Kkooti Esinga Obukulu Eraga nti Katonda Ye Yatandikawo Amateeka Agakwata ku Bufumbo

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ennyonnyola amateeka ga Amerika era ebitundu bitono eby'obulamu bwa Amerika bye bitwala obuyinza ng'obufumbo. Buli tteeka lisiigiddwa okuva ku lukiiko olukulu lizza ebbeeyi ez'okusobola okuwasa, etteeka erikwata ku bufumbo lirina okukkirizibwa, era engeri gavumenti gye zirina okuyisamu obufumbo. Olw'okufumbiriganwa n'enkwaso y'ebintu, abazadde, omusolo, okusasula emisolo, n'obusika, ebisalibwa ku mu kkooti enkulu, bisobola okukomya amakumi g'emyaka. omusango omu ku bufumbo guyinza okusattuusibwawo amateeka, okukaka abatuuze okuwandiika amateeka, oba okuwa abantu obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obungi obutuufu okukkirizibwa okuddamu okukkirizibwa mu kifo ekyasooka.

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku misango emikulu egyakyusizawo amateeka agakwata ku bufumbo mu Amerika, era ne kwekenneenya engeri enkola zino gye ziyinza okuleetawo enkaayana mu nkola y’obufumbo, era ne kiraga n’ebitundu ebiddako eby’okubuulirirwa.

Enjigiriza Ezisookerwako: Okuteekawo Obufumbo ng’Eddembe Erina Okusingika Obuvunaanyizibwa

Ng'ekyasa ekya makumi abiri tegannaba kutuuka, kkooti enkulu teyenyigiranga nnyo mu mateeka ga bufumbo, era n'esalawo ku mateeka.Espet Resourcement of 14th Resourcement and Experimement Clauss kye kyasobozesa emisango egyaddako okuteeka obufumbo ku bubwe nga bukulu obwa waggulu era nga buli gavumenti kye yagaana okubufuga kisigala nga kyetaaga okukkaatisibwa ennyo.

Mu Virginia (1967): Enkomerero y’Ebizibu eby’Enjawulo

Eky'omukazi [[NT:0] ekibadde kiwandiikiddwa mu nnyiriri z'omu Virginia kisigala nga kikookerwa ku bikwata ku bufumbo obwa leero. Richard Loving, omusajja omuzungu, ne Mildred Jeter, baafumbirwa mu disiturikiti y'e Columbia mu 1958. Bwe baddayo ewaabwe e Virginia, baakwatibwa olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti agava mu lubala , era ng'esala omusango ogwabasalira omusango mu mbeera gye balimu ne bava mu Virginia ne bataddayo wamu okumala emyaka 25.

Kkooti enkulu awamu n'emenya amateeka gonna agaafuga Virginia era nga genkana gannaago gonna agakyasibirwa mu bitundu ebirala kkumi na bitaano. Okuwandiikira Kooti, Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yalangirira nti “eddembe ery'okuwasa limanyiddwa okumala ebbanga ddene ng'egyo ku busobozi obw'ennungi obw'okuzuula obulungi abantu ab'eddembe. Entegeka yalina okukkiriza nti okulonda enjawukana mu bufumbo kwamenya enteekateeka enzijjuvu ey'okukuza Clauslee ne Cesaawo Cesaster. Okusoma ebigambo byonna ebiwulimu ebigobeeyitibwa [[FLT:] n'ensonga enkulu]

Zabloti v. Redhail (1978): Okuyongera okunyweza eddembe ly’okuyingira obufumbo

Mu [[NKULA:0] Zabloki v. Redhail[[FL:1], kkooti yayogera ku tteeka eryali ligaana abatuuze abalina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okulabirira abaana nga kkooti okusobola okuddamu okufumbirwa. Mu kkooti yalaga nti etteeka lyayamba abazadde okusobola okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe obw'eby'ensimbi. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu egoberera amateeka n'egoongera okulaba obanga obunene obwawula n'okutaasa, nga gasazesezza nnyo amateeka, nga gataatambuza eddembe ly'okuwasa oba okufumbirwa. Ekiragiro kyalaga nti eddembe ly'okuwasa lisukka obusobozi bw'omufumbo obw'okugatta obufumbo. Kko ekkomo eriteekwa okuba nga k'omugugu ogwa ddyo guteekwa okuzingirwa mu ku nsonga enkulu eya gavumenti. [Foctive:] [3]

Turner Safley (1987): Abasibe Baddamu Okukwata Obusika

Ekibuuzo eky'okuzuula abo ababa basibiddwa mu kkomera kyalina okutuukira ku kkooti era nga kiwagirwa nti abawagizi ba ddembe okuwasa oba okufumbirwa. Safley v'a '. Amateeka agagondebwa mu Missouri gaabeetaanya abasibe okufuna olukusa olw'okufumbirwa nga tannafumbirwa. Kkooti singa obufumbo bwabanga busobola okuleeta akabi mu nkuumi oba okutereeza embeera z'eby'omulembero. Kkooti yakkiriza nti, wadde ng'amateeka g'okusibibwa galina obwa tteeka okukkirizibwa, eddembe okufumbirwa lirina okukkuggibwako awatali nsonga emu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Obufumbo obw'abafumbo abafaanaganya ekikula nga benkanankana

Tewaliwo bufumbo okuva [[NTL:0] obubadde bwolekezesa empaka ez'eggwanga nga Obergefell v. Hodges. Jim Obergefell ne munne John Arthur, baafumbirwa mu Maryland mu 2013, naye mu ggwanga lyabwe erya Ohio baagaana okukkiriza obufumbo obw'okubaawo ku lukalala lwa Arthur olw'okufa.[1] Hodges era n'emiganyulo egiva mu ku busika. Omusango gwagobeerera okusobola okuzibya , ne ku bizibu ebifaananako ebyo ebyava mu Michigan, Kentecky, ne Tesseen.

Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy, ng'awandiika mu 5-44, yagamba nti eggwanga lyonna erifuga enkola y'ekitongole kino lirina okukkirizibwa okugatta abantu ab'ekikula kimu n'okukkiriza obufumbo obukkirizibwa mu bitundu ebirala. Endowooza ereetebwawo okufumbiriganwa mu ngeri y'emu mu ntegeka za Cervement Claus (nga kino kye kimu ku ddembe eririna okukkirizibwa n'okweraga) n'etteeka erizikugira obufumbo bw'omuntu okubaamu. Okujuliza [[FLT:]], Kkooti eyo yadkkomyawo nti, okufumbiriganwa y'emu ku ddembe.[FFFFF:]

Obukugu mu Bikolwa: Engeri Omusango Gwa kkooti ey’Okungulu gye Gukola ku Buwagizi

Ebisalibwawo kkooti enkulu bikola enteekateeka eya Conssion, amakanisa, ne kkooti z'amateeka entono.

Obufumbo n'obut'ewandiikiddwa tebikkirizibwa mu kitundu kino

Nga bwe kulina okukolebwa , olukiiko olukulu olw'omu mateeka ga DOMA] olwa 1996 lwaleka eggwanga okugaana okufumbiriganwa n'abantu ab'obukaba mu bitundu ebirala. United States v. Omuyaga [2013] [202013] Kkooti enkulu yasattu , olukuba olukalala olusangibwa mu DOMA, olunnyonnyola nti wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi omu okufumbiriganwa. Mu kuzzaawo emiganyulo gy'abafumbo ab'ebigattiddwa mu bukiika kkono, kkooti ekakasibwa okugonjoola obukyasiikiriza obuba wakati w'obufumbo bwabwe n'obutongole obukola emirimu egya bulijjo okusobola okufumbiriganwa okuva mu magye amalala.

Leero, eggwanga likyalina obuyinza okussaawo ebisaanyizo by'obufumbo nga($wrance, okwuumye kw'omusaayi, okukebera oba olukusa lwa bazadde). Naye tezisobola kukozesa ebyo ebisaanyizibwawo okusosola abafumbo abalina obufumbo obukkirizibwa walala. Windsor[ era ne ]OGbergeest[[]] amateeka agafuga obufumbo gayinza okukendeezebwako ddala mu ggwanga.

Ekizibu ky’Okulwanyisa Enzikiriza

Nga bagoberera [[OLT:0] Eggwanika, eggwanga liwera 'Dismenti Religious Dreasurection Acts' (RFRAS) n'amateeka amalala agakkiriza abantu kinnoomu n'abakolerwa embaga ez'obusimba nga zisinziira ku nzikiriza z'eddiini. Wadde nga Kkooti enkulu tennafuga bufumbo ku mateeka gaamu, ensalawo zaayo 2023 mu [FLY:]303 CLC v. ENFLL (ebakkiriza okugatta embaga ez'ekikulabira kya webuyonjo agikolera ddala) ziragira nti okusobola okutuuka ku mateeka agatali gamu.[Focreeve][5]

Okussa mu nkola Amateeka g’Obufumbo mu Gavumenti

Olw'okuba kkooti ewagidde obufumbo okuba nga bwali butuufu, e Leta tezisobola kuleetera bantu kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa obwali bubakaka ku nsonga eyo. Kino kireetedde okukakaatika ku ssente ezibakwata ku lukusa lw'obufumbo, ebiseera ebigezo, okukeberebwa kw'omusaayi, n'okukuteekako amateeka agakwata ku myaka egy'okulayira. Ng'obukalu obumu bugezesezza okugaana obufumbo bw'abantu abalina amabanja g'abaana amangi ennyo (gasalirwa mu mateeka agaakolebwa mu [[FLT:]]] Zacti[FLT]]][[FLT:]]]]) okukomya ebiragiro ng'ebyo.

Eŋŋendo Enjawuddewo: Etteeka Erikwata ku Bufumbo mu Kyasa Ekya Maayi Abiri Ekisooka

Wadde nga kkooti ya Bulaaya yassaawo obukuumi obw’amaanyi, ensonga eziba ziwamuuziddwa zisigala nga tezigonjoddwa.

Okuwasa Olubala n’Okuwasa Obutaba Muweerero

Kkooti enkulu teraga bukwasi ku mateeka olw'okubeera n'abakazi abangi okuva Reynolds v' . United States (1878), ekiwagidde etteeka erigaana abakazi abasukka mu bakazi mu bitundu. Reynolds[], kkooti yayawula wakati w'enzikiriza n'empisa ez'eddiini, nga ekkiriza nti Abamomoni bakkirizibwa okuwasa abakazi abangi, gavumenti ne bw'eba nga esobola okukikkiriza nti abakyala ab'obukabangi, ekyo kiyinza okuviirako ekikolwayiti. Ekyo kye kikwata ku bufumbo nga Mbalira ddala.

Abakugu mu bibiina by'omulembe guno bagamba nti Obergefell[ endowooza abantu gye balina nga ba ddembe okunnyonnyola engeri gye balinamu enkolagana ey'oku lusegere ne “‘ kiyinza okukkirizibwa okugatta abantu abakulu abasukka mu babiri abakkiriza ensonga zino. Kyokka, kkooti z'ensi yonna tekkiriza nsonga eno. Kkooti za b'omu ne kika kya waggulu zo ziwadde obusosoze [[FLT:]Reynolds[FKALT amateeka agafuga enfuga enfugamu, era ne Kkooti enkulu ereeti ezigoberera ennyinyonnyola. Kko eyo n'enjigiriza ya Kko, kirabika terimu na kuddamu nsonga eyo mu bwangu, naye ate ng'enkyukakyuka ez'ebitongole by'omu Amerekawo ekigenda okubuukanya.

Obufumbo n’Etteeka Ery’Okwagala

Eggwanga ligaana okugatta abazzukulu oba ab'eŋŋanda ez'oku lusegere. Wadde ng'ebitundu ebimu (nga California, New York, ne Colorado) bikkiriza obufumbo obwasooka okukkirizibwa mu mbeera ezimu. Kkooti enkulu tekkiriza kussaawo lukalala lwa mateeka olw'okuwera okuva Zabloti[]. Olw'okuba ]] Zaziki zikkirizibwa okukugira obufumbo. Kiba kyetaagisa okukugira okukyewawawa, nga abakulembezza okuwera okuwera okuzaala omwana omuggya. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abaana abali mu lubuto bagwa mu mbeera ey'ekikaasooka, era nga okwongerako obuteekuse.

Kkooti eno bw'ebeera omwetegefu okwekenneenya obukakafu obulaga ssaayansi (nga etteeka erikwata ku kuggyamu embuto n'enjaga) eyinza okulaga obanga okuwera okw'omu biseera eby'omu maaso kuba kwa maanyi nnyo, naddala singa ebiwandiiko eby'okugootaanya obutoffaali bw'ensirimu ne by'ekozesa biyinza okugoberezebwa enkola eno.

Ekigero eky’Obufumbo Obutono era Obufumbo Obuteekeddwa Okugobererwa

Ebiwabu ebiwerako tebirina myaka gya mu mateeka gye bikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa abazadde okufumbiriganwa oba singa wabaawo omulamuzi akkiriza obufumbo. Obufumbo bw'abaana nga bugobererwa nga tebannaweza myaka 18. Obufumbo bw'abaana busigala nga bwa mu mateeka mu bitundu bingi era enkumi n'enkumi z'abaana abawala bafumbiriganwa buli mwaka. Ebibinja by'abaana eby'awakawaanya nti obufumbo bumenya amateeka ga mateeka omwana okusobola okumenya eddembe ly'omu mateeka eriri mu bugolokofu bw'omubiri gwe, naddala eddembe lyabwe ery'okufumbiriganwa n'edde ku bugolokofu (oba, bamegganaakanaganagana, era bateekwa okugatta obuvunaanyizibwa nga bafumbiriganwa).

Kkooti enkulu tekutte ku mateeka ga nfumbo z'abaana butereevu. Kyokka, mu hicker v. Safley, kkooti yakiggumiza nti obufumbo bukulu nnyo eri abaasibibwa ddala nga baasibibwa. Kkooti temanyidde ddala obanga kkooti esobola okuyigiriza abaana abato endowooza eyo. Abeekenneenya abamu mu mateeka bawakanya nti omutindo gwa scrinitiini, okusobola okukakasa nti obufumbo bwetaagisa okusobola okukuuma abaana abato n'obukuumibwa, era n'obukuumi obulala (ng'okubuulirira oba okunoonyereza ku by'okukula) busobola okutuukiriza ekigendererwa ekyo nga tewali kukugira mukolo gwa nvumbo. Kino kiyinza kutuuka ku Ssalowo mu myaka egyaddako okumanyibwa obulungi.

Obwakyusi n'abakyala abatali ba mufumbo

[[NTL:0] OSEFFELD yateekawo amateeka agafuga obufumbo nga bwa bannamwandu, naye nga wakyaliwo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kutongoza obufumbo nga butali bwa babbabbabba. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa gavumenti ennyonnyola obufumbo ng'obufumbo bw'omusajja n'omukazi, omusajja ayinza okuwasa omukazi omufumbo. Kkooti entono eyinza okutongoza obufumbo bw'omuntu atali munnamu oba omukazi. Ebiwabyo byawulamu ebiyinza okuteekako olukalala oba ng'ebimenyesero byago oba ebitali bya munne mu bufumbo. Kkootikko etegeeza nti obufumbo bw'omuntu alina okutongozebwa mu . [FLT.

Obusobozi bw’Okunnyonnyola Endowooza za Bannamwandu

Ebisawo by'omu kkooti enkulu bigoberera endowooza y'abantu abafumbiriganwa nga ziddiŋŋana, naye era biyamba n'enkyukakyuka endala. Mu kutwala ekitundu ekisukka mu 50% mu kikumi Locking[ ne ] -efell, obuwagizi bw'obufumbo bw'ebika bya langi ez'enjawulo bweyongera okuva ku biri wansi wa 50% okutuuka ku 90%, era n'okuwagira obufumbo obw'ekya nnamba obunene okuva ku 30% mu 2000 okutuuka ku 70% mu kiseera [[FLT:] OFFFF:5] kye kyagwa mu nsonga. Kko . Kkooti eyo tey'ayoleka nkyukakyuka ezo; era n'okuzifulumyaamu empya.

Kyokka, okuba nti kkooti efuga okwesigamye ku kunywerera ku mateeka ga Amerika. Kkooti bw'eba etwala obunene n'okusinga endowooza ya gavumenti, nga`'eba n'obunene obwa bulijjo'esobola okuteeka obulamu bw'abafumbo mu kabi ak'amaanyi. Kkooti eyo bw'eba nga ddala erina okukalubya ennyo. Obubonero obuba wakati wa gavumenti okukiziyiza Obergestell[[[FLD:1]], nga mwe muli n'okugaana kwa bannannyini ab'eggwanga okuwakana layiseemu layisensi y'obufumbo, wadde ng'obuyinza obusinga obungi bubadde bwa kabonero ak'obubonero, naye nga bulaga nti obuyinza ku mateeka mu mateeka tebwenkanankanankanankana.

Ekirala: Enteekateeka y’Obufumbo Egimaze Okukolebwa

Ssettendekero lino liggyewo enzigi zalyo eziva ku langi n'emitindo gy'okwetaba, era likkiriza obufumbo nga eddembe ekkulu erisibe n'abasibe abalina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okulabirira abaana era eriko ebbeeyi y'enkalo erina okugobererwa gavumenti. Ebyo bye lisalawo byongera ku ebyo ebiba bivudde ku lukalala lw'amateeka era byeyongera mu nkyukakyuka ezikwata ku by'okwetaba era ne LGBTQ+ ewandikiddwawo olukulembedde.

Kyokka omulimu tegumalirizibwa. Ebibuuzo ebikwata ku bufumbo obw'omungi, obufumbo obw'ekika kya ba ŋŋanda, emyaka emitono, n'okumanyibwa kw'abo abagenda okukola nga bafumbiriganyiziddwa tebigonjoolwa. Okugatta ku ekyo, okulondebwa kwa Kkooti empya kuyinza okuleetera kkooti okufuga oba okulonda olubumpi oba olufunda. Oberge yagwa[ era ne [[FLT:] Leak [2]] Leak [[FLT] [[FLT]] era n'amalako gayinza okukolebwako, era ne kiyinza okusoberwako mu ngeri gye yaamenyamu ebiteesuubuzi. Ekiragiro kyamadda kiyinza okumanyisaamu endowooza y'okugatta ebiteetaanyezebwa obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'abafumbo.