Ensibuko y’Okwawukanya kw’Emyoyo Emibi

Omusingi ogw'okwawula ab'obuyinza mu matabi ag'enjawulo tegusibuka mu Amereka Abayingi. Munnabyafaayo Omuyonaani ow'edda Polybius yannyonnyola tteeka eryava mu Roman Republic, naye endowooza ey'omulembe guno yava ku mufirosoofo Omufalansa Baron de Montesquieu. Mu mulimu gwe gwe 1748 Omwoyo gw'Amateeka, Montesquieus [1], yakiwakanya nti eddembe likuumibwa nnyo singa abafuzi b'obuyinza, oba abalamuzi bateekebwa ku mibiri gimu. [2]

Olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka mu 1787 lwakubaganye ebirowoozo ku ntegeka y'amatabi gano. Virginia Plan yawa ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti eby'amaanyi era nga birina amatabi agamu ate nga New Jersey Plan yawagira enteekateeka y'ensi ennafu. Oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta kwatandikawo siipule emu, akakiiko akakola nga ka ka kampagi, akakulu akambiddwa mu kibiina ekimu, n'akakiiko akafuga. Okwawulwawo si kwenkani; abafuzi abaawe baayimbibwa mu ngeri ey'okukebera oba okuba bankani, okukugira ettabi lyonna okubeera ekkulu. Kino kyakolebwa mu bugenderevu okugattika obufuzi (okussaawo ekyokulabirako, etteeka lya kampumbibwa, era n'omulimu gwa prezidentebe z'abalamuzi) kye kitundu ekikulu eky'omu nkola mu nkola y'enteekateeka y'enteekateeka eno. Leero, okwawukana ku njigiriza ez'amaanyi, ezisabibwa kkooti ezisabibwa era n'abafuzi abafuga buli mu n'abakulugunja.

Ettabi Eryali mu Bukulembeze: Akatundu I

Ekiragiro kino kiwa ab'obuyinza bonna mu lukiiko olukulu olw'abasigire ba mateeka mu lukiiko olukulu. Akatundu I, Ekitundu 1 kigamba: "Amaanyi gonna agafuga eby'amateeka gaweereddwa wano gajja kuweebwa mu kakiiko akakulu aka United States, akanaabalimu Olukiiko n'Ennyumba ey'Abakiikirira." Kino kye kitundu ekisooka era ekijuliziddwamu ddala, ekiraga nti abakkirizi ba kakiiko akafuzi be bajja okuba amatabi agasingayo okuba ag'amaanyi era ag'akabi. Ekiragiro kyawulamu kampala akatundu ne ka bisenge bibiri, era kikakasa nti okussaawo amateeka kigattirwawo.

Ennyumba y’Ababaka: Ennyumba y’Abantu

Ennyumba yategekebwa okukolagana butereevu n'abantu. Ab'omu Lukiiko olwo batuukiriza ebigambo ebyamasatu ebibawaliriza okwolekagana n'abo abakuba akalulu emirundi ebiri. Obubonero businziira ku bantu b'omu Nnyumba, ne buwa gavumenti obuyinza obusingawo mu Nnyumba. Ekiragiro ekiwa Abakozi era kiwa abakungu obuyinza bwa gavumenti okutandikawo ebbanja ly'essente, okukebera ebizirimu n'enkiiko z'amasaza. Ennyumba era ekozesa amaanyi ga desirenti gaayo gokka, nga bwegasobola okusigira pulezidenti, pulezidenti, pulezidenti, oba abakungu abalala ab'eggwanga nga bayitibwa "Thaakkeryryry, Cishik, oba Abamasisi abalala aba waggulu n'abakulembedde mu nkola ey'Abangereza ey'okusawo era n'okuvunaanyizibwa mu buyinza."

Mu byafaayo, ennyumba eyo ebaddemu nnyo okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'omusolo, eby'okukozesa ssente, n'ensonga ezikwata ku bantu.

Olukiiko Olukulu: Olufumo lwa Katonda

Olukiiko Olukulu lwatwalibwa okuba akakiiko akakendeeza ku bukuumi obwali buteekeddwawo. Abasawo batuukiriza ebigambo omukaaga ebimala emyaka nga kimu kya ssatu buli luvannyuma lw'okulonda. Buli ggwanga, kabe nga lya maanyi kwenkana wa, lirina abajulizi babiri ab'awuka aw'enkomeredde. Olukiiko luno lwoleka obunene bw'amatabi amatono. Olukiiko luno lulina obuyinza obw'enjawulo obulaga nti abafuzi ba prezidenkola (abalamuzi, abatuuze abatuuze), nga baddira akawumbi nga akavwooze kabiri ak'akaka, era nga lukola nga koozesebwa olukiiko olukola ng'okusala emisango.

Okubuulirira kwa Ssemateeka era n'okukkiriza ebikolebwa bibadde biwandikiro mu by'obufuzi ebya bulijjo. Bannabyabufuzi batera okulwana ennyo okusemba okukakasibwa, naddala ku kkooti enkulu. Ssetmenti era eyinza okulemesa pulezidenti okwogera ku ndagaano ez'amaanyi. Kino kiggumiza engeri okwawula obufuzi gye butakoma ku bulombolombo bwa gavumenti; bwe bukyusaamu okuyitira mu buwandiike n'amateeka.

Amaanyi g’Olukiiko ne Gatakoma ku Kugoberera Mateeka

Obuyinza bwa Congress busingawo ku kuteeka ku mateeka. Bufuga ensawo y'ensimbi okuyitira mu buyinza obwa kasawo kano − ssente zonna zeetaagisa okuzikozesa ne musolo. Kino era kiwa Congress obuyinza bungi ku ttabi lya kampuni. Congress obuyinza bw'okulangirira olutalo, wadde nga ba prezidenti bulijjo bakozesezza amagye awatali kugaana biragiro. Ekiragiro kiwa Constitution obuyinza ku "Okuwaayo ebitongole ebikola ku ntebe y'empala," ebiba bisiigiddwa mu bifo ebya waggulu okusobozesa programu z'eggwanga okukkirizibwa mu by'obujjanjabi.

Obulabirizi bw'ensonga endala enkulu. Obukiiko bunoonyereza ku ngeri gye bufugamu emirimu gya bannakyewa, okuyita abajulizi, n'okunoonya obuwandiisi. Okunoonyereza kuno kusobola okubikkula ebibi, okukyusa endowooza z'abantu, era ne kuviirako okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka. Ebyokulabirako ebyakayita bizingiramu okuwulizibwa ku mikutu gy'eby'empuliziganya, nnawookeera, n'okukuteeka mu nkola enzivuunula y'eby'eby'ensimbi. Amaanyi ag'okulabirira tegasengekebwa mu Mateeka naye gakkirizibwa mu bigambo ebyetaagisa (Adiction, Agamu, Gamu 8, Claine 18).

Ofiisi y’ettabi erabirira omulimu: Ekitundu II

Akatundu II katongoza obwannakyemalira era ne kalonda n'obuyinza. Essaawa ezisooka ezassa sentensi z'emisango "Ebuyinza bw'abafuzi" mu Pulezidenti zaawukana ku lukalala lw'eby'obuyinza obwa bannakyewa. Kino kyaviirako okukaayana ku bikwata ku bukulu bwa prezidenti. Abafulumente baatya nti obwetaavu bw'okussaawo omufuzi wa gavumenti naye ne bamanya nti waaliwo obwetaavu bw'okukwasisa amateeka, okuyisa empulipulinta mu nsi endala, n'okulagira abajaasi. Electoral College depage department, ssorce n'obuwandikiro.

Abafuzi ba Prezidenti

Pulezidenti akola ng'omukulu w'abakulembeze b'amagye, kabonandalaawe era omukulu mu gavumenti. Ekiragiro ekyo kiwa pulezidenti obuyinza ku mateeka ga siteesite, okulonda abakungu (nga bakolera wamu n'okuteesa n'okusemba), okugattibwa (nga bawa amagezi n'okukkiriza) era n'okusonyiwa ebibi ebiba bikoleddwa mu magye. era, pulezidenti alina obuvunaanyizibwa "Okwasisa Amateeka gattibwe mu bwesigwa," ekitegeeza nti omuntu alina okusalawo mu ngeri ekola.

Mu nsonga ezisinga obungi, prezidenti y'omuzannyi. Kkooti esinga obukulu yakkiriza obuyinza obwa nnannyini pulezidenti mu nkola ya ggwanga, naddala mu bifo nga ku butebenkevu n'okukolagana n'amawanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Ervenport. [1936], Kkooti yagamba nti pulezidenti y'ekibiina kya gavumenti mu nsi yonna." Kyokka, amaanyi gano tegakoma ku mu mateeka; akakiiko k'omukitundu kayinza kukugira mu kuteekako kakwate, oba mu mitendera.

Ekebera ku buyinza bw'ekiwagizi

Ekiragiro kino kikebera nnambawa oyo afugibwa. Conseil esobola okukebera ekizimbe nga kirimu abantu nga basukka mu kimu mu bisatu ebisatu ebisatu ebisatu. Olukiiko olukulu luteekwa okusemba okussaawo endagaano enkulu n'okusemba. Congress ewa obuyinza obw'okusawo ebigere. Ennyumba ebaamu abamenyi b'amateeka, era ne Sekamenti esala emisango nga bakuba akalulu ka mirundi ebiri. Baprezidenti babiri bokka be baagibwako akasawo akasawo akakulu akayitibwa House (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ne Donald Trump) naye tewalina musango gwa nnaawero.

Era abalamuzi bakebera abakungu mu kkooti nga basala emisango. Kkooti ziyinza okusala olukunkumuli lw'amateeka n'ebiragiro ebimenya amateeka oba amateeka ga gavumenti. Ebbeeyirikiti z'abakungu ba gavumenti zisobola okukomyawo ebiragiro oba ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka. Ebbeebaawe mu mateeka gamba nga projectstown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952] Amaaanyi g'obukulembeze mu Bukulembeze bwa Prezidenti Truman bwe yanyangirira empewo mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'e Korea. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti enkola ya prezidante yali esukka obuyinza bwe yali mu mateeka.

Kizecutivu

Ebbanga bwe ligenze likula, ofiisi y'ettabi ebadde era nga y'ekola bulungi emirimu gya gavumenti. Kkooti y'eggwanga erifuga era n'eteeka amateeka mu bitongole. Bannaakyewa beeyongedde okukozesa ebiragiro by'obukulembeze, ob'enkola, n'ebirango okussaawo enkola awatali mateeka. Kino kyaleetawo okweraliikirira ebikwata ku kwawula obufuzi obw'ensi, ng'abamu bagamba nti omukulembeze w'ekibiina atuuse ku buwanguzi. Kkooti esinga obukulu eddisezza ebiragiro mu bitundu ebimu, okusobola okussaawo ekitongole kya 'Indeckussion'. 'FOURFF' v'.[FALT:22] '202] Kino kireesembe nti omuteempuli w'obuyinza bw'ab'omukunguzi n'eteeka mu nsonga ya gavumenti y'empala n'empala ektongole.

Ettabi ly’Omulamuzi: Akatundu III

Akatundu III katandikawo olukiiko olukulu olukulembera kkooti enkulu. Obutafaananako matabi amalala, abalamuzi baakolebwa nga abanafu, n'abanafu, era tebasobola kukozesa kasawo oba kitala. Obuyinza bwalwo businziira ku nnukuta ya gavumenti era n'obukwasiddwa abantu. Abalamuzi baganyula obulamu mu mpisa ennungi, era ne basukkululwa okuva ku kupikirizibwa kw'eby'obufuzi. Okwefuga kuno okusobozesa abantu okunnyonnyola amateeka mu ngeri ennukuta.

Entegeka ne Omukolo gw’Okuyingira Obukulembeze

Kkooti enkulu ekola olukiiko olukulu era ekkiriza Kooti z'omu kkooti entono okutongoza. Leero, waliwo kkooti 13 ez'ekitundu era ne kkooti za disiturikiti 94. Kkooti enkulu erina obuyinza obw'oku ntikko n'ensonga ezikwata ku gavumenti ne ababaka, naye ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu nkola eyo byakakasibwa kuva mu kkooti entono era ne mu kkooti z'ensi ennene ezikwata ku nsonga z'eggwanga. Kkooti eyo esalawo ku nsonga zonna ezina ezizikwatako. Kkooti eyo ekkiriza okuziganya emisango emikulu ku kiviiri.

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Eky'okukozesa ekisingayo amaanyi mu kunoonyereza ku bikwata ku musango kye kimu ku nkola y'okusala emisango: amaanyi ag'okuyisa amateeka oba ebikolwa bya bakungu. Ekiragiro kya 'Lw' tekiwa buwanguzi buyinza buno. Kyatandikibwawo kkooti enkulu mu Marbury v. Ekitongole kino ()] (1873). Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yagamba nti okuva bwe kiri amateeka ga ssemateeka oba amateeka aga waggulu mu nsi, buli tteeka erikontana nago liteekwa okuba nga tegalina mugaso, era nga gwe mulimu gwa Kkosebwa Kkooti lya Samaliyali okuyisa ekiragiro kino. Kkooti y'eko. Kkooti eno yafuula embeera y'ebitundu eby'obuyinza.

Mu byasa ebizze biyitawo, kkooti enkulu ekozese enneyisa ey'okusala emisango okusala olukumbo (Brown v. Boodi y'Essomero, 1954]), ekuuma olulimi olw'eddembe ([Branburg v.Ohio), 1969, n'okukoma okuteekako aw'obuyinza ([[FLT:]]]] Hamdi v. Rumsteld[, 2004]). Amaanyi mangi tegakkiriza buggyibwa oba kkooti ne pulezi wa gavumenti, naddala mu nsonga ezitali za ggwanga. Enjigiriza ey'okuyimirira, n'okukyusizaamu, n'ensonga z'ebyobufuzi, n'empalaze mu nsonga z'ebyago. Ekko

Omuzannyo gw’Abasibe

Ku luuyi olulala, amatabi amalala gayinza okukebera etteeka erikwata ku balamuzi: abalamuzi, abalamuzi, abassawo olukiiko olukulu, era abakungu ba gavumenti, era ne kampasi ziyinza okusazaamu amateeka agayisibwa mu lukiiko olukulu era ne gateekebwako omukono gwa prezidenti. Era gayinza okulagira enkola ezimenya amateeka agamenya eddembe ly'obwannannyini mu kkooti ez'edda oba ezisukka ku za bannaazo.

Enkola y’Edda, Ey’Enkalakkalira n’Ey’Empisa

Okwawulawo obufuzi ku bwabwo ku bwabwo tekiyinza kuziyiza bufuzi kufuga matabi singa buli emu ebeera mu kweyawulawo. Obukugu mu mateeka ngeri y'okukeberaamu buli ttabi. Madison bw'ateeka mu 'Federalist'.: "Okwawula obuyinza ku buyinza obwa bulijjo kulina okukolebwa okubuziyiza.' ettabi buli lirina okukkirizibwa okuziyiza ebifunzidwa, Amateeka gatandikawo enkola ey'okwefuga.

Omuyambo Gukebera Omulaawe

Consert eyinza okusukkulumya oba okugaana okulonda oba okugaana endagaano, okugoba pulezidenti n'abakungu abalala, okugula ssente ezibafuga, n'okunoonyereza ku ngeri abakungu gye baddukanyaamu emirimu gya bannakyewa. Wabula, akasawo kayinza okugaana okuteekamu programu oba okugoba obukiiko bwonna. Okulabiriza obukiiko kuyinza okuteeka mu kabonero ak'enjawulo ku bantu.

Kircuit Akebera Omusango

Pulezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka, okuyita Congress mu kifo eky'enjawulo, era n'okusemba enkambi.veto kye kikebe eky'amaanyi; bangi ku abo abeetaaga okugivaako tekitera kubaawo. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza okutandikawo Congress, ekiyinza okubawaliriza okukola ku nsonga zino ezeetaagisa. Okugatta ku ekyo, prezidenti asobola okukozesa ebiragiro ebifuga amateeka okusobola okugobererwa, ng'emirundi egimu atandikawo enkola Consementssions.

Okusala Omusango ku Matabi Gombi

Kkooti ziyinza okusalawo okukugira okukwasibwa kw'amateeka oba ebiragiro ebyateekebwawo. Ebyo kkooti enkulu bigaana abo abasala emisango ku kkooti entono n'abakungu ba gavumenti okuzza emisango ku mateeka.

Ebizibu by’Eby’obufuzi n’Ebya Bulijjo

Ng'oggyeko amateeka agafuga enfuga zamateeka, waliwo okunoonyereza okw'ebyobufuzi. Endowooza ya buli muntu, ebifulumira ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, ebitongole ebinoonyereza ku by'ebbeeyi, era n'okulonda byonna biwaliriza amatabi. Pulezidenti eyabuna, ayinza okuziyizibwa oba okufiirwa enkizo. Akakiiko akateekawo amateeka agatakkirizibwa kayinza okutongozebwa. Ekiwandiiko kya kkooti kyesiga abantu; singa ensonga ezikwata ku Kkooti zitwalibwa ng'enjereere, obwetwaze bwayo buyinza buyinza buyinza okusattukira ddala.

Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu n’Okuva mu Butonde

Okwawulwa kw'amawanga kubaddemu okusoomooza kwa maanyi mu myaka egyakayita. Okukula kw'eby'obufuzi kubadde tekutegeerekeka bulungi eri ettabi. Ebitongole ebya Independent nga Federal Reserve ne EPA ebikola nga ebitongole ebikola empagi n'emirimu egikwata ku nkola za gavumenti. Kkooti zikozesezza enjigiriza ezitageereza ku kkomo lya Consert eriko obusobozi bw'okukwasa obutongole obwa gavumenti, naye enjigiriza eyo ekoleddwa mu ngeri enkyukakyuka. Kkooti enkulu ekola ya West Virginia v. EPA era n'ebibuuzo ebikulu ebireetebwawo, ebireetebwa kko okukkirizibwa mu kukola ebitongole eby'eby'eby'eby'ebyobufuzi.

Ebiragiro by'omutongole era n'ebikolwa ebikolebwa ku bantu kinnoomu byeyongedde okumanyika. Abakulembeze b'ebibiina byombi bawa ebiragiro ku ngeri y'okuyingira ettaka, enkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde, n'ebyo ebikwata ku bujjanjabi bw'obulwadde. Enkola zino zigezesezza amateeka.

Ekizibu ekirala kye ky'okwawulawo. Ekibiina kye kimu bwe kiba nga kyenyigidde mu buyinza ne mu kizimbe, okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kuyinza okuddirira singa abakulembeze bakolagana bulungi mu kifo eky'okukebera ebiwandike. Ate gavumenti ez'enjawulo zireetawo okugootaana ku buyinza. Abantu basuubira nti ettwale lye basinga okuluubirira okuba n'okwagala okuba n'ensonga, naye singa ettuttumu likwatagana n'ekibiina, enkola eno eyinza okukaluubiriza. Abeekenneenya abamu baleme okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okuteekawo obukulembeze, gamba ng'obukulembeze obw'amaanyi, ekgenyi obufuga oba okukoma ku biragiro ku nkola y'empandikaanyi ezigo.

Okugeraageranya okw'ensi yonna kulaga nti okwawukana kw'ensi za Amerika kukwata ku gavumenti okusinga enkola za palamenti, awateekebwa akakiiko akakulu n'akago. Mu U.K., katikkiro ya katikkiro ye mu lukiiko lwa paalimenti era eyinza okuggibwawo n'ataba na kalulu. Kyokka, enkola ya Amereka ekwetaagisa obutakolera wamu, ekintu eky'amaanyi. Obukalukujjufu busobozesa obutebenkevu okubeera obumu naye era busobola okuleetawo akabenje singa amatabi gaba gamenyeddwa.

Okwo kukomekkereza: Okugumiikiriza

Okwawulibwawo kw'ab'obuyinza obwateekebwawo mu mateeka ga Amerika kusibuka ku musingi gwa Amereka. Tekugoberera musingi gwa bukwasi naye gwa maanyi nnyo ogukyusa mu nkola, mu nnyinyonnyola z'eby'obufuzi. Okutegeera engeri Ebitundu I, II, ne II gye bigaba amaanyi n'engeri gye biyambamu okusobola okuddukanya obutuuze obwa bulijjo. Enteekateeka eno ekuuma ettabi erina okukugira ettabi erimu okufuga, naye ekyetaagisa okubeera obulindaala. Madison, "Obweganzi bw'abantu be bafuga gavumenti; naye bye baayigira ku ngeri y'okukuumamu obuwagizi. Okwawula obufuzi bw'eggwanga ku nsonga eyo, era bweyongera okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'ensi.

[[FULT:][12] Era, munoonyereze mu bujjuvu ebiri mu kiwandiiko National Tterekero lya 'FLT'. [], nnaddala ennamba 47, ne 51, ziwa ennyiriri ez'enyongeza ezisookerwako, ennoonyeze'enkola ey'okubindiro, en'enkola ey'ekika kya [[FLT].[FF][F][10], endagiriro enzijjuvu esangibwa mu kkompolansi [FFFF:].[FFF]][10]