Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti n'enkizo z'ensi eyo ebadde n'ekizibu eky'amaanyi mu buyinza bw'Amerika okuva ku kutandikawo. Ekitundu kino kyogera ku ngeri amateeka g'ensi gye gakwata ku b'obuyinza obwa bulijjo, amateeka agaago, ensala y'ebiragiro mu kkooti enkulu, n'enkakaanya eziriwo mu kiseera kye ebikyakola ku ntegeka z'obuyinza mu Amerika.

Emirandira egy’Ebyafaayo egy’Obusosoze

Entegeka y'obufuzi bwa Amerika ey'emirundi ebiri yazaalibwa mu ttuluba lya bannabyabufuzi ab'eggwanga abaali baagala okuba ne gavumenti ey'amaanyi n'abo abatya ennyo. Speats of Confederation (1781-1789) yatandikawo gavumenti eyanafuwa, ne kileka obuyinza obusinga obungi mu gavumenti. Obuzibu obwayo mu kusasula misolo, okutegeka oba okukuuma amagye nga gali ku lukiiko olw'eggwanga (887).

Emirimu Egitali Gimu mu Mateeka

Ekiragiro kyassaawo enkola eya gavumenti eya gavumenti eyawa gavumenti y'eggwanga (Atudiyo I, Ekitundu 8), ng'ate oku Amereka okw'Ekkumi kukwata obutundutundu ku buyinza bwonna oba ku bantu. James Madison, ng'awandiikira mu ] omuwaatwa No.[, kwagamba nti obufuzi obwa gavumenti bwandibadde “bw'entono era obutegese,” so ng'ate obufuzi obwo bwonna bwandibadde bwa“kibalimu ennamba n'emirembe gyonna."

Embeera Ekwata ku Kuzimba Ebibiina n’Olutalo olw’Omunda

Okusoomooza okusooka okw'amaanyi eri ab'obuyinza kwajjawo mu kiseera kya Nullification Crisis mu 1832-33, South Carolina bwe yayisa etteeka eryali libakugira okusattulula ensalo zaabwe. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson yatiisatiisa amagye era n'agaana okukkakkanya olutalo olwo. Naye ekibuuzo eky'okuba nti gavumenti zandisobodde okugaana amateeka g'ensi okugoolekawo okutuusa mu lutalo olw'ekika kya Civil Levil Unity lwewandikis (13, 14th, 14 ne 15) zaayongera amaanyi g'ensi, naddala enzijima ya Kko ya Kkosettuleetwa era n'ekulembeddewo ku nkola y'emu, oluvannyuma ekyafuuka ekisinziirwako eky'okuteeka mu buyinza obw'enkomeredde mu ggwanga erisinga obungi eriwambambambaago okutuusa mu ggwanga lya Civirne.

Empagi ez’Ekibiina Ezaakyusa Obuyinza bw’Eggwanga

Mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika, kaweefube wa gavumenti ezisinga okugaziya amaanyi g'ensi, ate ne zikola eby'okwefuga okuva mu nsi.

Ekitongole Ekipya n’Eby’Okukola ng’Ow’Okuvuganya

Franklin D. Roosevelt ekiwandikiro kya New Deal programuaudis okuva ku ntebe y'eggwanga okutuuka ku National Labor Relations Act() enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okuteekawo enziganya. Amawanga g'alina okussaawo enteekateeka nnyingi nga gagoberera emitindo gya gavumenti, nga gigoberera emitindo gya gavumenti, era nga gigobereddwa nga “gavumenti.” Kkooti esingayo yasa amateeka ga New Deal (g.[FL.0]]Scheter Poultry v. United States, 1935), naye oluvannyuma lw'empandika y'empaka za Rooselt'emmunyeebwe nga zigenda mu kifo kya waggulu mu kkooti, kkooti ewagira amaanyi mu by'obufuzi ne mu kiseera kino ekyategekebwa kkagobeesitemu. Enkola eno yateekawo enteekateeka y'okugobeeyita mu ku ku kusasula ssente ezikozesebwa mu lufulumo lw'okunywa mu ngeri ey'okuwaayo mu mateeka.[19]

Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omukaaga 1964

K'awunziko Act (Kivil Rights Act) yawandiisibwa mu nkola z'eggwanga. Yagaana okusosola mu mayumba ga gavumenti, emirimu, ne programu eziweebwa gavumenti. "Yatwalanga Jim Crow amateeka mu masaza ga Southe. Act kyesigama ku nkola y'obufuzi bwa Ccommerce Clause (Tit II) ne ku kitongole eky'e 1448 Consert Consurection (Tit). ] Kino kyayisa bubi nnyo mu makampuliro ga Atlantalvvu. United States [1964], kkooti enkulu ewagira omutwe gw'ekibiina kya gavumenti z'eggwanga, nga kikakasa nti enteekateeka za kibiina kya kya kyamasaza okuyingiza ebitongole eby'obusuubuzi mu butongole obwa gavumenti. Kyokka, ekyo kyaviirako okusiba ekirumya enkyagaza eddembe lya gavumenti ezaali ku ddembe lya gavumenti ezaali ku n'etteeka lya gavumenti.

Okugaziwa kw’Amaka n’Omutego gw’Okulabirira Ogutazikira

Act Affordculable Care Act mu 2010 yaleetawo ekiteeso kya pulogulamu empya. Ekiragiro kyayo kyali kyetaagisa ebitundu okugaziya Medicaid escenti okutuuka ku 138% ku bwavu obwa bulijjo oba okufiirwa ssente zonna eziweebwa gavumenti. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (202], kkooti enkulu yasala nti akabenje ako kaali nga tek'akiriko obwetaavu obwa bulijjo, era nga kaakula bulungi kayinza okubuteeka mu nteeko y'ensonga. Mu mwaka gwa 2025, ebitundu kkumi tebyagaziyinzinzinzinzinzi, n'okusaakulaanya kwa z'obujjanjabi. Ekyo kiraga engeri kkooti y'olupapula bwe kibadde nga kiterekebwa mu ku ku kulondoola embeera y'ensi ya waggulu nga ne ku nsi ya waggulu.

Okuziyiza Amateeka g’Eby’Obutonde n’Eby’Ettaka

Ekiragiro kino kiwa ab'obuyinza obuyinza obw'enjawulo wansi w'amateeka agafuga enzivvuunuzi. Amateeka ga Cease Air Act, ne National Environmental Policy Act, nakawudiyo, era nga gafuga California, gaaweebwa obuyinza obw'enjawulo wansi wa decureat decure act okussaawo emitindo egigonvu obugattiddwawo omukka ogw'ekika kya ssemateeka mu bbanga ne kibufuga, naye ate ebirala ne biremesezza amateeka eriva mu ggwanga. Olukiiko oluyitibwa Obama-era Eccune Power Plan Plan (20) olulina ekigendererwa eky'okukendeeza okusaasaanya carbon mu bitongole ebikola ku maanyi, ebiva mu masaza 27 nga tegaalekeddewo kkooti enkulu.

Omutendera ogw’Eby’Enjigiriza: Tewali Mwana Yalekebwa Atuuka ku Essa

The No Child Led Behind Act (2001) kyali kikiikirira ekifo ekikulu ennyo mu buyigirize mu K-12, nga kyetaagisa gavumenti okuwa ebigezo ebibadde bitegekebwa era n'okutuukiriza ebbeeyi eza bulijjo nga ziwandiike ssente. Eggwanga nnyingi zeemulugunya nti buli muteesiteesi ya 'Grigine Secence' yawagidde era n'etaagukkiriza. Buli muteesiteji w'ewa akakwakkulizo akaagibwa akaagisobozesa okuzza obukwasitusi mu bitundu (2015) okuva mu ttwale lya gavumenti okwetisse enzifuge mu ku kuvunaanyizibwa. tteeka lino liraga engeri enkola y'ekitongole ekitongole gye kiyinza okugaziyawunjaanya era n'okukolagana mu ngeri y'emu okusinziira ku nkola za bannabyabufuzi.

Ekintu Ekikulu Ekireetera Omusango Okugaana Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Kkooti esinga obukulu ye nkola ng'eyakomyawo amateeka ga gavumenti, era ng'ekyusa amateeka agafuga enfuga ya gavumenti. emisango gino wammanga gikiikirira ensonga enkulu ezikyusaamu.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Endowooza y'Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yassaawo emisingi ebiri: nti Olukiiko lw'ensi yonna lwalina amaanyi agasinga ku ago agaategerekebwa (ekiva ku mukolo gwa Claus ne Fact Claus), era nti gavumenti teyinza kusasula gavumenti (kubanga “amaanyi ag'okusasula omusolo gazingiramu obuyinza okuzikiriza”).

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Omusango guno gwannyonnyola amaanyi g'ekibiina kya Congress mu by'obusuubuzi mu bitundu by'ensi bingi, nga bagamba nti gukwata ku by'obusuubuzi byonna ebiva mu mitendera egiva mu ssaza erimu oba ebikola ku ssemazinga endala.okusalawo okwo kwalemesa New York okuba n'obuyinza ku maato g'amaanyi era ne kuteekawo eky'okuteekawo ekigo ekisinziirwako mu by'obusuubuzi mu ntegeka ya Claus juripulpence, oluvannyuma ekyasizzaamu New Deance n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu.

Amerika okugw. Lopez (1995)

Omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka nga 60, kkooti enkulu yafuga olukiiko olwo eragibwawo act olukuuti oluyitibwa Gun-Free School Zones .w'okusingako obuyinza bwa Congress Claus. Kkooti yasalawo nti okubeera n'emmundu okumpi n'essomero tekyakwata nnyo ku by'obusuubuzi obw'ensi. Leopaz [1997] kyawanjula ekiseera ekippya eky'okunoonyereza ku maanyi g'ensi n'amateeka okukebera ebifaananyi ebyo ne kizza ekkomera ery'enkulembedde ku by'amasawo. Yagoberezebwa mu ngeri nti

Selius (202)

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, omusango guno gwalaga nti omusolo gwa ACA gwasalibwawo nnyo okugabula era ne gutta ekibonerezo ekyali kisaliddwa Medicaid.

Shelby County v. Lander (2013)

Mu kusalawo okutali kwa 5-4, kkooti yatongoza akakwakkulizo akakwata ku ddembe lya gavumenti mu 1965, akaalagira nti amawanga agamu gaalina okusosolwako nga tegannakyusa mateeka ga gavumenti okusobola okufuna amateeka agakwata ku kulonda. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts yawa obukakafu nti enkola eyo yeesigama ku bujulizi obwava ku buwandiike obwavaako edda ku buwandiike era n'emenya amateeka agafuga gavumenti. Ekyo kyaviirako gavumenti okukomya okukuba ekiteeso ne k'okuvwoolereza gavumenti empya, era ne kiraga engeri ekangavvu mu kkooti gye ziyinza okuzza amagoba gavumenti.

Jackson Sudy’s Health Organization (2022)

Kkooti ya ' Rwoe v. Wade [773] ne [FLT]]Parents v. Casey][[FLT]][19] Yakomyawo amateeka agafuga enfuga. Ekiragiro kyatandikawo amateeka agaateekebwawo kumpi n'obutundutundutundu, okuggyamu embuto tekukuumibwa, ate okuggyamu okuggyamu embuto mu n'eddagala gyeyongera. Kyakulabirako eky'enkola eno kye kisinga okuleeta eky'enkola mu kkooti. Ebitongole ebigoberera ebyo ebiva mu bitundu eby'ewala ebiva mu n'eyagaafu, era ebiyinza okusobozesa okuteeka mu n'obutebenkenkeremere mu nsi ey'ensuna ey'eby'obujja. Kino kye kyokulabirako ekikulu ennyo eky'obudde obw'obutebe obwo obwa bulijjo.

Empaka Egenda Ebaawo mu Bufuzi bw’Ekiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w’entegeka z’eggwanga n’eddembe ly’eggwanga bweyongera buli wamu.

Okutongoza Omusango

Wadde nga gavumenti zaateekamu olukalala lw'enkola ya cannabis mu kifo kya Study I I mpuku mu Kiragiro kya Gavana eky'Eby'Eby'Eby'Eby'Okunywa enjaga, ebitongole ebisukka mu 20 biwambye enjaga z'enkola ezisukka mu 20 nga biwambye enjawulo z'enkola. Ekitongole kya Juji kireseeyo budde okukwasisa ku ku mateeka okuyitira mu lukalala lwa Pretlanda (okutandika ne projeesite mu 2013 Cole Meements), naye obutategeeragana obwo tebugobererwa. Amakompuka ga gavumenti ga bannabis gaayolekaganye n'obubonero, bankanyi bankanyi babbanka, babbankanya, era n'obusolo. Kawandikiro ebyakaako mu madendero gaawere ebya tekigobererwa mu DE24, DE24 buk'obuvuzi.

Ebibuga Ebisuuliddwamu Obutukuvu n’Okuggibwa mu Buwangwa

Amawanga era n'ebibuga ebikugira okukolagana n'ab'obuyinza obukyusiza abatuuze bibadde biwakanyisiddwa gavumenti okumala emyaka mingi. Gavumenti ya Trump yagezaako obutawa ssente gavumenti za “matwale ga Bulton” naye kkooti okusingira ddala zaziyiza okufuba okwo. Abakola ku Biden baakoma ku nkola z'okukwata abatuuze naye babadde boolekaganye n'okusoomooza kwago okuva mu mateeka okuva mu gavumenti nti gavumenti zisobola okukikkiriza gavumenti okuyingiza abantu mu kifo ekisooka mu ggwanga. Awo akawagizi k'eggwanga ne gavumenti z'ensi ya Burcance, era nga ne gavumenti z'eggwanga ziyinza okuziyiza enkola ya gavumenti, ne bwe kiba nti okuyingira abantu mu ggwanga eryo ziba nga kitundu kya gavumenti.

Ebyafaayo ku by'obulamu n'Ekyuma ky'Omuti Bikolebwa

OMUBIRI OGUWAKIZI gwaleetawo enkola ereetebwawo gavumenti okukomya ebbeesa obuteerekezo ku by'enteego nga butandikira ku by'obujjanjabi obwago. Mu kiseera ekyo, gavumenti za Biden zaateekawo omuteego gwa bannabyamasaza ab'ekika kya BHASI owamasanga abangi okugunja amajanjala oba okugezesa, era gwasaanyawo kkooti enkulu mu National Federation of Independent Business v. OSA[FLT] [[FLT]] [2022]. Amasaza nga Texas ne Florida gaagaana okukakasiza abamatabi bannagbo bannaawo okukakasiza abawabutembanya enkola y'eby'obulamu obwa bulijjo. Ekiwumba ekyo kyayongera okubeeyeeya ennyo omutemwa gw'omulembero mu mbeera.

Okununulibwa kw'Eggwanga n'Obw'Okubeera mu Nsi

Oluuyi lw'eggwanga eddala olw'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ziri mu magatte ga gavumenti gokka. Amakampuni mangi ga gavumenti geeyongedde okuteekawo amateeka nga(ku musaala ogusinga okugobererwa, okugobererwa, okuwera ebisawo ebya pulasitiika, okukugira obulabirizi, n'obulabirizi obwa poliisi obubakugira okugendera ku mitindo gya gavumenti ginne waago.) Okusinziira ku nkola eno, oluusi okuyitibwa “okusumululwa,” kiraga nti okuteesa ku buyinza bwa maanyi ku maanyi g'amajjulukufu tekukoma ku nkolagana y'ensi mulembelembedde naye era kuzingiramu n'okulwana. Ng'okaaw'amateeka agakkirizibwa okuwera mu 2021.

Engeri y’Omukungu wa gavumenti

Bannamateeka ba gavumenti benyigidde nnyo mu ntalo z'ensi, nga basala emisango mu kkooti z'ensi mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ku nkola za gavumenti. Munsi za gavumenti zombi, okugattika awamu, etteeka erikwata ku nkula y'obutonde, amateeka agakwata ku by'obujjanjabi, n'obuyigirize. Emirundi egisinga obungi, kkooti zireetawo amateeka agakugira gavumenti okukola ku mukitundu nga bwe kibadde.[1]

Beera n’Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso: Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso

Empandika wakati wa nkola za gavumenti n'entegeka za gavumenti teri wakati w'emirembe; ekyuka ne bannabyabufuzi abagenda batambula nga bakolagana, okulonda, n'endowooza za bantu. Ensonga eziwerako zijja kukwata ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Abasinga obungi mu kkooti enkulu balaze nti baagala okukomyawo ekkomo eri ku buyinza obwa nfuga, nga bwe kirabibwa mu West Virginia v. EPA[FLD][:1] [2022], ekibakikosezza obusobozi bwa EPA okuteeka mu nkola eya Ceokereza omukka wansi w'Autut'at'omu Kiteempewo. Kkooti ekola okutongozaamu omulimu gw'eby'eby'eby'eby'enfuna ne by'obufuzi kikwetaagisa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo. Ekko

Mu kiseera kino, enkola empya zikyaleetera gavumenti okweyongera okugezesa enkola za demokulase. Eggwanga liviiriddeko empewo ezisasulwa ab'omu maka, data ezitafiibwako (um'a California', obutabaako ludda lwe ziwagira mu by'obufuzi, n'obudde. Obusobozi bw'eby'obufuzi obw'okussaawo “obukodyo bwa demokulase obwa demokulase” (Empali Brandeis) zikyawagidde ddala obuwayitibwako obukkirizibwa mu kunyweza eddembe ly'eggwanga. Kyokka, abanoonyereza ku nsonga eno bagamba nti enkola eyambiddwa mu by'ensi eno ereetebwa, okuggyamu embuto, oba okutongoza obutundu obutono obw'eggwanga, oba okulonda obutolebwa.

Ekibuuzo si ky'okuba nti enkola za gavumenti zisobola okubaako kye zikola ku ntegeka z'ensi, naye engeri ebyo ebinaavaamu gye bijja okusanyusibwa, eky'okuddamu kyesigamye ku nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka, by'obufuzi, n'okugonjoolwa kw'eggwanga ery'enjawulo. Nga Amerika eyoleka obuzibu obw'enjawulo.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku ntegeka ya puligation of the system, laba olukalala lwa Constitution Ansitution: Amerekation. Okusobola okwekenneenya ebilagiro bya kkooti enkulu ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, Project’s Leancil [ Project ewandisses Conference of State Legastitution [[FLT:]]