Enkyukakyuka Zaavaamu Okugunja Amasamba

Ebitundu ebigaba ekitundu ekyawerebwa mu 1781, byakkirizibwa mu 1781. Endagaano eyo yatandikawo endagaano y'amateeka agafuga ensi empya ez'enjawulo. Endagaano eyo yassaawo gavumenti ez'enjawulo era nga zirina gavumenti z'amaanyi ezisukka mu kimu. Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko ebyo byayamba okugatta ebitundu ekkumi n'ebirimu ekkumi n'ebirina okufugibwa eggwanga erina eŋŋanda ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essatu mu myaka egyasembayo mu Nkyukakyuka y'Amerika, ebiruubirirwa byayo byatandika mangu. Okutegeera ensonga lwaki mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira, obusambattulula bw'eby'eby'enfuna, n'obukulembe obw'obuwagguufu mu by'enfuna bya Amerika, n'obuwagguzi bw'obuwabuzi obwalibwa ne bulaga nti ebiwandiiko byayongo.

Ebyafaayo: Ensonga Lwaki Ebintu Ebiba Bizze Bibaawo

Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I, Continental Congress yakiraba nti kyali kyetaagisa ekiwandiiko ekisobola okugatta gavumenti zonna okusobola okulwana n'okukolagana obulungi. Ekitongole eky'okubiri eky'e Continental Congress kyatandika okuwandiisa ebitundu ebyo nga wayiseewo emyaka nga 1776, era oluvannyuma lw'empaka ku nsonga gamba ng'obubonerevu bw'eggwanga n'ez'ensi z'ebugwanjuba, ebbeewandiikibwa mu nsi ezitwale mu 1777. Maryland ye ggwanga erisembayo okukkirizibwa mu Maaki.

Ebitundu bino byategekebwa mu bugenderevu okuteekawo gavumenti ennafu. Okuva bwe kiri nti baali baakalwana olutalo olw'okulwanyisa obufuzi bwa Bungereza, abakulembeze b'Amerika baali babuusabuusa obuyinza obw'okukkaanya. Gavumenti ey'omu masekkati wansi wa kaweefube yali ya njawulo nnyo ku eyo ewa buli ggwanga, ka libe lya maanyi kwenkana wa oba bantu, mwe lyalina okulonda omu. Tewaaliwo ofiisi ya gavumenti efuga okusobola okugonjola enkaluppeesa amateeka n'okugonjoola obutakka.

Ebintu Ebisinga Okutuganyula

Enteekateeka z'eggwanga zaasobola okulangirira entalo, okukolagana n’abantu ab’amawanga amalala, okukolagana obulungi n’ebika by'ensi ezimu, era n’okukaayana wakati w'amawanga.

Kuno kwe kukakasa nti ebyo byonna ebyali mu bitundu ekkumi n'ebisatu byategekebwa, tebyalina kakwate konna na kukyusa kanyigo.

Ekigendererwa ky’Ebitundu Ebikwata ku Kusalawo

Ekigendererwa ekikulu eky’Ebitundu bino kyali okugatta awamu gavumenti zisobole okuyamba mu lutalo olwo n’okugonjoola ebizibu ebyabangawo oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olwo.

  • [[[AKM:0] Okusonga ku kaweefube w'olutalo: Consert yakulembera amagye g'ekyuukane, ne bateesa ku mikago gy'amawanga (era kiyinza okuba nga kyangu okutegeeza ne Bufalansa) era n'okufuga eby'enkubisa ez'eby'amagye n'obukodyo.
  • [[AKM:0] Okuteesa okusobola okugonjoola ensonga: Confederation Consells yawa omukisa okukuba endagaano y'e Paris mu 1783, eyakomya ddala olutalo olw'enzikiriza ey'ekika kya Amereka.
  • [[AGUMENT:0] Ekiragiro ekifuga ebitundu eby'ebugwanjuba: Empuku eya 1785 n'ey'obukiika kkono bw'obukiikaddito obwa 1787 byategekebwa mu ngeri entegeke obulungi okusobola okukebera, okutuuza, n'okufuga ensi z'ebugwanjuba. Amateeka gano gaateekawo eky'enkola eyandikulembedde ebitundu era n'okusobozesa n'okuteekawo obutundutundu bw'ebitundu mu bugwanjuba.
  • [[NKULA]] Okugonjoola obutakkaanya wakati w'ebukiikaddyo:[[[NKUMBO:1] Olukiiko lw'amateeka luyinza okuba omutabaganya singa emitwe gisoberwa ku nsalo, obusuubuzi, oba ensonga endala, wadde nga tegirina buyinza kussa mu nkola ebiragiro byalwo.

Mu bitundu bino, ekitundu kino kyatuuka ku buwanguzi. Okusingira ddala, mu bukiikaddinambe bw'obukiikaddidance, kitwalibwa ng'ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo ebituuka ku nkola y'obufuzi mu kiseera ekyo. Ekyateekawo enkola eyasobozesa okutandikawo ebitundu ebipya okutuukana n'enkola eya enkumi n'etaano ezaasooka era nga kitwaliramu okukugira obuddu mu kitundu.

Obunafu mu Bintu Ebikwata ku Kugonjoola Ebizibu

Wadde nga kyakolebwa bulungi, ekitundu ekyo kyanafuwa nnyo era ne kiremebwa okufuga obulungi. obunafu obwo bweyongera mu myaka gya 1780, ne kiba nti obwali bugenda bukendeera.

Tewalina Maanyi Gamu ku Musolo

Ekiragiro ekyo kyawa gavumenti obuwanyi obuwi ssente okuva ku gavumenti; tewaaliwo buyinza kuteekawo misolo oba gavumenti. Mwalimu ssente ezitawera obukadde 40 ku ebyo ebyasabibwa, era nga bangi baalemererwa.

Tewali ttabi ery'oku kiragiro kya sisitemu eno

Tewaaliwo ngeri yonna ya kukaka bantu kukolera ku ebyo bye baba basazeewo, okukuŋŋaanya ssente oba okubaako kye bakolawo mu bwangu nga wabaddewo ebizibu. Amateeka agaayisibwanga gavumenti gaateekawo gavumenti eyandireseewo okussaawo amateeka naye ne tegasobola kugatta.

Tewaaliwo Jjaasi wa ggwanga

Olw’okuba kkooti z’ensi tezaalimu kkooti, kyali kyetaagisa okugonjoola obutakkaanya wakati w’amawanga oba wakati w’amawanga.

Etteeka Eryaweebwa Abakkiriza Okuteebwa

Nkyukakyuka yonna ku Nsonga zino yali yeetaagisa okukkiriza amasomero g'eggwanga ekkumi n'agatatu. Kino kyaziyiza enkyukakyuka zonna ez'amakulu. N'ebiruubirirwa ebitonotono okuwa kakiiko akategese okuyingiza emirimu ku kitongole ekikola ku nsi, byaziyizibwa enfunda n'enfunda gavumenti ezimu ezibaziyiza.

Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga n’Obumu Obutabaawo

Ziraga nti gavumenti zaatwalanga gavumenti ng'entegeka ezeetongodde.

Obutasobola Kukyusa Busuubuzi

Enteekateeka z'amateeka tezaasobola kufuga busuubuzi wakati w'amawanga oba amawanga amalala.

Ebizibu by’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga n’Obujeemu

Obunafu bw'enkola ezo bwavaamu ebizibu bingi. Gavumenti yalwawo okusasula amabanja g'entalo era n'e gavumenti nnyingi zaasoberwa okugonjoola ebizibu byazo. Okusobola okutuukiriza ebbeetu zaayo, gavumenti zaasaba abatuuze baabwe okusasula emisolo egy'amaanyi, nga emirundi mingi zaayagala okusasulwa ssente mu ssente ezaabuliina.

Embeera yeeyongera okukyuka mu 1786 mu bugwanjuba bwa Massachusetts. Abalimi, nga bangi ku bo baali bayise mu lutalo olw'enkyukakyuka, baalina amabanja mangi era nga bakuumirwa. Beegayirira gavumenti okubawa obuyambi naye okusaba kwabwe tekwali kutegekebwa.

Ekitongole ekikessi ekya Massachusetts kyalina okwesiga abafuzi baakyo abagagga, okuzzaawo emirembe. Shays ’ okugaluuka kwasikirizibwa, naye kwaleetera abakulembeze nga George Washington, James Madison, ne Alexander Hamilton okuteeka wansi obuyinza amagye okulaga nti Ebyago byali bifeebedde. Gavumenti zaawakanya ekiragiro kya Sayansi ne gavumenti okusobola okukuuma ebintu.

Ekkubo Erituusa ku Nkyukakyuka: Yava mu kibuga Annapolis n’agenda mu Firaderufiya

Mu kugezaako okusooka okwogera ku nsonga ezikwata ku mpagi mu Ssekukkulu mu 1786. Ebitundu bitaano byokka bye byakolebwa mu Convention ya Annapolis era tebyasomebwa bulungi. Kyokka, Alexander Hamilton ne James Madison baakozesa akakisa ako okuyita olukuŋŋaana olunene olunene mu Philadelphia omwaka ogwaddako okusisinkana &lquo; bateeke mu ssemateeka wa gavumenti esobola okusobozesa ebitongole bya Union.”

Mu kusooka, abantu bangi baali balowooza nti okutereeza obutundutundu obwali bugenda mu maaso tebwamala.

Endowooza ya Virginia ne New Jersey Plan

Olukuŋŋaana lwalina okukubagana okusoomooza okw'amaanyi wakati w'amawanga amanene n'amato ku ngeri gye gaatwalibwamu. Virginia Plan, eyayitibwa James Madison, yawaayiriza sitameral eyayisanga abaami abali mu biduumizi abava mu bitundu ebiva ku bantu, ebyandiwadde gavumenti ennene nga Virginia ne Pennsylvania obuyinza. Gavumenti ntono zaawakanya Plan ya New Jersey, eyakomyawo akakiiko akakiikirira gavumenti eyo, era ne kikuuma omusingi oguli mu mpagiro ezo.

Okusattulukuka kw’Ebibiina ne kizimbe kyagonjoolera ddala ensonga nga kitandikawo olukuŋŋaana olwo.

Okwogera ku Bintu Ebikyamu Ebiri mu Nsonga

Amateeka gaasonga butereevu ku bunafu bwonna obwali mu bitundu bino:

  • [[AMERI:0] Amaanyi ag'okusasula omusolo:[[[AGUMENT:1] Consert yaweebwa obuyinza ku kusasula emisolo, emirimu, obwetwaze, n'ebiwandiiko ebivvuunuddwa.
  • Ettabi ly'omutindo: Pulezidenti omu yateekebwawo okukwasisa amateeka, okulagira abajaasi, n'okukola enkola za bannaggwanga.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Olukiiko olukulu olw'etteeka: Kooti enkulu ne kooti eza wansi mu gavumenti zaatandikibwawo okusobola okukomyawo enkaayana ezizingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti, endagaano, n'ensonga endala ezizingirwamu.
  • Oluwandika [[:0] olw'okusengeka ebigambo: Olukiiko lw'amakonkodeko lwaweebwa obuyinza okutegeka ebizimbe wakati w'ensi n'ensi yonna, okuggyawo enjereere ezikwata ku by'obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna.
  • [[AKML:0] Omulimu ogw'okukuba kaamuko:[ Asatusawo mu nnyumba zombi eza kasooteera n'okusengeka amatwale gaawerezebwamu obusatu obusatu, kisobozese okuzza enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] Ekiragiro:[ Amateeka, n'endagaano ebyawerwako etteeka erifuga ekitundu, byasazebwa nga “ Superme etteeka ery'ensi, ” ebigo ebikola abalamuzi n'amateeka g'eggwanga agakontana.

Empatalukwano mu kutwala obuwanvu bw'ebintu mu kitundu kino: Abakulembeze ba disitulikiti n'abakulembeze baayo

Ekiragiro ekyo kyeyavaako okuwakana okw'amaanyi mu ggwanga lyonna. Abatunzi baayo, Hamilton, Madison ne John Jay, baagezaako okuleetera ebikyamu okubunyisa [[FL:0] Fateralist Papers[, nga bakuba empapula ezinnyonnyola engeri enteekateeka empya gy'ejja okugonjoolamu obusobozi bw'Emitwe era n'obukuumi. Abaziyiza enkola ya Anti-Féderali nga mwe muli ne Patrick Henry ne George Mason, balabula nti, gavumenti y'ensi yonna esobola okuteekawo gavumenti ey'amaanyi ennyo era n'entuufu.

Abayigi ba Anti-Federali baagamba nti etteeka ery'eddembe lyetaagisa okusobola okukuuma abantu baleme kukemebwa gavumenti. Kino kyaviirako ekisuubizo ekyaddawo okuzza obuweerero. Amateeka gaagoolekawo mu 1788 oluvannyuma lw'enkyukakyuka eya New Hampshire mu kyanaana.

Geraageranya: Mu mateeka ga Amerika

Ebitundu ebyafulumira mu mateeka n'abikyusa mu mateeka ga Amerika, kyali kiraga nti gavumenti z’Amerika zaali zikola enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi.

Enkyukakyuka mu Gavumenti

Ebitundu bino byatandikawo Olukiiko Olukulu olw'Eby'obufuzi olw'omulembe ogwagattibwa ku lunaku olumu olw'ensi yonna, era nga terulina muntu afuga oba alamuzi alwokka.

Obuyinza Obufuga Obufuga

Munsi w’Ebitundu ebyo, gavumenti yali wansi w’obuyinza era nga yassaawo enteekateeka y’obufuzi eyalina obuyinza ku bantu era ng’amateeka gaayo gasobola okugobererwa nga tegataddewo buyambi mu gavumenti.

Ebifa ku lukalala

Ekiragiro ekyo kyassaawo omusingi ogukiikirira ab’Olukiiko Olukulu olw’Ekizimbe ky’Ababaka n’abakiikirira ab’Enkiiko, nga buli kimu kikolebwa mu ngeri esaanira, era nga kisobozesa amasaza amanene n’amatono okubaako bye gakola.

Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga

Amateeka ga gavumenti gaawa Conseil obuyinza ku by’emisolo, okwewola ssente, okutegeka eby’obusuubuzi, n’okukuba ssente mu nsi yonna, era ekyo kyasobozesa ensi okubaamu obumu mu by’enfuna.

Okutuukana n’Endowooza n’Empisa

Kkoyiro ezikola ku nsonga z'ensi n'ez'okukwata ku mpalo, kyabulako katono okukyuka. Ekiragiro &ctrsquo; era kikyusakyusaamu mu kiwandiiko ekyo.

Ebyasibuka ku Ssanduuko

Wadde ng’ebiwandiiko ebifuga enfugamu byalemererwa, byassaawo engeri enkulu ez'okufuga ebitundu, ne kiba nti ne mu ggwanga eryo mwandibaddemu enteekateeka ey’okumanyisa eggwanga lya Amerika, era ne kisobozesa eggwanga okumanyibwa nga lirina gavumenti eyalyo ku kigero kya waggulu.

N'ekisinga obukulu, ebyo ebyakolebwanga mu busobe obwo byayamba abantu okuyiga engeri gavumenti gye yatandikawomu. Ebizibu ebyajjawo wansi w'amateeka byakyusa bulungi engeri Amateeka gye gaasengekamu amateeka. Buli bunafu obwakolebwa okuva ku kutondebwa kw'omukungu omu ow'obuyinza okutuuka ku kuteekawo obuyinza obw'amaanyi mu gavumenti era n'okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye bukolamu ensonga.

James Madison, atera okuyitibwa Faaza w'Etteeka, yakozesa ebyo bye yayitamu mu Ssande mu kuteekawo enkola esobola okusobozesa eggwanga okufuga obulungi.

Ebitundu ebiba ku kiwandiiko ekyo era bitujjukiza nti, ssemateeka w'amateeka gagoberedde enkyuuka zisobola okutuukana n'embeera eziba zizzeewo nga bwe kikuuma emitindo gy'amateeka. Bayingizza ’ beetegefu okuzza mu kifo ky'ebitundu mu kifo eky'okunywerera ku nteekateeka emala eyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu mateeka bwe kiba kyetaagisa.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kyayamba nnyo mu byafaayo bya Amerika okugatta amatwale gaakyo mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I era n'okuteekawo emisingi egifuga amawanga. Kyokka, okulemererwa mu kuzimba kwabwe kwasobozesa gavumenti okuba enlungi. Olw'obuteeyambi bw'okusasula emisolo, obutabeera na ofiisi n'obukulembeze, era n'okusendebwa kw'eggwanga okukkirizibwa okugonjoolera awamu, byaleeta eggwanga okugonjoola ebizibu by'eby'enfuna, n'obwewagguzi.

Mu kifo kya ebyo, tewaddawo Nsonga mu kifo kya Lwiragiro lwa Amerika, wabula waaliwo okugaana amangu ebigendererwa bya Leyamooni, naye waaliwo enkyuukano eyagobererwa mu nteekateeka eyasooka. Ekiragiro kyakuuma emisingi egyali gigattiddwa mu bitundu ebyo nga gikola enteekateeka y'amaanyi era nga gisobola okusisinkana eggwanga &ctrsquo;s. Ebikwata ku mpagiro ezikwata ku k'enkola ya Confederaation n'enziganya nazo birina kye biyigiriza eky'amaanyi ku nkulabirabirako y'amateeka, obukulu bw'ebitongole ebigo ebigoberera amateeka, n'okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe mu ngeri enfumo.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku Nsonga eza Kampani era n'ekiseera eky'okutandika, kebera ebifa ku tterekero ly'eggwanga ne ku ebyo ebiva mu [FLT] 'Etterekero ly'Eggwanika', Literary of Congress[ era ne Etterekero lya U.S. House of Admirations. ]