Ekiragiro ekifuga entegeka z'abantu mu kyasa ekya 20 kyafuulibwa dda nnyo mu Amerika, si nga kigezesa nnyo emitindo gy'enkola okusobola okugootaanya entegeka z'amateeka. N'olw'ensonga eyo, akakiiko kalina amateeka ageefuga engeri ebibiina gye bikolamu, gye bikola, gye bituukiriza era gye bivunaanibwako omusango ku nkyukakyuka zino. Ebyo byonna tebyaviirako bannaakyewa ku ddembe ly'abakazi, era n'enkola y'entegeka za LGBTQ+ obukkujjuzi z'amateeka okuggyawo enzikkiriza enzikkiriza enzigibwawo okuyingira mu ntegeka y'enkola, n'okuteekawo eddembe lyenkanankana wansi w'amateeka. Kaweeyambi zino zirewo n'enkola ez'okuva mu ku mateeka, n'okuzza obukulembeze obugo mu mateeka agava mu mateeka agamu ku nkola ey'enjawulo mu nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'olukiiko.

Ebyafaayo: Amateeka Agakwata ku Kinnansi nga Tegannabaawo Ddembe ly’Ekitongole

Okutegeera obunene bw'enkyukakyuka zino, kyetaagisa okwekenneenya etteeka erigguka ku nkyukakyuka zino mu myaka gya wakati w'ekyasa ekya 20 nga tekinnaba. Mu byafaayo, okugattibwa kwaweebwa enkizo n'abatuuze b'ensi eyo. Etteeka eryasooka okugattibwa kwalina okukugira ennyo, era nga k'ekyetaagisa erikakwasisa amateeka agatali gamu okusobola okukkirizibwa. Enkola eno ey'okukolagana n'abantu okukkirizibwa mu mateeka yakkirizibwa mu n'okukkirizibwa. Enkola y'okuvaawo y'ekika kya bulijjo ereegaana enkola ya bannaanyigibwanga oba okuziyizibwa enzikkirizanga enzikkiriza enzikkiriza enzikkiriza enzikkiriza enzikkiriza enkola z'okuva mu mateeka okukolebwa. Ng'ensonga eyo ey'okugezesaanyezebwa mu ngeri y'okuva mu mateeka oba mu ku ku mateeka. [A][5]

Mu ngeri y'emu, ebibiina by'abakyala ebyateekebwawo okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka z'ensi, abakazi abafumbo tebasobola kwekolera bintu oba kukola endagaano mu linnya lyabwe, nga kibaviirako okusoomooza obusosoze mu ntegeka zaabwe nga tebeetoolodde abasajja. Ebibiina ebikola ku by'ebbeeyi by'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna byatwalibwanga ng'enkizo, era abakungu ba gavumenti oluusi baagaananga okukomya obuwambe obuwambe obutwalibwa okuba obwa waggulu ku by'obufuzi.

Ekibiina ky’Eddembe ly’Abakungu ba Gavumenti n’Essawa ez’Okukyusa Ebikwata ku Mateeka

Mu kyasa ekya 20 Civil Rights Movement, nga essira lyayo lisikirizibwa nnyo okulingana mu langi, era nga lyayoleka butereevu enkola z'obusosoze. Bannassaayansi mu by'amateeka gamba nga Thur Good Marshall ne Charles Hamilton baakitegeera nti okugatta awamu kwali kwa mugaso nnyo mu kuzimba ebitongole ebikola ku ntegeka z'etteeka, era nga kwategekebwa bulungi. Enteekateeka ya kitongole eziyiza obukwanguzi okusobola okukuuma eddembe lya bantu ery'envuma mu 1964[FON]. [[FL.[FL.1] K'ojjuzirimu y'empano [19] yalina ekiko kya maanyi nnyo ekiva mu ku ku mateeka agakkiriza okusosola okw'ebbula olukalala olw'eby'ensi yonna, ekyamenyebwa mu nteekateeka yonna eya Kkolanga enziina mu mawanga agamu, nga kitandikira ku n'enkola y'enkola ya waggulu mu mawanga agamu, nga y'enkola mu mawanga, era nga y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola yago ezigo ezisinga obungi. , ey'enkola ya

Alina endowooza Enkyamu ku Claus mu Tterekero Erimu Ebirowoozo

Emu ku nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezikoleddwa mu mateeka yali okuteeka mu nkola amateeka agafuga enkola okukyawa et'awulamu mu nkola za kampuni. Nga tennaba kuteekawo ntegeka za kampuni, ebikolerwamu n'ebitafunamu ssente, kaawudi oba emirimu biyinza okuwera ab'enkola z'ebika ebimu oba ebiwangwa. Oluvannyuma lw'ekibiina kya Civil Rights Act, ebitongole byatandika okussaawo amateeka agaakugira okukugira okusokkebwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amateeka ga California Corporations Commorations Confective gaant gaant okuteeka ebigambo ebigamba nti tebwawula ggwanga ku langi, eddiini, oba ensibuko ya ggwanga. Kino kyafuuka ekyokulabirako eri mu mateeka agawerako mu bukulembeze obukola entegeka oba ebigendererwa eby'enjigiriza. Gavumenti eyo teyalina kuba nga y'akabonero; gawagidde mu mateeka gateekanisa oba enziteego oba enzirowo ku mateeka agamenyebwa ku kkooti ezimenya amateeka.

Okutegeera Obulungi Ebibinja by’Abamaleevi n’Okutandikawo Gavumenti

Mu myaka gya 1960, ekitongole kya Civil Rights Movement era kyakubiriza okussaawo etteeka erigaana okufuna amagoba. Mu myaka gya 1960, ebibiina bingi eby'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo byakola enteekateeka ez'enkalakkalira ku kika kya gavumenti, okukugira obusobozi bwabwe obw'okusiba, okusigira ebintu, oba okufuna ebiweebwayo eby'omusolo. [[FL:0] Environmental [[FLL:1] Conference] yamaligtion [[FLL:1] yayisibwa mu ngeri nti ebibiina ebikkiriza en'amateeka okuteeka ekkomo eriko ekkomo mu mateeka okusigamya empaka z'okusasula emisolo mu kifo eky'enkola ya 501 (c) oba 3), singa tebyenyigira mu kaweempewo. Ebitongole eby'eby'eby'obufuzi eby'omu Amerika ebitongole ebitongole ebirengo, ne mu ngeri y'ensoloota y'emu, byatongoosebwa mu Mateeka mu Mateeka ne mu Mateeka. Ektongole ky'omu Amerika ekitongole ekyo kyatongoosebwa mu mateeka eby'omu Amerika (ACC) kyatongofu mu mateeka, byatongoo

Entegeka y’Abakazi n’Eby’Okubeera n’Enfuna z’Abakazi mu Mateeka g’Entegeka

Entegeka z'abakazi eza 1960 ne 1970 ezaasembibwa mu mitendera gya 1960, era nga z'abakulembeze ba kampuni ezikola emirimu egitali gimu mu kitongole kya Civil Rights Movement, nga z'ayongera ku buli omu mu kussaawo n'okufuga kwa kampuni. Ekibiina ky'Eggwanga eriwa obwa bakazi (Naw) kyegattibwa mu 1966 ng'ekibiina ky'abagoberezi b'obukaba abateeyambibwa abalondeddwawo ab'obukaba abaawufu. Obuwanguzi bwakyo busobola okukola ng'enkulembedde obutongole ekirabo obw'amasaza agakkirizibwa mu mateeka agatali ganna n'obusosoze mu bibiina ebiwerako. Mu kiseera ekyo, amateeka gaateebereza nti abakazi tebasobola kuba na bifo mu bibiina mu bibiina by'abakulu mu bibiina, era n'obukulembeze bw'ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongoosebwa mu mateeka okuggyawo.[7]

Ekirala ekyali kiyinza okukolebwa kwe kuba nti wateekebwawo essomero It ku by'enkola eya 1972, eryagaana obusosoze mu by'okwetaba mu matendekero agawansibwa gavumenti. Wadde nga Umutwe IX okusingira ddala yawandikibwa amateeka agatali ga makolero, emisingi gyago gyalina akakwate n'okuteekawo amateeka agabaga: entegeka ezaateekebwawo mu nteekateeka z'eby'enjigiriza oba okuteekebwako endagaano za gavumenti okusobola okulaga nti tezirinamu njawukana mu mateeka. Mu 1980, gwali mulembe gwa bulijjo eri mu matendekero g'eby'obusosoze obufuga obut'obusosoze mu by'obuddukiro. Ebibiina by'abakazi era byakubirizibwanga okumanyisa ebitongole by'ebitongole eby'ebitongole eby'ebitongole ebikola mu maggyibwa.

Essente Ezenkanankana n’Ezaffe Zivaamu Obufuzi Obwenkanankana

Wadde ng'empandika z'abakazi tezituukiriza bulungi mateeka ga kampuni oba obukulembeze, amawanga mangi gaagobereranga amateeka agaakubiriza oba ne geetaagisa abantu ab'enjawulo mu bufuzi bwa kompanyi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, empalana z'abakazi okusobola okukolagana n'abakazi, California yatwalanga abaami mu lujjudde (2018) nga gaagala abakyala abali ku kakiiko akaabwe akayitibwa katoffaali akawyiro akaakolebwa oluvannyuma ne batandika okutandikawo amateeka agafaananako n'alyo.

LGBTQ+ Obusobozi n'Okukulaakulana kw'Emitego Egitaagibwa

Ekiragiro LGBTQ+ ebibiina ebikola ku ddembe kyeyongera okukomyawo etteeka ery'okuyingiza eddembe ly'ekika kya bantu mu kifo kino. Mu nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 20 ne 21, abafumbo ab'obukaba n'abo ab'obukaba baagezaako okugattamu, enkyukakyuka ezifaananako ezo ezaasangawo mu biseera ebyasooka. Ekiragiro kino kyagoolwawo ebibiina ebibadde biwagidde okusasula emisolo mu bannakana nga abasodookisi oba eb'ebimu bye byetaagisa okuteeka mu mateeka agat'awunziko. Ekiwandiiko bya kkooti ebitongole nga ] [VFLT] [FLT] [f2:2] era n'enkasobo ezitaakkiriza okuyingiza mu n'amateeka agakontana n'okufuga amateeka agava mu bunnannyini. Enkola y'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekirongookisinze ekigamba nti, ennesemba z'obusosoze obutuufu, ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekirongo ekibadde kiragiramu eky'ekigo kigo kigo

Oluvannyuma .Developed, gavumenti nnyingi zaateekawo obukuumi obw'amaanyi obwali buteekeddwawo mu nkalala, nga buno bulagira nti okusala kw'obukulembeze n'obukulembeze byawula ku bintu ebyekuusa ku kwegatta oba eby'bhina. Obergefell v. Hodges okusalawo okw'amaanyi (20:]) mu kusalawo okwakireetera obufumbo obwa k'omu ggwanga lyonna okukkirizibwa, era kwalina amakulu gaakwo: emiganyulo gya penso, enteekateeka ez'amaka okuzitongoola, era n'okuleka emikutu egigattiddwamu giddemu gisobole okulongoosebwamu n'amateeka agatongole. Mu kuteempewo, okimu obuvunaanyizibwa obwak'okugatta abafumbiribwa mu ngeri y'okusokebwa awatali kubuusabuusa. LTGDt -bignet'ebitongole ebiva mu mateeka ebiva mu mateeka ebiva mu mateeka agatali gamu bitongole eby'omu mateeka agakkiriza okumanyibwa mu mateeka agatali ga

Etteeka n’Etteeka Ebirungi Ebikontana n’Ebigambo

Leero, ebibiina bingi byenyigidde kyeyagalire mu nkola ezitakontana na mateeka era amawanga agamu gakoze enkola ng'ezo eziteekeddwawo okusobozesa ebika ebimu eby'okugatta (um'egeza, nga tegafuna magoba ga bya gavumenti). National Gay ne Lesbian Chamber of Commerce (NGLC) bawagira enkola ey'okwegatta n'okweraga kw'abasajja mu bitundu ebitegekebwa mu mabuwanda. Ekibiina kino kiraga engeri enkola ey'okukwata ku ddembe ly'abantu gy'eyongera okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka amatuufu.

Endowooza nti Ebintu Byajjawo Byokka: Bibeera Bimu ku Bibiina, Ganyulwa mu Kibiina, ne DEI

Eky'okusiikiriza enkola y'enkalo kyeyoleka bulungi mu makolero n'emiganyulo egiva mu kussaawo amakolero g'eby'obufuzi. Enkola zino ez'amateeka ziteeka kakwate kakwata ku mbeera z'abantu ne obutonde mu ntegeka zaabwe, nga zizimba ebiteeso eby'okussaawo enkola ey'obuzaanyi obwa bulijjo mu biseera eby'ennamba z'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekibiina kyetaagibwa mu mateeka okulowooza ku ngeri enzigyezo z'ebisalibwawo ku bannannyini, nga mw'otwalidde n'abasibe, n'abalina obusokessi obwa bulijjo, era n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu bitundu ebirala, obutongole obwasooka okusobozesa abantu okuganyulwa mu ggwanga eriri ku magye, era n'ensonga ezigoberera amateeka agava mu bibiina ebiva mu mwaka gwa 2010. Ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekigamba okugobera kikola okugonjoola ensonga y'ensonga y'ensonga ey'ensonga.[8]

Okugatta ku ekyo, enzivvuunuzi z'amateeka agatali gamu ziwa kampuni ezikola ku biruubirirwa ebya bulijjo () n'ebibiina ebirala ebigattiddwa mu ntegeka ezikola enzivuunvuunvu. Kino kyakolebwa olw'okwagala okusobozesa ebitongole ebikolawo okusobozesa ebizimbe okuteekamu amateeka okukolagana mu ngeri ekyuka n'okuyingizaamu (DEI) n'okuyingizamu (okuyingizamu) byewandikiddwawo mu mateeka: ebitongole ebimu byetaaga amakolero geeyongera okutegeeza ebitongole ebikolerwako nga b'okantu, era n'abakungu baaweerezza ebitongole ebikola ebibaliraawee ebyaddaaza ebikkiriza okusaasaanyizibwawo.

Engeri gavumenti gye yakwatamu embeera

Ekiragiro kino kikyusa amateeka gaakyo mu myaka egyakayita okuleka amakolero agaagikoleramu obuvunaanyizibwa obulala bwonna, nga tegakkirizidwa kutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuganyula abantu. Embeera etwalibwa nti y'emu mu makolero amanene: Amateeka gaago gaago gaakyusa ebyamakolero ebifuga, okuleka bakulu b'amakampuni okugabanyiriza emirimu eginaayamba okugattika n'ebigendererwa ebirala, nga tegaakwanjudde ku nkola ey'ensonga ezikwata ku bantu. Mu ngeri y'emu, Delawa ya California [[FLT:] Pheright [[FLT:][F][FF]]

fundikira

Ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu ebyakola ng'okuteeka mu nkola amateeka mu kyasa ekya 20 tebyakyusa ndowooza ya bantu bokka; era byawa abafuzi amateeka ebibiina mwe byazaalibwa ne bikolera. Okuva ku lutalo lwa NAACP olw'okukuuma ekiwandiiko kyagootaanya okusobola okugoonoona gavumenti. Leero, bannabyabufuzi baakakaakakaatiikiriza okukalubya obukaba, obutuufu n'obutuukirivu mu ddungi bw'ekitonde kya DNA. Okunoonyereza kuno kulaga eddembe lya bantu eriva ku mateeka agafuga, buli kabukungo k'obuwagizi kaleka akabonero akasiike ak'okukwata ku mateeka agafuga, era ne keegasobozesa ebibiina ebikolamu okuteeka mu nkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Ebitongole ebikolawo mu nsi entegeka ebya Fature, ebitongole ebikola mu ngeri eyo, era ne byeyongera okumanyisaamu entegeka amateeka mu by'otina.[4]