Enjawulo ey’Ebyafaayo: Bill of Rights and State Action

Constitution y'Amerika, nga bwe yalondebwa mu kusooka, yassaawo gavumenti ewa ab'obuyinza okubalirira. Ekiragiro kino, nga ddala emyaka kkumi egyasooka, kyagattibwawo okussaawo ekkomo eribakiikiddwawo. Obukuumi buno bwenkana ekyasa kimu nga kinnabyo, tebwalina kufuga gavumenti. Omuntu eyalina olukunkumuli lw'okwogera ku ddembe lye lyakolwa ne kakiiko akafuga tewali bukakafu mu nteekateeka ya Orgamenti. Entegeka y'obusobozi ez'emirundi ebiri yaleka abantu okukosebwawo mu ngeri y'obuvuzi, olumu oluba nga lukyajja butakkirizibwa mu bujjuvu okutuusa nga wamaze okumanyibwawo ekitongole eky'empeemyaamu eky'ekkumi n'okuvanyuma n'okukula kw'enjigiriza ey'ekinaana. [[FLT:]] Ek'enjigiriza eyo teyakkirizibwa.

Kkooti enkulu yasaze mu mwaka gwa 1833 mu Baltimore .Baltimore yawa obukakafu buno obwali bukwata ku kikolwa kino. John Barron yalina ekikkaanya ku kitebe kya nnyanja mu Baltimore ekyafuuka ekitasoboka nga ekibuga kikyawuguddwawo emigga gy'ebiggala nga kizimba oluguudo. Yakuberera abantu nti ekibuga kyali kitwalidde ebintu bye nga tekimusasusseemu ssente. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall, awandiika ku kkooti ejjuziganya empanvu, era n'akkiriza nti, obwakyamateeka aga ddembe gaago ge gaafuga gavumenti y'ensi zokka so si gavumenti. Ekiragiro, abantu bonna ab'eggwanga okusobola okukola nga tewali bukuumibwawo bukuumi. Okusala omusango okwo kwalibwa kwalimu okumala amakumi ggambaamu, era nga kukyusa ekkomera mu mateeka.

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Waaliwo Enkyukakyuka ey’Amaanyi

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo eya Civil, Consell yawa essomero ery'okuwerera ddala Empeereze ey'ekkumi n'ena okukakasa nti eggwanga eryali abaddu teriyinza kuggyawo baddu ku ddembe lyabwe. Enkola yalyo mu 1868 yatandikawo engeri endala ey'amaanyi mu kitundu ekisooka. Ekitundu ekyasooka kyagamba nti tewali ggwanga “erina kumalawo muntu yenna mu bulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu nga tewabaddewo mu mateeka; oba okugaana omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwalyo okukuuma amateeka. Ekiragiro kyatandika okuteeka amateeka mu nkola y'enkola. Ekiragiro kya Bastium Clas Class [

Kyokka, okusobola okutuuka ku ddala mu bujjuvu mu Kiendeengera eky'ekkumi n'ena, tebyatuukirira mangu. Casette-Nnyumba (1873], Court Suprementi Ekirimu obunene obwa [ Privigegegeges oba Immunonies Classione [[[FL:]]], nga zikuteezezza nti zikuumibwa zokka eddembe eryazirimu erikiriwo eri gavumenti y'ensi eyo, nga zitaddewo. Kino kyaziba nga kiggaddewo oluggi okuyita mu lukugiro olwo olwamala emyaka nga 150, okutuusa ekigenda okugattizibwa mu [FLT:]. [FFFF][5][5], mu kifo kya , ekikyuukyuuk'okukyusa Ekko.[5]

Enzivvuunuzi ey'okulonzeewo: '.' Mu buli omu muyinza w'akkiriza okukomyawo enkyuuka yeyawuddewo

Omulamuzi Hugo Brandeis era oluvannyuma omulamuzi William Brennan yawagira “buli kakwate” – endowooza nti Ekiwandiiko eky'Ebitundu eby'Eddembe lya Claus kirina kukozesebwa mu byonna ebizingirwamu mu masaza, mu ngeri emu ey'enjawulo. Kyokka, Omulamuzi Louis Brandeis n'abalala baawagira enkola ey'enjawulo ey'enjawulo, ng'agamba nti eddembe lyokka erya Amerika eryandirowoozeddwa nti “lina okugattika endowooza y'obwenkanya obwa Amereka. Kkooti egoberera endowooza eyo ey'ensonga, era n'ekenneenya buli omu ku busobozi okusobola okumanya obanga kya mugaso okununula n'obwenkanya.

Wansi w'[NKULA:0] Bw'olonda n'enkola eya bulijjo, kkooti ebuuza: Kino kitegeeza nti “kikkirizibwa mu ndowooza ey'eddembe erya tteeka”? Bwe kiba nti kyagattibwa okuyitira mu nkola eya Claus ate ne kikolera ku magye. Bwe kiba nti okulonda n'okukwata ku ddembe kisigala nga kiriko etteeka erikugira gavumenti. Kkooti eyo ekkiriza enkola ey'okukwata ku nkola y'ekika kya yunivvu mu kukyusaamu embeera, naye era ewandise n'endwadde okuvumirira ebigikwatako.

Obubonero mu Ntegeka, obukola ku Kipimo kya Nsigalira mu Kulonda

Omutemu Ogwasooka: Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Okukuba Eddoboozi

[FF4] mu kifo kino, yayisawo olukalala lw'amateeka mu kifo kimu n'okuteekawo olukalala. [FF4:] [F3] mu kifo kimu n'omulembe gwa New York [[FLT:]. .Benjamin Gitlow yasingirwa wansi w'amateeka olw'okuyisa etteeka ly'okusala oludda olubi olw'okufulumya akatabo. Yawakanya etteeka erikwata ku ddembe lye ery'okusooka ery'okusumulula ebizizo, ery'okusumulula , mu kiseera kino, eryakolera ku Courtment. [F4] mu ngeri eyinza okukiikiikiikiikiikirirwa mu nkola eya bulijjo. [F4] [F4]

Omuteende Ogwa Kuna: Okunoonyereza n’Okutasaana

Olukiiko olw'okubiri lukukuuma obutaseesa mu ngeri etategeerekeka era nga lwetaagisa obutuufu okusinziira ku nsonga eziyinza okukolebwa. Wolf v. Colorado (1949), kkooti yateekamu obuyinza obw'okusala mu ngeri enfuge mu ngeri enfuze. Naye eky'enjawulo tekirina kussa mu nkola eteeka amateeka agagifuula obutayinza kukozesebwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka. Kino kyakolebwa abantu gye bayinza okusalirawo obuwanguzi obumenyefu nga bafunye ebikyamu nga banoonyabulinamu obukyamu. Kkooti eyo yakkoba nga tesobola kuziyiza buzibu obw'okuvugibwa mu kkooti. Kkooti ey'ensonga eyo yakyusa enkola eya bulijjo mu [[FLT:][FG3] (11961] era nga y'ensonga zonna ziyinza okuziggulawo mu ngeri y'okuggyawo. [NT) Kino kiyinza okukyusiza mu nkola y'ensonga eyo.[F.[F.Envuuthoose][194]

Omuteende ogw’Okutaano: Obutayagalira ddala Banno n’Okulemererwa Okuba Omulamu

Ekiweerwa eky'okutaano kizingiramu obukuumi obuva ku kwewala okukolagana n'abantu ab'enjawukana, obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri, n'eddembe ly'abalamuzi. Okugatta okw'amaanyi kwabaawo mu Mainda v. Arizona[ (66], okwakozesebwa mu kulabula okw'ebiragiro ebya Banda ne kutandikawo okulabula okw'abalamuzi. Naye okugwa ku mbala bbiri kwali mu [[FLT:]]]Ben v. Mary [[FLT:]] [12], (12%), okw'okufuga okuteekawo ekiragiro ekireeteebya bulijjo [[FLT:]]] ]]] era tekuyinza kukozesebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.[5]

Omutemwa ogw’omukaaga: Okukuuma Omusango mu Ngeri Ennungi

K'okabonero kamu ku ebyo ebiragiddwa nga kiwayitibwa ng'enkola eya bulijjo nga [[FF:0] mu ngeri nti: [FF:][FON][19]][FF:10] [FF:///10] Ekiragiro kyawayitibwa nti yali amenya amateeka ga Florida agaaweebwa amagezi ku nsonga enkulu. Gidioni yeewolereza ne yawaamu omusango. Mu kkookereza ku kkooti enkulu, yawakanya ensonga ze ey'omukaaga okumenya ekiteeyisa. Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti yakkiriza, okuzza obuwawumbi ku nsonga zaayo ezasooka mu [[FLT:][F2][10] [mu ku nsonga ezisooka].[FFFON], enfuga enfuga , ate mu ngeri endala endala, yagoberezebwawo mu ngeri eyo eya bulijjo.[F][19][10][E][E][embuuka y'ensonga eya bulijjo: [F][F][3][3][3][3][embu]

Omuteende ogw’Okubiri: Eddembe ly’Omuntu Omu Lye Okukuuma n’Okuzza Omukono

Mu myaka nga kkumi, oku Amereka okwokubiri tekwagattibwa kubanga Kkooti yali temanyi obanga omuntu n'omu alina ddembe okwetongoza ku buwagizi obwa nnaakalyako ani. Ekyakyuka mu Dilief of Columbia v. Heller [2008]] [2008], ekyagamba nti olukumbo olw'okubiri lukuuma omuntu okuba n'ensolo mu maka ge. Ebbanga bbiri oluvannyuma, mu Mcdald v. Chicago[[FT:][20]], Kkooti eyo ewandikiro yakkiriza nti eddembe lino “erina eddembe eri okwesalirawo eddembe ery'okwefunira eddembe lya ggwanga okukkirizibwa n'okugoberera enteekateeka ya Sosaawo. [Essolution:]

Omulongo ogw’Emitendera Omunaana: Gunyigiriza Abalala era Gubabonereza mu Ngeri Etategeerekeka

Obukuumi okuva ku kusasulira esaayiri era n'ekibonerezo ekitamanyiddwa kyabutikibwa bwongerwa ku musango. Etteeka erigaana ekibonerezo eky'obukambwe n'eky'enjawulo lyagobererwa mu masaza mu Robinson v. California [[FLT]] [1962], eryasuula etteeka okufuula omuze ogw'okunywa enjaga. Etteeka ek'okutaaza enziji z'amatabi lyagoo. Ekiwandiiko ekinene eky'enkomeredde mu kkomyamya ly'empewo olunene, ekisembayo mu lukalala olwo kyateekebwa mu Timbs v. Indiana[FT:3] mu kifo eky'okutundimu ku mukolo gwa mu kkooti ey'omutindo, liba liteekeddwamu mu ku nsonga ey'okukulemberezaamu. Ekko ekyo kye kimu ku nsonga ey'omuyagazaamu mu kkooti ey'omuna eya Sawudiyo mu nsi yonna ey'omunati. Essar Res Reso lulamis Tbar

Ebiva mu Kusalawo ku Ddembe ly’Eggwanga

Floor, so si Okubba: Obukuumi bwa gavumenti Busobola Okukendeeza ku Butono bw'Embeera

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okulondamu entegeka y'emu nga y'eyo ekozesebwa ng'enkola eya ' floor – omutindo omutono ogw'obukuumi obutono singa tegusobola kutuuka wansi. Naye eggwanga zisobola okuwa obukuumi obwa waggulu wansi ku mateeka. Kino kimanyiddwa nga “bufuzi obuppya. Okugeza, okutemesebwa kw'amateeka okusooka kukugira ebizingirwa mu bigambo, naye amateeka agamu gawa obukuumi obwagazi eby'okukola emirimu egy'enjooobweyungiza, gamba ng'okwogera mu maduuka. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu California, okwesiga ennukko ya gavumenti, egoberera eddembe ly'okwogera mu bifo ebyamaguzi wadde ng'omululu. Kkootiibwa kya waggulu tekigisaba kukugira mu kifo kya waggulu ([Flball]:[2][3][3], era ekitongole ekiwandikiro ekyo kye kiyinza okukyusiza mu kukebera ebitongole ekyo okukyuga.[19][19], ekigamba ekigamba nti, ekigamba nti, eki

Engeri Ebyo Kkooti gye Yabinnyonnyolamu Ekwata ku Busobozi Bwaffe

Kkooti enkulu ez'omu mateeka zikulaakulanyizza enjigiriza ezeetongodde okunnyonnyola amateeka agaalyo, ng'emirundi egimu ziva ku nkola za gavumenti. Kino kifuuse kikulu nnyo mu nkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi zigaanye “okukkiriza okulungi okwava mu kugoba obwa nnawookeera nti Kkooti enkulu ey'omu U.S. ekkirizibwa mu United States] v. Ennakumbo [[FL:1] [19984]. Amaga gakkiriza nti obujulizi obuva mu ku kunoonyereza obukyamu buteekwa okulekebwa, era ne bwenkana singa apolisi baakolera mu nzikiriza enzikiriza ennungi. Ennamba ez'enjawulo ez'okwetaaw'okwesiga obuteerezebwa teziyinza kusobozesa bantu okukyawa emboozi, ate nga wansi w'obukuumi obwa waggulu obusinga obungi.[FF].[2]

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu n’Obunyoomi

Okussaawo enkalala mu kulondoola obufuzi bw'eggwanga nga bateeka mu nkola empagi ez'enjawulo. Kyokka era kissa ekitiibwa mu nkola za gavumenti nga zigezaako okugezesa enzivuunula zazo eza gavumenti nga zirina obwannaddala obutamenya amateeka agafuga. Obukalukusifu buno bukuuma ekifo mu kkooti z'ensi ezitereeza e ddembe lya gavumenti. Eggwanga ziyinza okukola nga demokrase mu ngeri endala eziyinza okugoonya enkola eziyinza okukyusiza mu ntegeka za gavumenti mu ntegeka ya ddobo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti eziwerako zaamanyiddeko eddembe okusasula ebiwandiiko eby'empandika ez'okutendekebwa mu maaso gaazo mu maaso g'enkola ya U. Ek'empewo n'ensonga enkulu esobola okumanyisaamu enkola esobola okusobozesa enzikkiriza enzigiro ezizirwamu mu ku ddembe lya gavumenti z'enkola mu kifo ekya waggulu. Ate, ekkomera ku ku ku ku ku ku nsonga z'okugatta kw'okugatta kw'ekibiina.[Fosemba:[Fosebwa kwa Mukama][3], obutuufu, "

Okuvumirira n’Enkaayana ez’Omu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

“ Eddembe ly’Obuntu Obukulu ””

Ebitongole ebisalawo birina okusala omusango ogukwata ku ddembe “olwo okussaawo eddembe. Abawakanyi bawakanya okunoonyereza kuno era baleka Kkooti okukakaati y'ebyeyagaza. Omulamuzi Hugo Black, akubiriza obulagirizi obusinga okugatta awamu, yalabula nti okulonda entegeka tezikugirwa“okukebera mu ntegeka.” mu kusalawo eddembe ez'okukuuma. Enkaayana ezaakayita ziraga nti Kkooti etaddewo obuyinza ku ku ku kukwata eby'okulwanyisa naye yagaana okuteeka mu nkola eya Kkooti eya Centracratic eya bulijjo mu ngeri ekakasa nti Ebbeesiteesi II Amereka okutongozaamu. Abeekenneenya abamu bawakanya nti obwannannyini oba Immunoni Claus Claus, si kye kitongole ekiteesobozesebwa okuyingiza mu n'okukwata ku nkola y'entebe ey'envumbo. [FFF][0][0]

Omulimu Ogutannazikirizibwa ogw’Okulya Empoloko

Tekiri nti buli kibiina kyatongodde mu lukiiko olukulu olw'entegeka z'abantu kigattiddwa. Kkooti ekkiriza okutegeeza abalamuzi ebiba bijuliddwa mu kkooti. Ekirabo ekyo kiyinza okukkirizibwa okubaamu ensonga endala. Okusinziira ku ngeri gye kiragiddwamu, okusala emisango ku kkooti y'ensi yonna, okufaananako olukiiko olukulu olwa Ssendengo mu kiseera kya 8, gye kyakamala okubaamu. Ennamba z'abalamuzi okulonda ebyo ebiba bisaliddwawo mu kkooti. Kkooti endala zikkiriza okutegeeza abalamuzi bye bazudde mu musango ogw'okubiri. Ebirabo ebirala, nga mu nkomereromenti y'ebali y'eballa Claine of the Extensionment, gye buvuddeko awo, byayingizibwa mu kkooti ezisinga okukireetera ensonga okumanyisa oba okukyusa oba okukyusiza mu n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga mu maaso.

Empaka z’Eby’obufuzi n’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obunnabbi

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okukigatta ku bannabyabufuzi. Naye okugattika emisango kusinzeeko nnyo okukkaatiriza enkola ya gavumenti n'okukugira, nga babuuza obanga Kkooti erina okukakaatika emitindo gy'eggwanga ku gavumenti. obwenkanya obwa buli omu ku bwongo butera okusemba okukwasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu bungi, okugattika n'okugatta obutuuze. Kyokka, enkyuka zino ziyinza okukyuka okusinziira ku mukono ogwa ddyo: okugattika okw'okubiri mu [McDonald[ ziwagirwa nga bawagidde eddembe eri wakati w'enkola y'enkola ya bulijjo era nga bawakanya eddembe. Obulagirizi n'okugatta obutuuze obwa bulijjo nabwo buyinza ku mateeka. Kkolukujjukulu bwe kuba nga kyekimu ku nsonga ekkirizibwa okunnyonnyola omutindo gwa ssemateeka mu mateeka.

Okulowooza ku Binaabaawo: Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso Byayo eby’Omu Maaso

Enkola y'okulondamu ebeera mu bujjuvu; ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebikolebwa ku lukalala lwa ddembe bikola ku masaza. Kyokka, ebivaamu byeyongera okukyuka mu ngeri nti kkooti enkulu etereeza buli lukiiko lwe kiwandika ku ludda olwa ddyo. Buli musango ogwakatandika, nga Ramos v. Louisiana [2020] we gwagoberera ekkomo eriko etteeka erifuga ensi, ne guggyawo obwetaaze obw'amaanyi obwakkirizibwa okumala amakumi g'emyaka. Tmbs v. Indianantinaria[FLT:]

Mu kiseera kino, kkooti za gavumenti zenyigidde mu kwekenneenya ne ssimu eza zokka. Kkooti ya New York ey'oku Apila, yasala olukuuti lw'eggwanga ne luwa etteeka erikugira ennyo etteeka erikugira okukebera abo ababaka bawambe okuggyako obulambe bwonna obubalina okulina kutuukirizibwa. Era olukiiko olwa Washington Olukulu olw'eggwanga olusooka terukkiriza kugoberera mateeka ga GPS ne bwe kiba nga kikkiriza ekyo. Ebyo ebisalibwawo biraga nti amateeka tegakkiriza nteekateeka ya bulijjo kufuga bukwakkulembedde nga kiwandikiro kya nkuumi. Nga Kkokko Kkooti enkulu ey'oku nti, kkooti enkulu mu bitundu ebimu ziyinza okufuuka ebyo ebitongole ebifuga amateeka ebifuga enkola.

fundikira

Okusalawo kwe musingi gwa ssemazinga wa Amereka era n'entegeka za bantu kinnoomu. Mu kyasa ekikumi eky'okussaawo ensonga nga zikosebwa, kkooti enkulu ekoze olukalala lw'amateeka agafuga entegeka za gavumenti, era ekakasa nti eddembe ekkulu terirekebwa ku kigendererwa kya gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyo yakola ekigo ekisookerwako eky'obukuumi gavumenti kye kitayinza kutwaliriza, naye era esobola okukuuma ekisenge kya gavumenti okumanyibwamu ensonga. Ekiragiro kya gavumenti, kifuuse bikozesebwa okugaziya eddembe erisinga ekkulu eri mu ggwanga. Ekiragiro kya ggyamateeka bwe kigenda okuddiramu, enkola y'ekitongole ekigattika wakati w'eggwanga ne n'okunnyonnyola ennukuta n'ensonga, ebinaakirimu. Okutegeera ensonga ezisobola okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gayinza okutuuka ku bulamu bwaffe obwa bulijjo.