[FLT:] (11954], nga yagamba nti: “ebifo eby'obuyigirize tebyenkanankanankana.” [[FLT:] Brown[5] byewanyinyinyinyiir'okuteeka mu masomero g'amasomero ga banna gavumenti. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole kinnyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka, ne ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka.[3]

Obusosoze n’Essaza eby'Eddabuseera

Kkooti elingana ne y'egamba nti, ‘ Kkooti era egaana okusosola mu by'okwetaba, naye era eteeka ekisinziirwako okujjukanya ku nsonga zino tekusinziira ku by'okwetaba. Mu kifo eky'okukebera ennyo. Craig v. Boren [77]], kkooti yakkiriza nti okulonda abakazi mu bitundu eby'ekikula kiteekwa okuba nga kikwataganyizibwa n'ensonga enkulu mu gavumenti. [[FLT:][FLT][3], okwaleetera abaami okwagala okuba abaami n'abaami n'abaami okukulembera ebibanja; [FLT] Frontro]. [2][FLT][5][7], amateeka agaago ge gaafuga abatuuze mu by'amagye.[FFoctrective][6][5][6], agakireetera abakungufunjanjaawe obutuufu.[19]

LGBTQ+ Rights ne Amereka ak’ekkumi n’ena

Mu makumi g'emyaka egyakayita, Kkooti Ekuuma Entegeka ne 'Trase Celsical Claus' ekozeseddwa okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu LGBTQ+. Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], Kkooti yakkiriza nti okugatta omwagalwa w'obukaba kye kimu n'eky'enkola ya Colorado, ekigguka nti “Amateeka gasuubiza buli muntu ali mu kifo ky'alinako obuvunaanyizibwa." Emabegako, mu [FLT:] Lotry v. [196]]], Kkooti y'enkola enkoodomenti eyawera obukyayinza okukugira obuteeyambizi bw'abantu abamalaamu, nga bagezaako okujjulula ekko. [b][5][5]

Enjigiriza Egikwata ku Kintu

Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala ekiwandiikiddwa ekiwandiikiddwa ekiwandiikiddwa ekiwandiikiddwa ekiwandike ekya 14 eky'ebbaluwa eya Claus ekozesebwa okugatta eggwanga. Kino kye kisobozese okukozesa etteeka ekkulu erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna. Ekiragiro kino kibadde kikulu nnyo mu kukozesa enkola eno mu nteekateeka ey'okuteekawo olukalala, olw'okutaano, olw'okutaano, n'olw'Emitendo Etali Mirembe mu kukyusa mulembereza ne mu nteekateeka za gavumenti z'ekiwandikiro, mu ngeri eyo ne kikendeeza emitindo egiremya egire mu ku ntegeka y'obutebenkedde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, v[FL:][FLY][FF][FOLT], 1964 [17] Kino kireesesaamu enkola ey'okugoba abamenyi b'amateeka okuva ku n'okugoba abamenyi b'envuzizo.[FFLT]

Okukkiriza Enkizo n’Etteeka Ery’Amateeka

Ekiragiro kino kikyusa enkola ya demokulase, era emirundi mingi Amateeka gaakyusibwa okusobola okumalawo enkonge ezikugira obusosoze mu langi.

Emisingi 15 (1870)

" Wadde kiri kityo, gavumenti z'Amerika tezirina kugaana bantu kulonda oba okusibibwa gavumenti yonna ekola olubala oba obuddu obwali bukaka abantu okulonda.” Wadde nga kino kikakasa, gavumenti zaasalawo emisolo, okunoonyereza ku kusoma, ebiwandiiko bya bajjajja, n'enkalo ez'amaanyi okugoba abaddu aba n'abaddu, era ne zigaana okukuba kalulu. Kyatwala kumpi ekyasa kimu nga mu kiseera kya ssemakekero mu 1965 nga tewandikiddwawo ddala mu kukakasibwawo mutemwa gwa Preculsement, era nga kyagala obukodyo obwo okubufuga n'okusala obusokebwa mu byafaayo. Oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yagootaanya ekitongole ekifuga enjvumbo. [FLT:] Shelby Coant [flation:][Flact1], (2020) ate ekitongole ekitongole ekiwandikiddwa ekiwandikibwa ekiva mu ggwanga ekikola envanyunziko kya 'enomo ya nnamu.

Entegeka ya 19 (1920)

“ Obusobozi bw'abantu mu Amerika okukuba akalulu tebwandigaaniddwa Amerika oba gavumenti yonna olw'okwetaba.” Oluvannyuma lw'okuyisibwa obubi ennyo n'ekibiina ky'abakazi, etteeka lino lyagaana okulonda abakazi ab'ekikula. Etteeka eryo lyali ligaana abaami okulonda abaami.

Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu Amerekalese (1964)

" Obusobozi bw'abantu mu Amereka okulonda mu kalulu k'aw'enjawulo ... tebukkirwa oba okubunyisibwa ... olw'okulemererwa okusasula omusolo gwonna ogw'okuvvuota oba omusolo omulala gwonna.” Emisolo egya Pokopoota gyakozesebwa okugoba abantu abatono ennyo, naddala Abamerika abali mu South. Kino kikomyawo ebiwandiiko bya bya bya bya bugagga eby'okulonda, wadde ng'amateeka agafuga enkola za bannannyini kuvwooza gakyeyongera okukuba agasattulukunya mu nsonga y'eby'ebyenfuna.

Amakumi abiri n'essaawa (1971)

“ Eddembe ly'abantu abali mu Amereka abali mu myaka ekkumi n'omunaana egy'obukulu oba nnene, obutalondebwa oba okubumbibwa olw'emyaka egyakula.” Kino kyakendeezebwa ku myaka 21 okutuuka ku 18, nga bagambye nti abo abakulu ekimala mu lutalo bandibadde n'eddoboozi mu gavumenti yaabwe.

Okusalira Omusango Eddembe ly’Okugaba

Nga bayita mu kutereeza, kkooti enkulu etwala ensonga nga ekiwandikiro ekya Claus ekifuga entegeka ya “omuntu omu, akalulu akamu” (Reynolds v. Siml:1], 1964), okuggyawo amakampuni agaawula agaazisa obululu mu bibuga ne mu bitundu ebitono. Kkooti era ne kkomya okulonda abantu ab'enjereere. Ebyo bye bisalawo nabyo byava ku langi ey'enjawulo (Shaw v. Reno, 1993) ne ggermagericman (kubadde kugiko okunoonyereza okw'ekika kya bannabya k'eby'obufuzi).

Ensonga Ezikwata ku Kiseera eky’Okutaano n’Okunnyonnyola Amateeka

Ebibuuzo ebiriwo mu kiseera kino ebikwata ku busosoze n’okuba nti buli kimu kyesigamye ku mateeka, bikwata ku ngeri gye gayinza okukozesebwamu ku nsonga empya.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukakasa

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okugonjoola obusosoze mu byafaayo nga kitunuulira obusosoze mu langi oba obusajja mu ngeri emu mu kusobozesa abantu okutongoza, okufuna, oba okufiirwa. Kkooti ey'oku ntikko kiwagidde programu ezikolebwa mu langi ezizikwata ku zirookebwako, nga mu [. Bollinger[ [2003]], ekikkiriza enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'omu n'obuyigirize obwa waggulu. Kyokka, Kkooti era ereekooti eriko obuk'etaawula, esobola okukomya enkola ya '[FFFF], ey' ne k'ewandikiro ku n'ebitundu ebinoonyezza ebinoonyezza obugazi. [[5][5],[5], mu ngeri eziragiddwa mu ngeri endala ez'okukulembedde mu kkooti.[3] Enkola y'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri ez'okunoonyereza ebippya, olwo ebijulibwa mu kkooti ezibaliraak'okugibwa.[3]

Okukiikirira Ennimi n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Olina

Abantu abatwalibwa ng'abaddusi basososoddwa mu nsonga z'eby'obujjanjabi, emirimu, n'ebifo. Kkooti enkulu ewa gavumenti z'empanyi. Ekiragiro kya 'FLT'' kibalaze nti okusosola okwesigamiziddwa ku nfuze y'obuwangwa mu ttuluba ly'abalwadde. Wadde nga tekusinziira ku mateeka, kulina kyekubirizeko kkooti entono ezikkirizisaamu Clayleece. Ekyasatu eky'Ekkumina kyafuga mu .Grim. Court Court Counter[FF:3]

Obwenkanya n’Obusosoze mu Kibiina

Kaweefube ow'ekika kino nga Black Live Matter ag'okukwata mu bwenkanya obw'ekika ekimu, mu kutema amayumba, n'obuyigirize. Wadde nga tteeka ligaana obusosoze, bangi bagamba nti amateeka agafuga enneyisa ya bantu obutabaako ludda lwe gaawukana. Kkooti enkulu teyetaaga bujulizi bulaga nti omuntu alina kigendererwa eky'okugoba obutereevu mu kifo ky'okuggyawo obusosoze okusobola okuleetawo ekimenyebwawo ( Shahington v. Davis, 1976]). Enkola eno enoonyezebwa eyo enoonyezebwa n'abakkuwagira eddembe ly'okwewala enjjulukuukulwamu eri mu nkola y'eggwanga. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekikola nga George Flocract kigezaako okunnyonnyola ensonga zino mu ngeri egoberera amateeka, naye era nga kiyongera mu ngeri y'okugoberamu ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka.

Okwenkanankana mu by’Eby’Eby’Enfuna n’Etteeka ly’Omukago

Ekiragiro kino tekikola ku kukakasa kwenkanankana mu by'enfuna era Kkooti esinga obukulu egaanidde okukakala nti emitindo gy'ennamba oba ennamba zenkanankana. [FL:0] San Antonio Independent School v. Rodriguez[773], Kkooti yagaana okukakala nti okusosola obugagga mu by'obugagga mu ssente kwamenyebwa enzijaamu essoosaawo ebiziko nga ebizikongojjezaamu ebizikongookebwa [[FF.F.2][2][5]

Okufundikira: Amateeka ga Katonda gasobozesa abantu okuba nga benkanankana

Ekiragiro kino kiyamba nnyo mu kugonjoola ensonga z'okusosola n'okuleetawo enjawulo wakati w'enkola ey'okusosoosaamu okuva mu 1787. Okuyitira mu Bill of Rights, Reconsolences, era n'okugaziwa kw'enkwaso z'okulonda, ekiwandiiko kino kikyusiddwa ekikozesebwa ennyo okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu era n'okukakasa okukolebwa mu mateeka. Kkooti enkulu (]"25:0]Brown v.[FL:1]] [[FLM.]]]Eeroll v. Hodges[FL:]]]][8], ekiwandiiko ekiraga engeri etegeeza nti okutaputa amateeka ga gavumenti kusobola okweyongera mu maaso mu kiseera nga ekyawandiikibwa ekyasooka kisiriikiridde oba nga kiwedde. Kyokka, omulimu tegumaliriiwo mu ngeri y'okuyisa mu ngeri ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ez'enjawulo, n'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo, era n'ensonga endala ezikolebwa mu mateeka ebippya biddamu okugobeeyongera okumanyibwa.

[[Akawayiro:0]] Ebbanja erya K'AWANDIIKIRWA:[[AK'AWULA:1]

  • [[Etterekero]:0]
  • [[AK'AWULA:0]ESEKERO [[AK'AWULA:1] Akawayiro aka 'Fayiro' mu v. Harvard[[AKATABO]][KAZI] [[KATANDIKIRO] [[KATANDIKIRO]]
  • [[AK:0]ACLU: Obwenkanya obw'eggwanga[[KIRAGIRO:1]
  • [[AK'AKAKOMENTI] Ekitebe ky'Enfunga: Constitution erwuppact[[KITABO]]