Ebyo bye baayitamu mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza byategeeza ebigendererwa byabwe n’enteekateeka y’eggwanga eppya.Ekitundu kino kyogera ku ngeri gye baazimbamu gavumenti ng’erina ebiwandiiko ebikakasa obanga eriyo, era ng’esobola okuleetawo eddembe ly’abantu kinnoomu.

Ebiri mu Ennyiriri za Bayibuli ez’Okuzimbibwa

Okusobola okutegeera engeri gavumenti y'Amerika gye yakolebwamu, kyetaagisa okutegeera ebyafaayo ebyakolebwanga Bamataata mu biseera by'obufuzi bwa Bungereza. Amatwale gano gaayisibwanga bubi nnyo mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza, nga gassawo omusolo awatali kubakiikirira era nga gattululwa n'obusika obwa bulijjo. Ekirangiriro eky'okwefuga kiwandiikiddwa ku nsonga ez'enjawulo ezireetebwawo Kabaka George III, okuva ku ku ku kuva ku baago abawaatwa abafuzi ne gava mu mayumba gaabwe ne gataalimu. Okujooza okwo tekwawulibwako; kwalina kye kwakola ku kusalawo abaatandikawo okusobola okuleetawo enkola ey'okuziyiza obuwagizi. Enteko (1775.171783) teyalwanira obuteeyagaza bwa gavumenti ez'amateeka mu matwale ga gavumenti.

Ebirungi Ebiva mu Bazadde Abaasooka Okutondebwa

  • Ennyinnyonnyola ey'ekitangaala: Abafirosoofo nga John Locke ne Montesquieu baaleetera nnyo Abataata okuba n'endowooza zaabwe ku ddembe n'obufuzi ebya bulijjo nga bakkiriza. Locle’s forcustomment(bukakafu, eddembe, n'ebintu) bwe kirabika nga biri mu Kiwandiiko eky'Obwetwaze (ekivumenti kya Depaanizo (singa Jeffernerson yakyusa nnyo” ne “okuluubirira essanyu”. Omwoyo gw'Amateeka guwawula obufuzi bwa gavumenti okuba nga gukolamu, obutongole obukola ebiwandiikibwa. Abaandiikibwa bano baabyekenneenya era ne bakubaganya ebirowoozo mu bbaluwa zaabwe, ne Constitution.
  • Ebitundu eby'Etteeka: Obunafu bw'ekiwandiiko ekyasooka bulaga obwetaavu bw'entegeka eya gavumenti ey'amaanyi. Mu mpandika eza kaadi, gavumenti terina buyinza ku kuwa biwaanyi bya gavumenti, oba kukwasisa mateeka. Shay’s Regiversion (1786-171787) bwalaga nti okutandikawo tekusobola kukuuma ntegeka, okukulembera abakulembeze nga James Madison ne Alexander Hamilton okusaba tteeka eppya. Obusobozi bw'emitwe giyigiriza abateesoozesezza gavumenti nti, eddembe ly'okufuga liba lirina byambisibwa buyinza okukola omulimu n'obukwasige obukusingi.
  • Amateeka ag'omu ssemateeka: Amasaza mangi gaali gaateekawo ssemateeka gago, nga gawa ebyokulabirako ebiyago ebigobererwa mu sistemu. Ekiwandiiko kya Virginia’Okulangirira obwannakyewa okw'Eddembe (1776) ekyawandiikibwa George Mason, ekyakakasa eddembe ly'eddiini, okukuba z'abalamuzi, n'okuwozesebwa. Ekiragiro kya Massachusetts, ekyatuuzibwako John Adams, kyayawuzaamu obufuzi obwa bulijjo. Ebyo bye yagezesa mu kusalawo ku bikwata ku ntegeka kwa bannakyewato era ne ku pulo y'ebyo ebisobola okulonda gavumenti y'eggwanga.

Ng'oggyeko ebyo ebiyinza okugobererwa, abatandikawo era baakozesa ebyafaayo ebya bulijjo, [1] Rome Republic, demokulase ey'omu Asene(* ne ku buwangwa bw'amateeka obwa Bungereza, gamba nga Magna Carta ne Bill of Rights. Baagezaako okuteekawo gavumenti esobola okuleetawo gavumenti ey'obuyinza mu bantu era elagibwa abalonderwa, eyawukana ku bufuzi obwa bulijjo n'obufuzi bwa drikana.

Gavumenti Eteekateeka Obulungi

Bataataawe baateekamu emisingi emingi mu mateeka okukakasa nti gavumenti empya ekuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu ng'ekola ku nsonga ennungi. Emisingi gino tegyali gya buwaze; gyava ku kuteesa okw'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kyava ku lukuŋŋaana lwa Ssande olwa 1787 ne kikuŋŋaanya abagenyi ataano okuva mu matwale 12 (Rhode Islands yagaana okutuma abatuuze b'obuwagizi) abaali bawagira ebigendererwa eby'okuvuganya: gavumenti ennene zisobola okukolagana n'eby'obusuubuzi obutono, obukiikakkulembebwa obutono n'obw'obulimi obw'ebukiika ddyo, nga bawagira gavumenti ey'amaanyi wakati w'obulimi n'abo abatya gavumenti z'ensi entongole. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kye kyewuunyisa mu by'obufuzi.

Okwawukanya Obufuzi

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo ebyakolebwa kwe kwawula ab'obuyinza mu matabi ga gavumenti gasatu: okussaawo amateeka, okuddukanya emirimu, n'okusala emisango. Kino kirina ekigendererwa eky'okuziyiza ettabi lyonna okubeera ery'amaanyi. Buli ttabi lirina emirimu gya njawulo: Congress (ateekawo amateeka) eteeka amateeka, Prezidenti (atema) agagobererwa, era n'enkiiko z'ensi (ze zigifuga) ezinnyonnyola amakulu gaalyo. K'enkola eno, Amateeka gaalonda essomero z'ettabi eririna ensibuko yalyo ey'obwannannyini. Ennyumba y'Abakiikirira baawumba etongozebwa butereevu abantu; Ssemberikiti ya gavumenti (erongoosebwako n'ekkumi n'ekkumi'ekkumi); Prezidaago, era abalamuzi baalondebwa Pulezidenti era n'abalamuzi mu ngeri zino ez'enjawulo. Engerinja eyo yakolebwanga bulungi. ettabi lya Kkomera ku matabi gonna.

Ebweru n’Obujjulukuka

Wadde nga waaliwo okwawulwawo obufuzi obw'enjawulo, Abataata abaatandikawo baakolanga enkola ey'okukebera n'okussaawo empanvu. Buli ttabi lirina obuyinza okukomya amaanyi g'ab'amawanga amalala, nga likakasa nti tewali gavumenti n'emu esobola okufuga. Enkola eno esobozesa buli omu okulabirira munne:

  • ettabi erifuga amateeka ga gavumenti lisobola okusumulula bapresidenti nga lirimu emirundi esatu mu nnyumba zombi.
  • Omukulembeze w’ettabi oyo era asobola okulagira amateeka agayisibwa Congress, nga mw’otwalidde n’abalamuzi ba kkooti enkulu.
  • ettabi erikola mu kusalawo lisobola okuyisa amateeka agatakkirizibwa mu ngeri eyo, nga likebera obuyinza bwa paasika n'obwa bamaneja. Amaanyi gano gaateekebwawo mu kifo eky'enjawulo Marbury v. Madison (1803] , wadde nga Amateeka tegakkiriza; abaatandikawo ensonga baali basuubira nti kkooti zirina obuyinza ng'obwo.

Okukebera kuno kwakolebwa kusobozesa si kukola ku busimba, naye kuleetera n'okuteesa. Nga James Madison bwe yawandiika mu ., “Okwegwagwa obwetwaze kuteekwa okukolebwa okubuutikira ettuttumu.” Okwawula amaanyi n'okukebera ebigasa bye bimu kye kyayitibwa “Amateeka agaawulamu.”

Fraationalism

Fratist y'emu ku ngeri endala enkulu eya gavumenti ey'okutandikawo. Eyawulamu eyawulamu amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti, era esobozesa enjawulo ezikuuma ebigendererwa by'abantu okusobola okukuuma obumu bw'eggwanga. Ekiragiro kyamenya obufuzi obwa gavumenti y'ensi (Atestamenti I, Ekipande 8), gamba nga okuyiiya ssente, okulangirira entalo, n'okukulembera ebiziina by'obusuubuzi. Amaanyi amalala gonna galina obuyinza bwa gavumenti oba abantu, nga bwe kiragiddwa mu ku Intende ekkumi. Enteneenyi ezikola ku nsonga za gavumenti z'eggwanga, zaawukana ku abo abaali baagala gavumenti (nga Hamilk) n'abo abaali batya okumenya obufuzi (nga Patrick Henry). Emiganyulo egyo gizingiramu:

  • . .[[NT:0] Eggwanga lisobola okussaawo amateeka agakwatagana n'ebyetaago byalyo ebikakafu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ezimu zikozesezza enkola eza demokulase mu by'obutuuze oba ezikola nga carbon mu ngeri yonna mu nsi.
  • [[NT:0] Kino kiraga okuteekebwa ku maanyi nga gagaba obuyinza: nga kiwanyisa obuyinza, gavumenti kikendeeza ku kabi ak'okutuusibwako obutujju. Singa gavumenti ewaggula, eyinza okukomyawo obukujjukujjukujju ku linnya(ka oluvannyuma ekitegeeza ekiwandikiro ekya Nullification Crisis ne Civil Rights Movement.)
  • [[NKULA] Akawayiro kakireetera okukomyawo enkola y'okugezesa: Okufuna enzivuunula ku nfuna y'eggwanga (nga ..amateeka g'abakozi agasasula, amateeka g'ebbeesaawo ageeyisa ku mbeera y'obutonde) emirundi mingi gategeeza enkola y'eggwanga. Ekizibu kino ekyagobererwa Justice Louis Brandeis ekyava mu ku kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'enjawukana ne eby'eby'enfuna kyawaŋŋangulwa nga kyawa “okugezaako okugezaako okusoosa obukulembebwa mu nsi eyo awatali kabi."

Eddembe ly’Omuntu Omu n’Ekiwandiiko Ekwata ku Ddembe

Nga bamanyi obukulu bw'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, Abataata ab'Okutandikawo baalimu Bill of Rights nga bannassaayansi ekkumi abaasooka okutereeza etteeka eryali likwata ku mateeka. Ekiragiro kya tteeka ekyasooka tekiriimu mateeka nago nnyini ku bwoya bwa nkalakkalira(a). Ekyaviirako okuziyizibwa okw'amaanyi okuva ku bannasayansi abalwanirizi ba Anti-Federalian nga George Mason ne Patrick Henry. Okuwangula bawanjufu, abawandikizi baasuubiza okwongerawo entegeka. James Madison, eyasooka okubuusabuusa, yawandiisa ekiwandiiko ekigookko, ekyakkirizibwa mu 1791. Enkyukakyuka ezo ziwandisizza eddembe n'eddembe ery'omuwendo:

Omuteeso Omukulu mu Kitongole Ekikola ku Ddembe

  • [[NKULULA] Omutemwa gwa Mpisa: gukuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuba ebitabo, ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu n'ery'okusaba. Guziyiza Congress okutandikawo eddiini entongole oba ekkomo erikugira eddembe ly'eddiini. Kino kye nsibuko y'eddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika, ekiyinza okukuuma obutakkiriziganya n'enkaayanaanya z'ebyobufuzi.
  • [[NKULU:0]] Omutemwa gwa kyo tegumenyese: gukakasa obwannannyini okutambula n'enkumbo. Olulimi "*] lulaga bulungi Militia, nga kyetaagisa eri eggwanga ery'eddembe, eddembe ly'abantu okubeeramu n'okusitula Eby'okulwanyisa, tekyiriyingirizibwa.[NKULAGIRIzibwako]
  • [[NKULULA]] Omutemwa ogw'obusatu: Okwewala okunoonyereza n'okukankana. Kyetaagisa ebisaanyizo eby'okusiirwa ku nsonga nga bisinziira ku nsonga, okulayira oba okukkiriziganya, n'okunnyonnyola ekifo eky'okunoonyezebwamu, n'abantu oba ebintu eby'okunyagibwa. Kino kiyamba nnyo mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo n'okuteeka ku nsonga ezikwata ku bukuumi bwa kompyuta ne ku mateeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Omutemwa gwa disitulikiti ogw'okukka: Okusasula ebbaasa ekkulu, okusasula enziji eziyitiridde, n'okubonereza okw'amaanyi era okw'omulembe. Kino kikosebwa okusoomooza ekibonerezo eky'okufa, embeera z'ekkomera, n'okusalirako omusango. Ebigambo “bunene n'eby'enjawulo bivvuunulwa okusinziira ku mitindo egy'empisa egobererwawo.

Enkyukakyuka endala zizingiramu Ekiraadi eky'okusatu (nga tekirina kitundu kya kuna eky'abasirikale mu kiseera eky'emirembe), eky'okutaano (ekibonerezo, okusoberwa, okusasulwa, enkola ey'okwewolereza, okwewolera obusawo, eky'omukaaga (okuwozesebwa oba okusalirwamu mu lujjudde, okusalirako omusango mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, okuteesa obulungi), eky'ensanu (okusala omusango mu nsonga z'abantu), eky'enkomerero (ensolo ezifiibwako abantu teziikiikiddwako abo abali mu lubala olw'ensonga ez'enjawulo), eky'enkomerero (ennene abantu be bakkirizibwa okuziganya) era n'ekkumi (ab'abantu (eb'ebitongole ebiweereddwa mu United States oba abantu).

Ekifo ky'Akakiiko k'Eddembe n'Empaka ez'Okuwakanya

Ekiragiro kino kyalongoosebwa okuyitira mu emu ku mpaka z'eby'obufuzi ezikyasinzeeyo mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Abawagizi ba ddists, abamanyibwa nga Federalists, baawandiika olukalala lw'ebiwandiiko nga ` FULFRALIS Papers[[].] Nga bawandiisi ba Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay. Ebiwandiiko bino byannyonnyola ne bilwanirira amateeka ga 'customment'. Abaziyiza, aba Anti-Federerist, baawandiika ebyo bye bawandiise (e.g.] Brutus ne[FLT:]][FLD]][FFFFF:]]][FFFF]]]]

Ebiruubirirwa eby'okuteeberezebwa mu kussaawo amateeka nga bizingiramu obutakkirizibwa kwa ddembe, obuyinza obungi obwa Consert nga wansi wa “mukitundu” era n'okukolebwa kw'eggye eriyimiridde. Abafuniya baddamu nti okwawukana kw'obuyinza, n'obukulembeze, n'obuzibu bw'okuyisa amateeka kusobola okuziyiza obujoozi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu omuwabuzi wa gavumenti, obuwandikiro buleme okubaamu obukujjuzi. [10] N'o, Madison yagamba nti, tewalina kaw'okufuga kiwandikiro ekisinga obutono, kubanga eby'obusobozi eby'enjawulo byandinoonyezza byonna.

Okukaanya kuno kwawaliriza emitwe gy'enkola zonna okumanyisa enzijjuvu eya gavumenti. Ku nkomerero, baagonjoolwa ne bassibwawo n'ekisuubizo eky'okutereeza /" kiraga engeri ba Paapass gye baakolamu enkola esobola okutuuka ku buwanguzi n'okunyumya. Ebbanga erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu erya bulijjo lyava ku ku kupikirizibwa okw'endwadde ezirwanibwa ku Bafuzi abawaawula zzaale.

Beeyongera Okutunuulira Entegeka ya Taata

Enkola eyatandikibwawo Abasikawo n'okutuusa leero ekola bulungi. Mu kwolesebwa kwabwe okw'okukuuma eddembe egobererwa gavumenti ebadde egoberera enkola eya demokulase okwetooloola ensi. Amawanga nga Bugirimaani, Buyindi, ne South Africa gataddewo enkola ez'obwannakyewa ez'obwannakyewa, okusala emisango, n'okugoberera enkola za gavumenti mu mateeka gaabwe. Kyokka, embeera y'ensi eno era erina okusoomooza okutali kumu okuzisobozesa okufuna obweyamombo obw'okwegatta.

Okugumira Ebizibu mu Kiseera Kino

Wadde nga tteeka ly'amateeka lyesigamye ku ngeri y'okukozesaamu obulamu bw'abantu, ekizibu kiri nti emisingi gyalyo gisobola okutuukana n'embeera z'ensi gamba nga tekinologiya, eddembe ly'abantu, n'enfuga y'ensi yonna. Okugaziyizibwa kw'eby'obufuzi, okulabirirwa kw'eby'obufuzi, okulabibwa kw'abantu, n'amaanyi g'eby'eby'obufuzi okusobola okuleetawo eddembe ery'okwogera, byonna bigezesebwa mu ngeri eyatandikawo. Abakungu ba kkooti bakyeyongera okukakasa obanga enkulisa z'okwerinda okw'okuwereza ebiwandiiko eby'okutaano. Entekomyamyamyamyawo esbagasa okuteekebwa ku b'ebimu ku mulemberwa. Abakuuti abawa ekiragiro kino baaweerezza ebiwaawere ne Tenti entebe z'emiteeko mu kiseera kya Sse.

Ate era, enkola y'okulonda eyategekebwa mu kyasa ekya 18, nga mw'otwalidde ne Olukiiko Olukulu olw'e Electoral ne ekiwandiiko kyenkana kyenkana nga(*) kiwa ebiva mu kuba n'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi. Abamu bagamba nti ebintu ebyo biwa obuyinza obusingako ku masaza amatono, ate abalala bawamba nti bikuuma enkola ya gavumenti. Wadde kiri kityo, Amateeka gawa enteekateeka ey'okutereeza engeri y'enkyukakyuka, wadde nga kizibu okuziyiza okukyuka mu bugenderevu. Abawandiisi baandisizza endowooza nti ebiwandikiro eby'omulembe ebijja byandikuyinza okunnyonnyola n'okussa mu nkola ekiwandiiko ekyo nga kizzewo mu mbeera empya.

Kikulu Okwegatta ku Kibiina

Obukuumi obuva ku ddembe si buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti yokka; kyetaagisa abatuuze okwenyigira mu mirimu gy'eggwanga. Okwenyigira mu kulonda, okulambula, okugenda mu bifo ebikuumirwa abakungu ba gavumenti, n'okwenyigira mu mirimu gy'abantu mu bifo ebya lukale, kikulu nnyo okusobola okukuuma ebigendererwa bya demokulase ebyateekebwawo Abataata mu Kutondebwa.

Okusoomooza okuliwo mu kiseera kino nga okuwewerebwa kw'empaka, okukendeera kw'obwesige mu bitongole, era n'okulonda mu bululu obwa wansi, biteeka obulamu bw'abantu mu kabi. Abatandikawo baawakanya ekifo ky'ebibiina bya bufuzi (bwe bataayinza kwesiga) naye baakitegeera nti abantu abeefaako bokka bateekwa okumanyibwa era ne beegatta ku nsonga. Ebiteefiiriza ng'ebyo nga Constitution Center era ne kampuni z'obuyigirize zikola okusobola okutumbula okutegeera amateeka n'obuteenjigiriza.

fundikira

Bazadde abaateekebwawo baateekawo gavumenti eyateekawo eddembe eritambuza eddembe ly'abantu nga bateekawo entegere ennungi ku buyinza, eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, oba gavumenti. Omulimu gwabwe gwali tegutuukiridde. Ekiragiro kya Ssemateeka okusobozesa obuddu okukolebwa, obusika obwateekebwawo, era n'okuwa obuyinza obw'okulonda abazungu obuyinza ku bika by'Abamerika. Wadde kyali kityo, enteekateeka yaabwe ey'okufuga yali terina si y'enkula y'enkyukakyuka eza buli muntu, ng'okumalawo obuddu, era nga ewandikiddwawo obuddu obwa bulijjo. Ng'amateeka bwe gaakirimu, okufuba okumanyisa ebiruubirirwa ebyabaalimu, obwenkanya, obwenkanya, n'okukulaakula, tebyandibaddemu. Singa bamalayika babadde babadde bategeera bulungi era nga bagoberera enkola yaabwe mu bulamu bwabwe, Amerika tegayinza kukuuma eddembe lyabwe lyabwenkana wansi w'amateeka. [Nga bwe kibadde kiragiro mu buwandikiro: [FFivedman:][51], oba nga terimu, gavumenti y'abantu abali mu kifo ekigo.[5]